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Air Navigation Basics for Pilots

The document discusses basic terms and concepts related to air navigation. It defines five dimensions of navigation: position, direction, distance, altitude, and time. Position is defined as a point with stated or implied coordinates. Direction is the position of one point relative to another without reference to distance. Distance is the spatial separation between two points. Altitude is the height of an aircraft above a reference plane. Time refers to the hour of the day or elapsed interval. The document also discusses the shape and size of the Earth, noting that it is almost a perfect sphere but its rotation causes it to be slightly oblate spheroid in shape, or geoid.

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Tony Johnson
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651 views10 pages

Air Navigation Basics for Pilots

The document discusses basic terms and concepts related to air navigation. It defines five dimensions of navigation: position, direction, distance, altitude, and time. Position is defined as a point with stated or implied coordinates. Direction is the position of one point relative to another without reference to distance. Distance is the spatial separation between two points. Altitude is the height of an aircraft above a reference plane. Time refers to the hour of the day or elapsed interval. The document also discusses the shape and size of the Earth, noting that it is almost a perfect sphere but its rotation causes it to be slightly oblate spheroid in shape, or geoid.

Uploaded by

Tony Johnson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1 Navigation

Basic terms and the Earth


Basic Terms
The basic principles of air navigation are identical to general navigation,
which includes the process of planning, recording, and controlling the
movement of aircraft from one place to another.

The techniques used for navigation in the air:


1. Visual Flight Rules (VFR): Dead reckoning, Visual observations,
Maps
2. Instrument Flight Rules (IFR): Instruments and radio navigation
aids, radar vectored by air traffic control, satellite based positioning
systems.
Basic Terms
Dimensions of navigation: position, direction, distance, altitude, and
time.

1. Position: a point defined by stated or implied coordinates.


2. Direction: the position of one point in space relative to another without
reference to the distance between them.
3. Distance: the spatial separation between two points, measured by the
length of a line joining them.
4. Altitude: the height of an aircraft above a reference plane.
5. Time: hour of the day or Elapsed interval.

Coordinates: certain latitude and longitude


The earth
Shape and Size
The earth
Shape and Size

The Earth is almost completely round.


The force of gravity would pull the Earth
into a perfect sphere shape, but the fast
rotation of Earth on its axis, an imaginary
line running from the North Pole to the
South Pole, reduces the effect of gravity
on the equator.

Geoid: The overall shape of Earth. Its


shape is created by the effects of an
invisible force called gravity.
The earth
Shape and Size

Spheroid
The earth
DIRECTION, LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
POLAR DIAMETER
COMPRESSION
EARTH SHAPE – 23 NM LESSER
RATIO = 1/297 OR
OBLATE SPHEROID THAN EQUATORIAL
1/300(Approx)
DIAMETER

SLIGHTLY PEAR GEODOSY AND


GEOID SHAPE
SHAPED GEOID MODELS

UK-OS36; FRANCE-
NTF 19070; ICAO ADOPTED
USA ADOPTED
EURPOEAN – WGS 84 AS WORLD
WGS 84 FOR GPS
ED50; USA- WGS STANDARD
1984
The earth

✓ POLES – EXTREMETIES OF THE AXIS ABOUT WHICH THE EARTH SPINS

✓ AXIS OF POLES INCLINED TO THE AXIS OF EARTH’S ORBIT AROUND SUN AT AN ANGLE

OF 23.45 º
The earth

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