11/6/2010

Chapter 2 Hydrostatics
Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability

Zerihun Alemayehu
Rm. E119B

AAiT

Force of buoyancy an upward force exerted by a fluid

pressure on fully or partially floating body
Gravity
• Archimedes Principle

FB = weight displaced fluid

• A floating body displaces its own weight of

the fluid in which it floats
Buoyancy • Line of action passes through the centroid
of displaced volume

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B’ D’

Fz
A’ A A’
FB = Fz’ – Fz
FB = g Vol (ABCD)

Fx Fx’
B D

C’ C’
C
Fz’
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F1 F2
F 1 + 1 V = W
F 2 + 2 V = W
 V(1 - 2) = F1 – F2 1 2

FB1 = 1V FB2 = 2V

W W

=W/V
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• Buoyant force

FB = weight of the hydrometer

must remain constant

• Hydrometer floats deeper or

shallower depending on the specific
weight of the fluid
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h
A hydrometer weighs 0.0216 N and has a stem at the
upper end that is cylindrical and 2.8 mm in diameter.
1
2
How much deeper will it float in oil of S=0.78 than in
alcohol of S=0.821?

S = 0.821 S = 0.780
For position 2:
For position 1:
Whydrometer  Wdisplaced water
Whydrometer  Wdisplaced water
0.0216  0.821* 9810 *V1 0.0216  0.780 * 9810 * (V1  Ah )

V1  2.68 x10 6 m 3  0.780 * 9810 * [2.68 x10 6  (0.0028) 2 h]
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By Zerihun Alemayehu
h  0.0232 m  23.2 mm

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STABILITY
AAiT

FB FB
FB
B B W W
G G
W W G, B
G G FB FB
B B
x
x
Stable Equilibrium: Unstable Equilibrium: Neutral Equilibrium:
B always above G B always below G B and G
(i) G and B must lie on the same vertical line in the undisturbed position
(ii) B must always be above G for stable equilibrium
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M = Metacenter
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By Zerihun Alemayehu
MG = Metacenteric height

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MG = MB - GB

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RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM
OF LIQUIDS

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• Constant Velocity  Hydrostatics pressure

• Uniform acceleration/Rotation  Relative equilibrium

No relative motion between

the liquid particles and the container

• Uniform Linear Acceleration

• Uniform rotation about a vertical axis

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Considering equilibrium in the vertical direction z

y

z  g x y z

𝜕𝑝
Which reduces to = −𝜌(𝑎𝑧 + 𝑔) x
𝜕𝑧
P xy
x
Similarly in the other direction we get
y
and

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y Lines of constant
pressure

Hydrostatic
pressure Initial level

 On lines of constant pressure

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ax0 and ay =0 

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ax=0 and ay  0  p = -(g + ay)dy

p = -(g + ay)y where h = -y
p = (g + ay)h

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Hydraulics I
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A rectangle block of wood floats in water with 50 mm

projecting above the water surface. When placed in
glycerine of relative density 1.35, the block projects 75
mm above the surface of glycerine. Determine the
relative density of the wood.

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• Weight of wooden block, W = uptrust in water =

uptrust in glycerine =weight of the fluid displaced
• W = gAh = w g A(h - 50 x 10-3) = GgA (h - 75 x 10-3)
• The relative density of glycerine=
• h = 146.43 x 10-3 m or 146.43 mm
• Hence the relative density of wood,
• /w=(146.43-50)/146.43 = 0.658
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Determine the maximum ratio of a to b for the stability

of a rectangular block of mass density b for a small
angle of tilt when it floats in a liquid of mass density 1.
The dimension a is greater than b.
b

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Consider 1 m length of block

Weight of the block = weight of liquid displaced
b
bg x ab x 1 = 1 g x bh x 1
 h = a x (b/1)
OB = h/2 = a x (b/1)/2
a G
BG = OG – OB B h
= a/2 – (ba)/21 = a(1-b/1)/2 h/2

Moment of inertia of surface area at the water line O

BM =
Volume of body immersed in liquid
= (1/12 x 1 x b3)/(b x h x 1) = b2/12h
BM = (1b2)/(12a  b)

For stability BM  BG 
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A barge 20 m long x 7 m wide has a draft of 2 m when

floating in upright position. Its C.G. is 2.25 m above the
bottom, (a) what is it’s initial metacenteric height? (b)
If a 5 tone weight is shifted 4 m across the barge, to
what distance does the water line rise on the side?
Find the rightening moment for this lift.

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7m
(a) BM = I/V
= [1/12 x 20 x 73/(20 x 7 x 2)] A G C
2.25m
= 2.045 m 2m B
O
OB = ½ x 2 = 1
BG = OG – OB = 2.25 – 1.0 = 1.25 m
MG = BM – BG = 2.045 – 1.25 = 0.795 m

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moment heeling the ship = 5 x 9.81x4 = 196.2 7m

= moment due to the shifting of G to G‘ M
= W x GG' A G C
But GG' = GM sin  2m B 2.25m
sin  = 196.2/(9.81 x 20 x 7 x 2 x 0.795) O
= 0.0904 = 5o12’
Rise of water line on one side = 3.5 tan
= 3.5 tan 5o12’ = 0.318 m
Rightening moment = W x MG tan 
= 9.81 x 20 x 7 x 2 x 0.795 x tan 5o12’
=197.1 kNm
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An oil tanker 3 m wide, 2 m deep and 10 m long contains oil of

density 900 kg/m3 to a depth of 1 m. Determine the maximum
horizontal acceleration that can be given to the tanker such
that the oil just reaches its top end.
If this tanker is closed and completely filled with the oil and
accelerated horizontally at 3 m/s2 determine that total liquid
thrust (i) on the front end, (ii) on the rear end, and (iii) on one
of its longitudinal vertical sides.

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10m

2m ax

1m

maximum possible surface slope = 1/5 = ax/g

ax, the maximum horizontal acceleration = 9.81/5
ax = 1.962 m/s2

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h
(i) total thrust on front end AB = gh B
½ g x 22 x 3 = 58.86 kN D
10m
(ii) total thrust on rear end CD:
ax
h = 10 x tan = 10 x ax/g 2m 3m/s2
= 10 x 3/9.81 = 3.06 m
g(h+2) C
A

= 239 kN

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• A vertical hoist carries a square tank of 2m x 2m

containing water to the top of a construction
scaffold with a varying speed of 2 m/s per second. If
the water depth is 2m, calculate the total hydrostatic
trust on the bottom of the tank.
• If this tank of water is lowered with an acceleration
equal to that of gravity, what are the thrusts on the
floor and sides of the tank?

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Hydraulics I
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A 375 mm high open cylinder, 150 mm in diameter, is

filled with water and rotated about its vertical axis at
an angular speed of 33.5 rad/s. Determine (i) the
depth of water in the cylinder when it is brought to
rest, and (ii) the volume of water that remains in the
cylinder if the speed is doubled.

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Hydraulics I
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The free surface assumes the shape shown in the figure

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