CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

The cultivated tomato, (Solanum lycopersicum L.), is the world’s most highly

consumed vegetable due to its status as a basic ingredient in a large variety of

raw, cooked or processed foods. It belongs to the family Solanaceae, which

includes several other commercially important species. Tomato is grown

worldwide for local use or as an export crop. In 2014, the global area cultivated

with tomato was 5 million hectares with a production of 171 million tonnes, the

major tomato-producing countries being the People’s Republic of China (hereafter

“China”) and India (FAOSTAT, 2017) Vegetables are a very important food

commodity. Aside from playing a major role in meeting our vitamin, mineral and

protein requirements, they also serve as a reliable source of income of farmers.

And so, growing vegetables has been a practice for centuries in civilized countries.

(Chauburg, 1984 and Torrefiel, 2006).

“We have this notion that organic items are mahal (costly), sosyal (upscale),

and for the diet freaks only, when they should not be,” when it comes to expenses,

there is one thing that is definitely in an organic farmer’s favor -- the cost of

fertilizers (Belmonte, 2015). Many people are not aware of the substantial value of

marigold as it relates to a plant’s growth. Well marigold pesticides include

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increased food production, increased profits for farmers and the prevention of

diseases. Although pests consume or harm a large portion of agricultural crops,

without the use of pesticides, it is likely that they would consume a higher

percentage.

Perspective of the Researcher

The researcher is a grade 11 student in Science Tecchnology Engineering

and Mathematics strand who is currently studying in Zamboanga del Sur Provincial

Government College. The researcher loves planting vegetables and flowers that’s

why we arrived into a plan to study on the efficacy of marigold (tagetes patula l.)

tomato (solanum lycopersicum) different levels of concentration. The researcher

likes to study about alternative pesticides that can sustain the growth of many

plants in our locality.

As a resident in his locality, the researcher knows the struggles of the

farmers in their locality just to buy an expensive pesticides for their plants. As an

indigenous resident of Pagadian city, Zamboanga del sur, we want to use the

marigold flower which is abundant in his place to have a stable and efficient

pesticides.
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Schematic Diagram

MARIGOLD
(tagetes patula l.)
Levels of Concentration GROWTH OF
Control Setup TOMATO
 Pure Water (Solanum
Lycopersicum)
Experimental Setup
 75% Water and  Leaf Length
Tomato 25% marigold  Leaf Width
(Solanum
extract  Weight of
Lycopersicum) Produced
 50% Water and Fruits
50% marigold  Weight of
extract Marketable
Fruits
 25% Water and  Weight of
75% marigold Non-
extract Marketable
Fruits
 100% marigold
extract
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i
Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework of the study is reflected in Figure 1. As seen in

the figure, the pure water was considered as the control setup and no enhancers

being added, the different levels of concentration of organic pesticides act as

alternative pesticides in the vegetative growth of Tomato plant (solanum

lycopersicum). The level of concentrations applied in treatment 1 is 75% Water

and 25% marigold extract. Treatment 2 is 50% Water and 50% marigold extract.

Treatment 3 is 25% Water and 75% marigold extract, while treatment 4 is 100%

marigold extract. To test the viability of these level of concentrations, these will be

sprayed on the Tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum) and act as an alternative

pesticides.

To determine the growth of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the

increments on the vegetative parts of the plant were considered. The vegetative

growth parameters that were considered were the leaf length, leaf width, leaves’

weight, weight of marketable fruits and weight of non-marketable fruits.

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Statement of the Problem

This study will be conducted to determine the efficacy of marigold (Tagetes patula
L) extract in controlling the insect pest of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Specifically,
the study shall be conducted to evaluate the following:
1. Number of infected plants at vegetative, reproductive and ripening stage.
2. Number of healthy plants at vegetative, reductive and ripening stage.
3. Diseases of plants at vegetative, reproductive and ripening stage.

Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis

There is no significant difference on the effectiveness marigold (Tagetes

Patula L) as an alternative fertilizer for tomato(Solanum Lycopersicum) in different

levels of concentration particularly on the average leaf length, average leaf width,

average weight of produced fruit, average weight of marketable fruit and average

weight of non-marketable fruit.

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Significance of the Study

Our environment are degraded due to the improper and continuous

utilization of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Organic farming is considered a

vital solution in revitalizing biological activity, soil fertility and maintaining ecological

balance. This technology shall improve the income of farmers and at the same

time promote sustainable agriculture.

The study is essential for finding a new efficient pesticides using marigold

flower which is abundant in the locality of Pagadian city, Zamboanga del Sur. It

would also be beneficial to the following groups:

Community. This study will be beneficial in the community, especially for

using efficient alternative pesticides which is the marigold flower, to reduce large

expenses of buying commercial pesticides.

Farmers. This study is beneficial to farmers who are interested in low cost

of farming Tomato plant (Solanum Lycopersicum).

Teachers. This study will serve as the basis on how they can also teach

more about low cost farming especially alternative pesticides for Tomato(Solanum

Lycopersicum) in the subject of Agriculture.

Future Researchers. The findings of this study will serve as a stepping stone

for further and related investigations.

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Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will be conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design

(RCBD) with five treatments and four replications and it is also limited on

controlling the insect pest of tomato. Treatments are as follows:

1. Treatment 1 – 25 % of marigold extract

2. Treatment 2 – 50 & of marigold extract

3. Treatment 3 – 75 % of marigold extract

4. Treatment 4 – 100 % of marigold extract

5. Treatment 5 – control (no application)

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the study, the following terms are hereby

defined operationally and conceptually:

Marigold extract. This refers to the marigold extract found inside marigold

and is studied by the researcher as a pesticides for the pechay plant.

Average Leaves’ Weight. This refers to the average weight (in grams) of the

tomatos’ leaves.

Concentrations. This refers to the different levels and amount of water and

or coconut water used in the study to obtain the most effective result.

Effectiveness. This refers to the effectualness of the different

concentrations of marigold flower (tagetes patula l) as an alternative fertilizer to

the tomato plant (solanum lyopersicum).

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Pesticides. This refers to the marigold extract (tagetes patula l) used as an

enhancer to the vegetative growth of Tomato plant.

Leaf length. This pertains to the measurement (in centimeters) from the

base to the tip of Tomato plant’s leaf.

Leaf width. This refers to the distance measured (in centimeters) from the

margin to the opposite margin of the broadest leaf of Tomato plant.

Tomato. tomato, scientifically known as (Solanum lycopersicum) is a

popular vegetable in the Philippines that was used in the study to prove the

effectiveness of marigold extract (tagetes patula l) in different levels of

concentrations.

Vegetative Growth. This refers to the increment on the vegetative parts of

the Tomato plant (Solanum Lycopersicum). This includes the average leaf length,

average leaf width, average weight of the produced fruits, average weight of

marketable fruits and the average weight of non-marketable fruits.

Weight of Marketable Fruits. This pertains to the weight (in grams) of the

salable leaves of the harvested tomato.

Weight of Non-Marketable Fruits. This pertains to the weight (in grams) of

non-salable leaves of the harvested tomato.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents some review of related literature that provide the

foundations that lead to the formulation of the study. The purpose of this literature

review is to understand and state relevant literature related to the study that the

researcher will be conducting.

Tomato (solanum lycopersicum) Tomato plants are generally much

branched, spreading 60–180 cm (24–72 inches) and somewhat trailing when

fruiting, but a few forms are compact and upright. Leaves are more or less

hairy, strongly odorous, pinnately compound, and up to 45 cm (18 inches) long.

The five-petaled flowers are yellow, 2 cm (0.8 inch) across, pendant, and

clustered. Fruits are berries that vary in diameter from 1.5 to 7.5 cm (0.6 to 3

inches) or more. They are usually red, scarlet, or yellow, though green and purple

varieties do exist, and they vary in shape from almost spherical to oval and

elongate to pear-shaped. Each fruit contains at least two cells of

small seeds surrounded by jellylike pulp.

Tomatoes know no bounds. While certain American ingredients are inextricably

linked to their geography — here’s looking at you, Florida citrus — the versatile

tomato inspires cooks and enlivens plates from coast to coast. Served fresh,

roasted to perfection, or pickled to a T, tomatoes star in some of the country’s most

iconic dishes. Here’s where to take a bite (or, a sip) out of the top 20 most

tantalizing lycopene-loaded treats (in no particular order)

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the research design, research setting, sampling

design, research respondents, research instrument, data gathering procedures

and statistical treatment.

Research Design

The researcher will use the experimental method of research. Specifically,

this study used the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). There will be

five (5) treatments including the control (100% water 𝑇0 ). Each treatment will

contain three (3) replications, and each replication consist of 5 Tomato plant, which

entails that each treatment will generally consist of 15 Tomato plant as a

replication. One column of Tomato plant represents a treatment or block. There

will be five (5) blocks of Tomato plant which will be randomly arranged in the site.

The random arrangement of the blocks of Tomato plants will give equal chances

to the research specimens to receive and experience the forces of nature such as

direct sunlight, wind and precipitation.

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Research Environment

This study will be conducted in Barangay Buenavista,Pagadian City,

Zamboanga del Sur. Buenavista is a barangay in the Pagadian City, in the
province of Zamboanga del Sur. Its population as determined by the 2015 Census
was 6,589. This represented 3.31% of the total population of Pagadian.
Buenavista is situated at approximately 7.8185, 123.3997, in the island of

Mindanao. Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 255.3 meters or 837.6

feet above mean sea level (PhilAtlas,2019). The first settler of the city were the

Subanon tribe along its riverbanks and was followed by the Muslims who settled

on the coastal areas which is now the communities of Muricay, Tawagan Sur and

was named “Tolpokan” meaning a place with abundant springs.

Pagadian was first known as a sition of Margosatubig. On 1934, Director Teofisto

Guingona Sr. was commissioned to find out the possibility of transferring the seat

of governance of the Labangan municipality to another place. A conference was

called together with the datus and the proposed transfer of Labangan

government to Pagadian was greatly opposed by majority of the Christians. Later

on the designated committee led by Date Balimbingan and with the consent of

Datu Macaumbang surveyed the western part of Pagadian and found Tolpokan

as the final place for the transfer of Labangan government. At the same time

Datu Macaumbang donated two hundred sixty hectares of land to Christians who

were willing to transfer to Pagadian. With this recommendation on March 23,

1937 by virtue of Executive Order no. 77 of the late President Manuel L. Quezon

created the Pagadian municipality.

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Source: http://bit.ly/348kSdu

Figure 2. The Research Environment of the Study

Sampling Design

Random sampling technique was used in the present investigation. A

random sample is a probability sample. A random sample requires (a) a complete

listing of all elements, (b) an equal chance for each element to be selected and (c)

a selection process whereby the selection of one element has no effect on the

chance of selecting another element. Thus, random sampling may be defined as

one in which all possible combinations of samples of fixed size have an equal

probability of being selected (Choudhary, 2013).

Research Specimens

The research specimens of this study were the seeds of tamato(Solanum

Lycopersicum). Also known as Extrait de Tomate, Love Apple,Lycopersicon

esculentum, Pomme d'Amour, Pomme d'Or, Raktamaci, Solanum

lycopersicum, Tamatar, Tomate, Tomato Fruit. The specimens will also be

planted in a polybag filled with a garden soil as a medium. The researcher will also

be using a marigold as an alternative pesticides for the specimens.

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Criteria

Table 1. Criteria for Selecting Marketable and Non-Marketable Leaf of Pechay

Description
Marketable It is in a good quality and is marketable when the
tomato is more red with healthy leaves and
no holes created by the pest.
Non-Marketable It is not in a good quality and is non-marketable when
the tomato is red with unhealthy leaves
and there are holes created by the pest.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher will only be using one sampling period and that was the

thirtieth (30th) day after transplanting (DAT).

On this period, the following were the vegetative growth parameters that were

measured accurately and precisely with the use of reliable and consistent

instruments:

1. Average fruits length - this will be measured (in centimeter) from the fruits

blade base to the tip of the fruits of four (4) fruits using a ruler.

2. Average fruits width - this will be determined by measuring (in centimeter)

from the margin to the opposite margin of four (4) leaves using a ruler.

3. Average fruits weight - this will be determined by weighing (in grams) the

fresh fruits tomato during the harvesting period using a weighing scale.

4. Percentage of productivity - this will be done by weighing (in grams) the

damage or non-marketable fruits of tomato during the harvesting period

using a weighing scale and then divided by the determined weight of all
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fresh fruits of tomato (including damaged and non-damaged), then multiply

by 100 percent (100%).

Statistical Treatment

The statistical treatment tool used in the investigation was the descriptive

statistics. The following were operationally and concomitant to the study:

One-Way Anova. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)is used to determine

whether there are any statistically significant differences between the means of

two or more independent (unrelated) groups.

The mathematical model that describes the relationship between the

response and treatment for the one-way ANOVA is given by

Yij = μ + τi + ϵij,

Where:

Yij represents the j-th observation (j=1,2,…,ni) on the i-th treatment

(i=1,2,…,k levels). So, Y23 represents the third observation using level 2 of the

factor. μ is the common effect for the whole experiment, τi represents the i-

th treatment effect, and ϵij represents the random error present in the j-

th observation on the i-th treatment.

The errors ϵij are assumed to be normally and independently (NID)

distributed, with mean zero and variance σ2ϵ. μ is always a fixed parameter,
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and τ1,τ2,…,τk are considered to be fixed parameters if the levels of the treatment

are fixed and not a random sample from a population of possible levels. It is also

assumed that μ is chosen so that

∑τi = 0, I = 1,…,k

holds. This is the fixed effects model.

If the k levels of treatment are chosen at random, the model equation

remains the same. However, now the τi values are random variables assumed to

be NID (0, στ) This is the random effects model.

Whether the levels are fixed or random depends on how these levels are

chosen in a given experiment.

Sum of Squares. Sum of squares is a statistical technique used in regression

analysis to determine the dispersion of data points. In a regression analysis, the

goal is to determine how well a data series can be fitted to a function that might

help to explain how the data series was generated. Sum of squares is used as a

mathematical way to find the function that best fits (varies least) from the data.

The formula is written below:

For a set X of n items:

∑𝑛𝑖=0 ( 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥 )2

where:

Xi = The ith item in the set

𝑥 = The mean of all items in the set

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( 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥) = The deviation of each item from the mean

F-test. The F-test in one-way analysis of variance is used to assess whether

the expected values of a quantitative variable within several pre-defined groups

differ from each other.

The formula for the one-way ANOVA F-test statistic is

F Value = σ12 /σ22

Where:

σ12 = Larger Sample Variance

σ22 = Smaller Sample Variance

Degrees of Freedom. The degrees of freedom in a statistical calculation represent

how many values involved in a calculation have the freedom to vary. The degrees

of freedom can be calculated to help ensure the statistical validity of chi-square

tests, t-tests and even the more advanced f-tests. These tests are commonly used

to compare observed data with data that would be expected to be obtained

according to a specific hypothesis.

The formula is written below:

df = N-1

df = degrees of freedom

Where N is the number of values in the data set

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REFERENCES

Chauburg, and Torrefiel, (2006). “Response of Pechay (Brassica napus L.) to

Different Levels of Compost Fertilizer”. Retrieved on December 8 2019
from http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0215/ijsrp-p3818.pdf
Davies, (2004). “Phytohormone”. Retrieved on December 11, 2019 from
sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-
science/phytohormone
FAO, 2017. FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Rome, Italy FAO, 2017 http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/
Fleet and Williams, (2011). “Phytohormone”. Retrieved on December 11, 2019
from sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-
pharmaceutical-science/phytohormone
Gayatri Nahak and Rajani Kanta Sahu, 2017. Bio-controlling effect of leaf
extract of Tagetes patula L. (Marigold) on growth parameters and
diseases of tomato. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 20: 12-19