42 are characterized by the lower curves in Figures 5-10, 5-11, and 5-12 which include the Froude effect, This effect is not prominent jn baffled tanks. For unbaifled tanks: (59) Table 5-1 __Kyand Ka Factors For Mixers¢ K, and K, = © of Figures $-10, 5-11 and 5-12 i m z, } Turbulent | Propdley Sblade pes = 03z Propeller, $blade’ pitch 100 ‘Turbine, dat blade, # blades. 709 430, i Turbine, fat Blade, 6 blades, no 630 | Turbine, flat Blade, 8 Blades 20 730 | Fan turbine, blades at 45+, 6 biades.<-_ 7000 1.65 ae TS ag. sits 18 1B ae ingle pal), 225 jt paddles, 1 Flat paddles, ris Flat paddies, 275 paddles, Ba i % ion, R, HL. Rushton and J. Y. Oldshue, Chem. Bag. Blog 95,161 (a88) Pr] psa a puter pve P Gels erety , Applied Process Design for Chamical and Petrochemical Plants whore is read from’ the charts and the constants a and b are given in Fi Figure 5-14 is useful for determination of horsepower during orbulent flow for various types of impellers, ana igure 5-15 is useful for laminar flow, intrainment Entrainment is an important clement in the mixing operation and involves incorporation of low velocity fluid into the mass of the fuid stream or jet issuing from a source such as a mixing impeller. The axial flow’ from 2 propeller under proper physical conditions serves as a Circular cross-section jet to produce mixing by turbulence and entrainment. The flat-blade turbine issues a jet for entrainment at the top and bottom areas of the ring?* Tt is significant to estimate the relative amount of liquid involved due to entrainment, as this helps to describe the effectiveness of the operation, From a propeller, the entrainment by cireular jet is:® ane (&)- where: Q4 = volume entrained, cu.ft ze XE distance from impeller source, not to exceed 100 jet diameter, feet ameter of jet at origin, fet. D, Pitch: Advance (revotuheo ime “seven tests one see $ Sevemet Figure 5-10. Power comparison of impellers, Courtesy JM. Rushton, EW. Costien, HJ. Everett, Cham. Engr. Prog, 46, No. 9, 1950, 467) -| IMPELLER POWER | NUMBERS i | | | MARINE PROPELLER 0.29 - 0.80 | | HYDROFOIL 030-130 | | PITCHED BLADE TURBINE 0.70 - 2.00 | CURVED BLADE TURBINE 2.50 - 3.50 | VERTICAL BLADE TURBINE 3.00 - 4.00 | DISC TURBINE 5.00 - 6.00 500 ie ha ache Se [ca [aden | asi as pN’D® 3 ve 10 Fil aur com Tt POWER NUMBERN WQ_ PITCHED BLADE TURBINE (45°) PITCHED BLADE TURBINE (32°) 1d 0.73 HYDROFOIL, 0.45 0.48 | | curvED BLADE TURBINE VERTICAL FLAT BLADE 3.62 0.86 || | TURBINE | CONCAVE TURBINE | RADIAL 34 10.86 | DISC TURBINE (RUSHTON) RADIAL 5.00 | 0.86 | i POWER HP = Np x Dix N® 161036.74 sf X PF FLOW M/MIN = NqX D?XN WHERE D_ = DIA OF IMPELLER (m) i] N =RPM = SLURRY OR FLUID S.G. P.F = PROXIMITY FACTOR | | i WF = VISCOSITY FACTOR i| | |- TOP ENTRY MIXER ENQUIRY auEsTIONNAIRE [Plamayes ow. bare PLENTY REE . enviar status UnGETING e1001NG ‘ORDER To PLACE ‘81D REGO BY EXP ORDER OATE DATE HIXER REGO ‘NEM APPLICATION EXISTING APPLICATION a S oS [sx] So VERTICAL CYLINDER o woRIZONTAL CrLINOR = DIAMETER TAN TO TAN Toe HEAD TYPE TOP HEAD DEPTH ‘B0TTON HEAD TYPE ‘BOTTOM HEAD OEPTH PROCESS DATA MAXIMUM MINED VOLUME LITRES) MAXIMUM LIQUID LEVEL ABOVE EITHER Te LOWER TAN LINE : og 2: VESSEL FLOOR MINIFUM MIXED VOLUME LITRES) anv U0 LEVEL ABOVE EITHER = LOWER TAN LINE om 2, Vesse. PLO ‘SQUARE / RECTANGULAR BASIN ‘ASIN LENGTH ‘ASIN MIDTH BASIN DEPTH CAIN BASIN DEPTH CUT.) OTHER VESSEL TYPE YOUNTING DISTANCE ABOVE ANY OO) Deore Sern Sur Lama 19 SUTIN Yo SRETION. 1. Toe oF vessel 2. LOWER TAN LINE 3. VESSEL FLOOR 4 tux Ltauio Level Zea So) AIR tronauere ~ =HCLOSURE 7 MATERIAL SELECTION open TANK PORTABLE cy Fixep mown = ~ cuosen TaN FLANGE SIZE... DESIGN TED | OPER TEN? DESIGN PRES OPER PRES [STANDARD SEAL TYPE 1. VAPOUR SEAL 1°) (I 2 sturrine box 3. fe smurrine cox J 4 mecuntcat sea 5. cARTRIOSE SEAL J SPECIAL SEAL S OOOOQOQ00000000PLENTY SIDE ENTRY MIXERS ‘These mixers offer * swivel angle mixers for effective control of sludge in cme 01) thereby increasing life of tankage, reducing maintenance eogts, and increasing refinery income. 2 + Fixed angle mixers for refined product storage and blending duties thereby increasing refinery flexibility increasing product specification and quality, increasing product saleg price, reducing tankage quantity and stocks. * Propeller with high operating efficiency because of the mique design. + Robust design for long and reliable operation. * . High integrity shaft seals for elimination of leakage. * — Shaft taper to taper stmt off device to allow removal ang maintenance of seals, bearings and gearbox even when the tage is full. For any specific requirement please complete the attached enguisy questionnaire.eae =. re cutents BIDDING 7 BUDGETING 7 ooness. ORDER To PLACE /OTHER, i TIMING TO.OROER. Tee contacts Fake POSITION: WOSE MIXERS CURRENTLY TELEX: CALLBACK: seo: ( TANK DATA DIAMETER: HEGHT WORKING VOLUME, ROOF FLOATING / CONE 7 DOME. TANK. EXISTING / NEW TAN DRAWING: HEATING COILS + YES / NO HIXER HOUNTING NOZZLES: size: POSITION FROM IMLET. ——*7 $7 "7 CLOGRWISE ON PLAN . (2 DRIVE SEAL_DATA ) YECHANICAL / STUFFING BOX PREFERRED SUPPLIER: FLEXIBOX /, CRANE / WORKING TEMP LTD: TYPE: ELECTRIC / HYDRAULIC / AIR AREA CLASSIFICATION: suPLY:; PROCESS DUTY — (OTHER: HOMOGENITY 7 BLENDING +) (Geese CRUOE IOI) IF BLENOING SLENO TINE, HRS FROM STILL TYPE: 3.6: STRATIFIED TANK / COMPLETION OF PUHP UP VISCOSITY AT W.Ts ° COMPONENT 15 we 86 MIST. DUTY, BOTTOMS SLUDGE ‘COMPONENT 2, mr SG MISC ATT WATER CONTROL / ere.., me $6 VISE, FINAL vicostty AT w. VT = WORKING TERPERATURED CP FINAL 5.64 NOTES. 1. STILL STRATIFIED TAM 15 WHEN TANK HAS SETTLED INTO LAYERS. COMPLETION OF PUMP UP 15 TIn€ TO COPPLETE UNIFORM BLEND AFTER COMPLETION OF PUHP UP WITH MIXER OPERATING SAME TIME QURING PUHP UP AS AFTER CIMLET NOZZLE SHOULD BE 10° ANTI-CLOCKWISE FROM FIRST MIXER). REQUIRE OETAILS OF FILLING TIVE. 2. BOTTOMS, SLUOGE ANO WATER TS SILT/SMALL PARTICULATE SOL1DS,WAX.MEAVY FLUIDS AMO WATER WICH ARE PRODUCED WITH THE RAW CRUDE,DATE Tx NO/cALLACK TELEPHONE WO covract PostTioN ENQUIRY REF PROCESS/PROJECT VERTICAL CYLINDER HORIZONTAL CYLINDER DIAMETER TAN TO TAN. Top HEAD TYPE Top HEAD DEPTH an BOTTOH HEAD TIPE a ‘BOTTOM HEAD DEPTH | a LEE o ic SQUARE / RECTANGULAR BASIN ‘BASIN LENGTH BASIN WITH BASIN DEPTH a1I0 BASIN DEPTH WO ———————— OTHER VESSEL TYPE MATERIAL SELECTION 1. CARBON STEEL ENS (BS 970 070 K20) 2. STAINES STEEL 316 ES 970 316 SIO) 3. STAIMESS STEEL 316. @S 970 316 511) 4. STAIWESS STEEL 304 @5 970 304 S15) 5. HIGH TENSILE C.S. EN 18 GS 370 605 436) 6. HIGH TENSILE 5:5. ENS? @S 970 431 529) 7. WASTELLOY C276 8. HASTELLOY 8-2 3. TITANIUM (COMMERICAL GRADE > 10. INCONEL 600 11. Incouoy @25 12iMoNeL 400 TBHONEL K-50 TALCARPENTER 20-cRS TSLOTHER (GIVE DETAILS/COATINGS ETC) exourry STATUS BUDGETING BIDDING (ORDER To PLACE {810 Revo BY BP ORDER DATE DATE MINER EGO NEY APPLICATION Siisring were tcarion ooo ‘PROCESS OATA MAXIMUM MIXED VOLUME ) ‘SOLID SUSPENSION / SOLID DISSOLVING PROCESS BASE LigUIO . + DEGREE OF SUSPENSION SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1 GRDUCTIVE POKER FACTORD viscosiTy (ce) ..2021 Borrow MOTION ao ‘solos . pees (OFF BOTTOM eo WeroaT WEIGHT = SIITIIIII 1 MODERATE UIFoRHITY G0 EI SPECIFIC GRAVITY 12001 + VIRTUAL UNIFORMITY «6.0 PARTICLE SIZE 2.100000 7 PARTICLE SHAPE 1 DISSOLVING RATE NowcarTICAL [= SETTLING VELOCITY’ «271 1 DISSOLVING aATE CRITICAL EI TANG ORAW OFF POSITION ¢ ‘OTHER PROCESS CGIVE DETAILS) ee CUSTOMER DESCRIPTION OF DUTY, INCLUDING, PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE, saToH process BLD TIME. covrinuous process FLOW RATE viscostTy CENTIPOSES PERCENTAGE OF FIWaL, VOLUME ue Tine TF REQUIRED CRITICAL DISSOLVING TIME. PLENTY MIXERS HUHBRIDSE ROAD, NEWoURY, BERKSHIRE R614’ STR, ENGLAND TEL. 0635 42353 Fax. 0635 49750 TeLEX, 84002374 PLENTY 6HEN Wane Kem 650 CRITICAL SPEED. 400] E sool_f |_| I 200| L a 100 ‘The critica! apecd of any coupting or other concentrated should elso be determined and ulowed for if necessary, weight arenw CRNTRIFUGAL, AND. ANTAL FLOW PUMPS 43 FORCED VORTEX AXIAL FLOW IMPELLER (q) Inlet and Outlet Pitch, Pitch per Second. All theoretical discus- sion and practical design of axial low pumps are based on the assumption ‘Of constant axial velocity through the impeller, ‘The axial velocity of iippraach to the impeller and beyond the impeller is assumed to he equal to that through the impeller. This assumption is reasonable with normal design except for the effects of frictional drag at the casing and ‘Such distribution has been actually observed on axiat impeller walls. yy the impeller vane flow blowers, ‘To maintain a uni orin axial veloeil VORTEX THEORY OF HULERS IAD o action for several streamlines of different radii. Thus, by defini a thus, by definition = sDy tan fax = 2D, tan Bao 5) and, multiplying by the revolutions per second, we obtain (Fig. 4.10) Pp X eps = uy tam Ban = my tan a (La) P2, may be called discharge pitch per |, a.term whieh will ch per second, a.term which will be used. in discussing axial flow impeller geometry. Similarly Py X rps = P.. Fan. 4.7, (a) Tale piteh;@) inlet velocity tangle for axial flow pump. should have the same inlet pitch at different radii. ‘The latter is defined fs Py = xD tan fi where Py is inlot pitch, D is impeller diameter, and Bis the vane entrance angle, Fig 47 (@) ‘There is a definite relationship between the axial velocity ee at normal capacity and pitch P;, From the entrance velocity triangle, Fig. 4.70), Stomp, and“ = tan Bs aay avhere subseript o refers to the outside diameter ane B yefers to the hub, But 1 ra ant a : Pio, 48. Outlet pite, Fic.4.9. Axial ow pump entrance Aviangle-with-prevotation may bo called inlet piteh per second. With an axi Py, * mAb HOF capacity. Tt some prorotation ix allowed ahead of Uhe-impoller- andthe van centeance angles are so selected that the entvance pitch is constant slong the radius, the entrance velocity : triangle will be as shown on Fig. 4.9 where Pig > Om at normal capacity The diferences Ps. ~ en) inlet velocity ; tty = Dy X1p8 lo = De X TPS (4.12) and (Pay — 69) are frequently and referred to as asial slip, ‘This mice h in = on termite ica pr SS Ds xD. ally associated with loss of ea- BNI, ca = Pu X tps = Py X rps = Pr X tps = Pie ay ‘Thus, to maintain a constant axial velocity Ga, the vane inlet piteh at all radii should be constant. “To provide impelling action, the impeller vane angles should inerense gradually from inlet toward discharge or the vane pitch shor increase ‘To maintain the same axial velocity along Une radii the piteh for all radii should remain constant to assure the same degree of impelling pack and cerning top eee Sapam] Saree cad Si iste easton oben (Pis — em) and volumetric effi- meee eee tne tha on al btn pomp pn lence Sonia ove 39 pe Seoegua comenuacge Ce cne eo ustaca ees) Fue. 410, Discharge velocity trian asia flor pumBR. Barve a 192 Applied Procass Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants ried by the lower curves in Figures 5-10, «3-12 which include the Froude effect. This effect is uot peouinent in baffled tanks. For unbatiled tanks: -b log N (p NB D# ( Ni 2) o (5-9) 5 & Table 5-1 ie and K, Factors For Mixers* 5-10, 5-11 and 5-12 a Propeller, 3.blade, pitch = diameter... Her, 3-blade, pitch oo] 1,00 ne, blade, + blades 70.0 4.50 Turbine, the blade, 6 blad 71.0 6.30 urbine at blade, 8 blades... 72.0 7.20 in blades at 45°, 6 blades 70.0 1.65 hrouded vrbine, stator ring. oe 112 Flat paddies, 2 blades (single paddle), DAY 5 blades, blades, blades, é blades, Ry penaision, R. Prog. 49, H, Rusbton and J. 161" (1953) ¥. Oldshue, Chem. Eng where @ Is read from the charts and the constants a and b are given in Figure 5-13 Figure 3-14 is useful for determination of horsepower during turbulent flow for Various types of limpellers, ana Figure 5-15 is useful for laminar flow. Entrainment Entraininent is an important clement in the misi: operation and involves incorporation of low, y fle into the the fluid stream or jet ijsuing from source such as a mixing impeller. “The axial flow from x propeller under proper physical conditions serves as 2 circular cross-section jet to produce mixing by turbulence nd entrainment. The flat-blade turbine issues a jet for entrainment at the top and bottom areas of the ring.? Ts is significant to estimate the relative amount of liquid involved due to entrainment, as this helps to describe the effectivencss of the operation. From a propeller. the entrainment velo mass of circular jet is:? (5-10) volume entrained, cu.ft./sec. distance from impeller source, not to exceed 100 jet diameters, feet diameter of jet at origin, feet.igh Elsa s Groner ch Equal f9 Diameter i 8 en OT ch OI T ad Position Curved Six lode Turbine Four oti Arrowtead #"biege Turiee’ Fact ts fan Tetbine, tighl-Siade, Fevt Saftiey ear Elst Paddle To=sinds hour tallies 20685 Py Soudad Sii-dleze Turbine, four Solt 1 Shauded Sir-Siage Turbine’ Stgior Revs Si 20 Sledes Botdle,o Boitien, Gata of inter eng iee Pade iNo Bottles Date St Wnts S26 See tong iT Impeller Orometer impelier Rotational Speed P Liguid Density Liguid Viscosity Power Ft Ip /see, 8. Power compai rison of impellers. (Courtesy JH. Rushton. W. Costich, HJ. Everett, Chor 9. Grovty Constant T Tonk Diameter a,b Constents Np Power tamper Nag Reynals Wumser in. Engr. Prog.PHASE CONTACTING AND LIQUID-SOLID PROCESSING In cemalengnering eat, 8 cstomary tea! ation, Fige miting twos fw toloing sory Garston. and ‘tying ar dcr, moliprpre operons or wich the rnc: ela Saugmon denn and operon canbe aed general [vadated to dteret specie procasends They ares presented ith Handhookssgaton and pute ming nth secon, two ‘tow n See. 5. td spraying in Soe 18 ao cstomary to el wtheme prove gos dependot on alii comactrin fms of angle purge operon that may employ 2 vary of ‘uvnentopians: Such operons alae arto. calling ‘Santon Gorclaon onchange nd ecg, ys he tor followed inthe Mlendook he equipment for earl Staring ated nan nal sabes Soe 19 cet er ‘othat are omted Catding bar ec ef out cae spa. ‘Show character makes of se wde nee comes eee than the eters. and because in the equipment sense it concer Udiguidemulion more eter thn t dos guido sisponsions Th td ar tft gy wee eas a rmonogrpis.an collid chemistry nd ealdingFcustion has tot bee ineluded because the empl general es. on eauip ‘ent than on implementation of prineples by section of Cool Ing agent nd by procure Gravity sete deeb te nis ‘etson stein fact etensmulaneo cei 30d spate In this connection feu dtc bil ler i suction lselation vit also considered by Galen Purch Sold Lig id Separation Equipment Sale-Up. Uplands Pees, Croydon England 177 pp. 46nd by Stevenson ibid. pp 127K) Some cof the chemical engineering implications of Bocultion ave sun tarlaed by Porter, Food. and Renna, Chen Eng. TIS) Tal ‘66 AGITATION OF LOW-VISCOSITY PARTICLE SUSPENSIONS Goan Rermners Hill and Chapman, Lig Ming ond Prose ‘Sf Sed Tonks Retlh New Yok 06 oon, Chetal ress ‘Becomes, pa tevcence ew a 0h pit Noa Se ‘rmination Wary. New Yok. 175 Olsho sae Tat See Yk Yeh. fOLFaherChem, gs TH 18 an ull (hr ge 19 (G80. Ua and i el An They ond ‘ces Seno, Ne Yr 2B Sereda Pu Mh hal nay Hae Bos, ‘Ete, wt 2. Vero Chemie, Wea Conan 17 p 250 Arty of pos fants eae vet by epee mice bee ory | - i i ~~ dle Se a oc aa | or ac cee oy On ee ee | ound in Secs. 10, 18, and 24. Stirred vessels are emphasized in this? Sr earn xin equieMeNT lope mayb ey dvi to ad es aloe Snelson low pele The dae dren ‘WE ited as ithe lane on ing ‘ain mets Alt ele cae a mrs in hele makes aan es han 9 it then Site: Popes an pc Hae eso de "eng 1 an 2 ae eset nl ow mele ele arena aan rsa wu eres than Sin dtr when lent 220 We tnacery fr oaning he eae res re ele mina be apt il a pen i Ste, often wn nF 0d egret lx ced ve wth he tite angular, of-center poten This nourting sets ina tong tpt ac ierigaeleastatary aoe cfg eam andlor cain iach the vse that seb eden wa a So Ae ety ent widen c rere re is memati seh iaeannciene Pete ncir tere ncagT iis mtetraersnemcre ber ae se spice cote hgai ob pect became arena a ae meee Coe en19-6 UQUID-SOUD sysTEMS 0,104 Carve de ioe | re Ss Fe gym tule comune \| ‘elagrstedn Fis 19 2nd 19. Carved aes ido artigo Impaler nee se A paddle sgtsor hax diameter uy | M95 Fuca ating iraterthan ot te tankdameter nd rv ata ow speed Con ‘room fen iia oh sown Fig 4 bt oh two TeuraaghtSadorand wih restvey ser ab ‘Nt eg sae ation of sol ii mapemos& don with topentering ares or puddles Power tay range from 130 W {L tpt high a 30 kW (1000 hp). The pele seed i typally ‘tween 30 snd 199 /min bt Sepenting oe proves condom Shay gan tgh lo sow at n et proces In which coroon of commonly wed meals 3 lal | | | | | | | | | | | | sree 14 Clautel inp The Pane Copan)pe.187 Anchor inet, dass coted impeller may be econ typical mod beamed blade taro of ts pe shove n ig 18 he earn Stray Fore aol ad ens sepa Hid maybe ound ext othe wel walls in pre remote Eevee ote nes tps A lr may be ued (Pig 197). The Bud Bow spiny ee ‘Sirinthe direction of eatin ofthe anchor Whether atta ‘Salar adil Bud motion als ozcurs depends om the Bid scent ‘alte devgn ofthe upper blade-supporting poten Anchor apa at gy ain moved Bt ih ‘tency Das, Uabaed Tanks low-viscosy Wg sired it an una {eit by an anal ttume-apeator tres tendoey or ling ow pattern to develop regardless ofthe type f tpl Figure 198 stows ypc low pater. A verter pred ving ‘eamiugal force acting on he saating gui Insp othe res fof a ort stiactory proces el often canbe bined ‘Stntlled vee. Howeves tere va ln to the roto speed ‘itty be used, since once the vertex teacher the empl, vere ‘entrainment ay exer Tn additon, the wiring ras of qld geeats a olin surge inte ak, wick coupled rth deep sre ay eet re fatuting Fore ting on the ical velocities na ote low-vscanty guid ace fw ee ‘tht ctcumeretlvlotis ia the vise Inresed verte. ‘aon rater ay be aise by stauting the pels of exer, tsilstated in Fig, 159. Ths pation may be wed wth ether or propeller The posto i eital nce to far Ft le sect oe Stine the Sty ad eke he ee ede | ter mousing fave been partes eerie Yi @ 0.19.8 typ ow yt fr eri ah impernan Shall ua tess Changes ie MIXING EQUIPMENT 19-7 {86,199 Fw pater with a apersk propel, ale, vet ‘oie pten | _=sSsSesese neta ns rane ot et ate el Per h eeepten bol Minter seine ee Somaya whi tied cece eee tc vane tn Oe green fh ser | ore ek Sees ae aa Se ete wee reba taf 1H RAY Mo 10.3 Flow pte rs pr apt19-8 UQUID.SOUD systems {6.19.11 Typ puternins alle kwh pl or ana Fos ttne pt seer For Reyaokis numbers grester thin 1000, bles are commonly wed wih urine impels and withensenteipe aa few inpel- eT om poser latte i Fg. DIL and (812 ave quite ‘Siren bur fn bh ates thew of ales esis na tar {anos cetiion wilt voting o severly nbn od Fores om the impel shal inthe ans repo yal purer, Eq. (191), from 100 10,00) te with of the bale mayb ede ten me hal af Sanda wth the eevlton pater i satsfctary wen the {Sak bund buta sorte cetensproblom, put ent balls fay be urd These are sandaré witha een downward rm The auface no abot one of tbe ig ars inthe rio of liar Bow (Ny 10 the ame power cm sumed by the impel wet babies re eset a thes serch required Te fiw potency Dseted by the ales, i tat theays svat, Whe ey ace nedetste afl tre well placed ane or tw wih adil of the tank wal (0 low Mt eeculate tid them and the ome time pce ‘inne anal detection a Bo FLUID BEHAVIOR IN MIXING VESSELS Impeller Reynolds Nusber The pesene orale of tr lence nan tmpeler tine esl an be sreated th an inp eos number dened Disp Nw uo whose N = rotational ped 1/5 D, = impeller dame, mt sl dena, hg yi and = voeoty, Pasi (8) Flow tthe tank trbaert when ge > 10000, Ths cont Sone ot 4 val indication of the type of Bow to be expected Been Reyne umber 1000 aed approxima 8 2 Mansion ange sn wich ow itarbulet atthe eller an ar tari oo rs ore <1 or ‘Nat aly the typeof fw rested tothe impeller Heys mu ter but ako seh proces performance characte sng me, Impelee pms temple wer empires oto wen 90, 9-12 yp wpe ala ak wh aa pti smasstransercoeicents can be coveted with thi diners soup Relationship. between Fluid Motion and. Process Pe mance’ Severn) phenomena which can be wed to promote ey procesiog objectives occur during Build tion iva vee TT Shar sess are developed Ins fsid whew «lye of tug snoves aster or sower hana tansby layer of id ora sd ues laminar fow, the tra es eo tothe poet of Bad ‘sity and velocy gradient orate of sear Under laminae Ew ‘ion shea forces ae larger th get fore nthe i with area ests rom the bb sete ce as cing rs alee hich dary Small eddies or lucanona The sala he ge eds depends ‘uipment sie, On theater bend, the sae of sal de hh | sate energy primary Saag viscous shes. sala indepen Gent agitor apd tank sae "The sar tenth ld mach higher nea the ingle th le isnear the tank wall The derence eater lege aks tha tsa one 2 tae fro ae deoped han the ely of henge SSS etn aa Ure idee hon vou forces Fuld tion tends Yo comtnce tdi ntl t ects asi surface or ther Bold moving ins fever direction Fores ae developed daring he momenta trae, | “enlaces between gse and aids, menial su amos ad qa may be erat reduced bythe ‘Woes and feta frees wi Intersting With teal Fras Incas prac eon Dy:2)are well fer (1) swing stagnant pos isu [thor mang nes ota, ape thet we oma tet trl (laminar contaous averaging fares YorterDepth"Tnan ulated ves wth an pele tating the cee. centrifugal fre ating the Bl ras te aad oo at the wall and lovers the level ate sha The Seth chad Such’ sorts (Rieger, Di and Novak Chem. fog Sy {AST depend on impels and veal diner Sell atc onal sped ‘ower Consumption of Imgllers” Power consumption js ltd teed dnt, Rid ony etl edo nie dae ie by ols of power umber P/aN' DD vera Revell nag (Diol. Type corlaton lines for frequents weed les paling in tewtonian ius comained im baled ale Te seh se preset n Fig 1819. These cones man oe do te pean of the respective impels in nbaled tan Reynold umber s 8000 less Whom a ress tn Gok a foes the power consumption i lower ian sbeltel vea oa Indicated i Fig 1613 For erample fora sible det ters [uhDi[D, = Sand BAW, = 8 Ne 2 when Va = tot te ‘onl st one tho the vale oe wn ater pe ‘Aadioral power data for other Ipc type ack of te curved bide fbi and pads In ated ad sed cee ie avaible inthe folowing references Hellas an Cheeses haps 24, Reinhold. New Yor 19d Sees Eee oe Fen i Ubl and Gray op et, vol i, ch 3 ‘Foner esnsimption for mpi pelosi, Hingham pa tte and ditotnonsewtonae duds my bec eS sorting lines of Fig 1813 ucty ecb fe shea rate curves a decried ere Fors puso hel nes iy ecru ater vate nesses A Bnghan tc 2 peuple uid but requres that mien se el fr any Wow to near For's disentfhal eae Faces as sear ae creas The appropiate sar rate owe in cleultine acti given by 1 the follwing equations when s peyton alate etal, Uhlan Gry. eel sh For dltan jd, Y= IBMDYDAH 19.6) For eoruplatian Ringham pati hid y= 10N nay whee} = average sna ate!19.10 Luquio-soup systems 196, 19-12 Inge power soli yi ae an. al = Mike Pg 183 fat wt Snr fon a ah yl care, ee ‘ltd, ota tune ie Pig Tt tran ah Bader Duly = toon each Dy ce, 8" pd ‘Sha dey by fut iti ah Deve 4 rel pelo Bef Fenn with po lence, pi pce Dy ae Bika tine pees madre son ta Fig 10 on tbl 8 Epi oer yl amc p= ata img shal opr hade hgh = iy i nlp = deny cel mire Ayo ie tet may ee SLA pose aan tar) ps ttt oe tse, ee eee ly mera om Ratan Cnt ond From bate rong tl Coto. tg Chee Pe Bs Bove, ia emis of et ere nr Chea “The shear ate clelted rom imple etatunal speed i ued to ‘dent voy Lom 4 pt of onte vers shea rte dete ied witha caplary on tonto viscometer Next Ny ele Ute and Nye sead fom spt tke Fig 12-13 DESIGN OF AGITATION EQUIPMENT Selection of Equipment The seiningeeguipnen cote a fw proper a the prover a sre geil actor whieh nen recess riers (2) the ‘Jequipment ests and (8) eon hth ten eee the pte sings al a alan. Ue aliyopumston based on exeence wth sma mini oper toa Oiten the proce requement canbe matched with hae of ‘nar operation, but sometins tsar ncesary to tently 2 {atfactery eign and to fn the minimoenroalioal speed aed "There are no stfactory spec guides for selecting mii quip bonus the ang spit of the warns po ‘Suipment overlay and the les fw properties proce po {Stance have 08 fawn sdeystely dened Neverthe, what req done sling equipment ised nthe folowing paragraphs I topeatring Papal Eo wot es tha 18 (0 8 lameter a campo fange-eunta angle, af-xater proper stl et hice fr meeting wide Fane ‘of proses quirements Fig 10:10) The veel straight td eit to-dismeter to should be 075 to 1.5, apd the voluone of sted Haid should exced 4 abt 109 Fr stern of reetling partly cousin of pd tical heat tanto ming of mile qs ain slaty id $0 el dj slog ala a eu Po dee pr a a ieee pee Ta ne rata el says Gil Nee ee Ae Seige hag ee 2 cate Tah Ee ee er o ae ay be wll ie a ea el Gye otiie Tomer nt aca ‘the minimum which meet process requirements. o a3 Se eee a eth dae dere ustn6 day Sige Seether = wad lan 4920980 50% a race nt a ame stg ne se ec icant o.rr—S———— Eos dey a eee oie Sree etl ls But Set Sandee etnies ee ee ee une of ply sig prs ewe ance carmel apy ete rai, as ee ana Ou Astra aes erent lr |. =. sm eye Bi ema ol ed ——rr——“—ssS eee meee eee a Se sw dal in serie eae el mp ea Lr, ove ge tm 98 ee ak en oa sree ah ie donee sk ee ee Seer arama emer ee ‘rapid. efficient initial mixing of reactants identified with high ec dl ah ce er seh ould Belated at oot of the gu dt etn i py nting atl or «dt i ah ply vel require lower peli oe “stg palit Pavan es hn 4 180 Ihasadeenteting propel agar Ff.) may bu mae e® ical hana oponuntdtrbne on teed veal sat Pe earls greater thn 58m (1000 the economic atracie sf adcererng propel icra For vel larger than 30 ‘ona gs tts maybe sarge a8 96 KW (1 bp. and two ‘ren three may be tale oe tank Forte suspension of ‘Sling parts or ths maintenance of uniforaty ns wes sa ‘Fa particles the dimer and retational pred of = ide te rg stator must be elect on tbl model es or expese® Siar operations “Wen abrasive sold parties mut be suspended, mainte casts fo be submerge sat sa of deen pole 51 come high enagh to make this type of mace an econo Since et Mizers Continues recycle of he contents tank th an eternal pump aragel that the pump. charge 2 porn esters the wel eames in 2 Bow ptern #8 Uh wl pre Sw nisin ot Treeee oem sl lobmtone and Being, Pilot Plant, Madels and Sale Up ee ee oiler lace arg ‘etnies oor ar nscale wii Sere sieeenteaiat ‘Tom tet in moles A table example the powernanber ada ee terion | fcton ihe Fig 1013, Thie meted should i wed with ewuton, | eases and it occasionally predicts too litle power. | Mechanical Design An agitator and its surroundings are a | | tania stem of moving sod Baed parts inwhich bending te onl, shea, and fatigue arenes are cneuntored. Gear, ber areca, ty ptr impr Hae ae Iutermometer well and mpporting sustred memereach ‘lise pats experiences teow varety of hese seus snd st fetdegoed seoodingly.Siiacory design men no ony tat ‘gckmember i srg enough but tat defections ae salty Ete emt cel Sela of wal, nec moh {ey and prvectve tings The problem ofan adel core ‘oestant material of cosretion may brighten he mache ‘gifs the of grea et “he rtaton speed ofan agar sft tus be sali far removed from the natural vibration frequents af the spate ‘sembly ad other pats of the sstom to avo exciton of these Saurai frequencies Usually ony the rst etal eed a eancer, {lth some agitators operate beyond tet stad ere Mate sof estimating the etal speeds of stlt-and pelle sterbles ‘te sommartaed by Lecdom and Parker ss Ubl and Gey, ap Zelup. I Seco and Parker aio eat the general subjet of the mecha sal deg of impeller ator spn Thy dal with impel ‘shafts gear reducer, sels a0d sting bones and ates MIXING TO OBTAIN UNIFORMITY ona tea ten gcd pton sey lor products made by bat an by anton paces at oper lon ivaling mining Satisieal metbndr are walsble for dese lg the unormty of tbe values apd for sontling sich ops Ser Metals of mpg aon, dient ior dat in mat operatins (eluding partite slide ‘oui and rie are preted ia an AICHE equipment teing cedure (Dry Sls, Paste and Dowgh Meng Eqpment Test ‘ng Procedure, American inatte of Chemical Enpnees, New You, Lo) ‘ice complet mes at en sid ia rte, Far ‘amples rage o spread in conpontionr property be wed {3 tesnie of unermty nsa otanard evaton a batch Bip ee rig contin properties witha spe ‘anger peal alsin on ar ert ing atch Mining. Patchisng tines Rave bon sil fr mis Mega several type omen wed mp sie vee + The lyf these tas lave fan summary ea ad chet Tans fst Chem #ng.54 1391910 fand Cry han SOUDS SUSPENSION 19-11 Gey opt. a4. Hore te cei ak applicable to uspersans af rapidly sling partly oto peu. ste surties. the iar case, vacates ae higher in remote purtso theclvcoited Od than hey ae atthe impeler and ming Hes ae" longer (Blak aed Raa, Jat Chem. Bg, 12s 24 Gran For feadoplstis ida, rier ising timer may be ‘bained in uae han i ated ves ‘Averaging in Continuo Flow Sed Vessels When a Bokd stream pases into and oot of trot esl each increment of the feeds mine to sme degre withthe fa athe vs the co ontion or properties of the feed stream haste veel wl aver Sgethe sarhtione which osu within terval shoves an the ave Age fesidence tine of id within the vesel.‘The redaction io Sitpliade of variations (averaging) wich occurs depends othe ow pater and hd weocter sais veel the resdene te (a tine divided by fed dow rate, andthe maner in which the pop les or compaston change wth Hine. Fora constant Teed ratetoa eaeade sresfequl-ole vel cach of custat valume and each sflemy wel aired Gat the fontent i uniferm (although is properis may vary i ime, the flo of exit to inet peopertyvaratton apts fr be wave Input vanatin given by the following sqution (Bochey. Tock ‘neues of Paces Conta, Wiley, New Yok 184,24 ao [) + | tere = tsteege eet» gen el iy | tad, = Sneswave periods min, When 2r/n, > Ia agg plot erence tera eet ett tay 8 ate om composts as fey se esl oe eal seer laem oP inden eno vdew ged goat «a ice se lan, (= cnet competion Spey ol tor a Aue sea 9 Ek Sie tam fw ae an nite on fpain tr ory Bd ie eam Fon ona | Smeal, Tre tue ort srae aie meetin | Gately Sanh atapaStme ype ce {ila lp Pha Co Bf 195 Sn cps oy ap inn il er tot salir ae tears aed cee cmt odes ota ota UB eee eorsee paeena Sts ete be edt calle the een seam eran in sn sane tions tanec pa SiS oueckee tod Sle ta Chena 38 19.8) | sous sureeson Denon of Deree of Suspension Debnitens of sald se on ine nt te pad ae al be rio inguin rater reference he sar ebnios of spe Slonand the met in which samp were taken: Inthe abst. ‘Sfntions wich ate wal er surpenson in ops tanks ae pe ‘ete Shy dete uo atone ks Se not etal with ops tesa orague an 1pecent suspension. This calito a follows weight percent sold at sample point Telgh percent cen tank =~ PETE Peon | ox escent suspension can have ales greater than, ego oo ess 10 pret may i bed on 9 ies 12 Complete uniformity. Ths implies thatthe percent spe on a very pt 100 peeent The upper eson of sed Tis fers the ct estat eormty It very ical, totus pasties with ting eer sve O08 m1 Ths tn