DE LA SALLE LIPA
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
OLAIVAR, CHERRY MAE E. Quiz 2 ( Discrete Math )
I. Translate each of the these statements into logical expressions using Predicates,
Quantifiers and logical connectives. Let P(x) be “x is perfect”; let F(x) be “x is your
friend”; and let the domain be all people. ( 2 points each )
P(x) be “x is perfect”; let F(x) be “x is your friend”
a. No one is perfect.
¬∃x P(x)
b. Not everyone is perfect.
¬∀ P(x)
c. All your friends are perfect.
∀x[F(x) → P(x)]
d. At least one of your friends are perfect.
∃x[F(x) ∧ P(x)]
e. Everyone is your friend and is perfect.
∀x[F(x) ∧ P(x)]
f. Not everybody is your friend or someone is not perfect.
¬∀ x F(x) V ¬∀ P(x) = ¬[∀ x F(x) ∧ ¬∀ P(x) = ¬∀ x[ F(x) ∧ P(x) ]
II. Translate these statements into English, where C(x) is “ x is comedian” and F(x) is
“ x is funny“ and domain consist of all people. ( 2 points each )
a. ∀x(C(x) → F(x))
All comedians are funny.
b. ∀x(C(x) ∧ F(x))
Every person is a comedian and funny.
c. ∃x(C(x) → F(x))
There exists a person such that, if the person is a comedian, then the person is funny.
d. ∃x(C(x) ∧ F(x))
There exists a person that is a comedian and funny.
III. What rule of inference is used in each of these arguments. ( 2 points each )
a. Alice is a mathematics major. Therefore, Alice is either a mathematics major or
computer science major.
LET: p = Alice is a mathematics major"
q = Alice is a computer science major"
DE LA SALLE LIPA
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
We can then rewrite the given argument using the interpretations given:
We can notice that the argument uses ADDITION rule.
b. Jerry is a mathematics major and a computer science major. Therefore, Jerry is a
mathematics major.
LET: p = “Jerry is a mathematics major"
Z = " Jerry is a computer science major"
We can then rewrite the given argument using the interpretations given:
We can notice that the argument uses SIMPLIFICATION rule.
c. If it is rainy, then the pool will be closed. It is rainy. Therefore, the pool is
closed.
LET: P = “It is rainy"
q =" Pool is closed"
We can then rewrite the given argument using the interpretations given:
We can notice that the argument uses MODUS PONES rule.
d. If it snows today, the university will close. The university is not closed today.
Therefore, it did not snow today.
LET: P = “it snows "
q =" university is close "
We can then rewrite the given argument using the interpretations given:
DE LA SALLE LIPA
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
We can notice that the argument uses MODUS TOLLENS rule.
e. If I go swimming, then I will stay in the sun too long. If I stay in the sun too
long, then I will sunburn. Therefore, if I go swimming, then I will sunburn.
LET: p = " I go swimming"
q =" I stay in the sun too long"
r =" I will sunburn"
We can then rewrite the given argument using the interpretations given:
We can notice that the argument uses HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISM rule.
IV. For each of the arguments determine whether the argument is correct or
incorrect.( 2 points each )
a. All students in this class understand logic. Xavier is a student in this class.
Therefore, Xavier understands logic.
Correct
b. Every computer science major takes discrete mathematics. Natasha is taking
discrete mathematics. Therefore, Natasha is a computer science major.
Incorrect
c. All parrots like fruit. My pet bird is not a parrot. Therefore, my pet bird does not
like fruit.
Incorrect
d. Everyone eats granola every day is healthy. Linda is not healthy. Therefore,
Linda does not eat granola every day.
Correct
DE LA SALLE LIPA
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
V. Identify the error or errors in the argument that supposedly shows that if ∃x P(x) ∧
∃x Q(x) is True then ∃x (P(x) ∧ Q(x)) is True. ( 5 points )
a. ∃x P(x) ∧ ∃x Q(x) Premise
b. ∃x P(x) Simplification from (a)
c. P(c) Existential instantiation from (b)
d. ∃x Q(x) Simplification from (a)
e. Q(c) Existential instantiation from (d)
f. P(x) ∧ Q(x) Conjunction from (c) and (e)
g. ∃x (P(x) ∧ Q(x)) Existential generalization
SOLUTION: Text is highlighted has been edited from the given solution.
Step Reason
a. ∃x P(x) ∧ ∃x Q(x) Premise
b. ∃x P(x) Simplification from (a)
c. P(c) Existential instantiation from (b)
d. ∃x Q(x) Simplification from (a)
e. Q(d) Existential instantiation from (d)
Note: The x-value for which Q(x) is true,
is not necessarily the same x-value for
which P(x) is true.
f. P(x) ∧ Q(d) Conjunction from (c) and (e)
g. Existential generalization cannot be used, since c and d may not necessarily represent the
same value.
ANSWER: Error occurs in stop 5.
The X-value for which Q(x) is true, is not necessarily the same x-value for which
P(x) is true.
VI. Show that the square of an even number is an even number using a direct proof.
( 12 points )
LET: n = even.
n=2k for some integers k
n2 — (2k ¿ ¿2= 4k 2= 2(2k 2)
because we have writtenn2 = as two times an integer, we conclude that n2 is even
