Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials 1

Chapter 14
Nonlinear Materials
14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
14.2 Step-by-Step: Belleville Washer
14.3 Step-by-Step: Planar Seal
14.4 Review
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 2

Section 14.1
Basics of Nonlinear
Materials
Key Concepts Plasticity
Yield Criteria
Hardening Rules
Linear versus Nonlinear
Plasticity Models
Materials
Hyperelasticity
Elasticity
Required Test Data
Linear Elasticity
Strain Energy Functions
Hyperelasticity
Hyperelasticity Models
Plasticity
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 3

Linear/Nonlinear
Materials
When the stress-stain relation of a
material is linear, it is called a linear
material, otherwise the material is
called a nonlinear material.
For a linear material, the stress-strain
relation is expressed by Hooke's law,
in which two independent material
parameters are needed to completely
define the material.
Orthotropic and anisotropic linear
elasticity are also available in
<Workbench>.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 4

[1] Elastic
Elastic/Plastic Materials material.

If the strain is totally recovered

after release of the stress, the
behavior is called elasticity.
On the other hand, if the strain is [2] Plastic
material.
not totally recoverable (i.e., there
is no residual strain after release
of the stress), the behavior is
called plasticity and the residual
strain is called the plastic strain.

[3] Plastic strain.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 5

Hysteresis

The term hysteresis is used for the

energy loss in a material during
stressing and unstressing.
Most of materials have more-or-less
hysteresis behavior. However, as long
as it is small enough, we may neglect
the hysteresis behavior.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 6

Hyperelasticity
Hyperelastic
material.
Nonlinear non-hysteresis elasticity are
characterized by that the stressing curve and
the unstressing curve are coincident: the
energy is conserved in the cycles.
Challenge of implementing nonlinear elastic
material models comes from that the strain
may be as large as 100% or even 200%,
such as rubber under stretching or
compression.
Additional consideration is that, under such
large strains, the stretching and compression
behaviors may not be described by the same
parameters.
This kind of super-large deformation
 hyperelasticity.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 7

PLASTICITY
[2] Initial [1] Idealized
yield point stress-strain
Idealized Stress-Strain (or elastic
limit).
curve.

Curve
Plasticity behavior typically occurs in
ductile metals subject to large
deformation. Plastic strain results from
slips between planes of atoms due to
shear stresses. This dislocation
deformation is a rearrangement of atoms [3] The stress- [4] When the
strain relation stress is
in the crystal structure.
is assumed released, the
A stress-strain curve is not sufficient to linear before strain
Yield point, decreases with
fully define a plasticity behavior. There and the initial a slope equal
slope is the to the Young's
are two additional characteristics that Young's modulus.
modulus.
must be described: a yield criterion and a
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 8

Yield Criteria

<Workbench> uses von Mises criterion as the yield criterion, that is,
a stress state reaches yield state when the von Mises stress is
equal to the current uniaxial yield strength , or

The yielding initially occurs when , and the "current" uniaxial yield
strength may change subsequently.
If the stress state is inside the cylinder, no yielding occurs. If the
stress state is on the surface, yielding occurs. No stress state can
exist outside the yield surface.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 9

σ3 This is a von Mises yield

surface, which is a cylindrical
surface aligned with the axis
and with a radius of , where is
the current yield strength.

σ1 = σ 2 = σ 3

σ2

σ1
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 10

Hardening Rules

If the stress state is on the yield surface and the stress state continues
to "push" the yield surface outward, the size (radius) or the location of
the yield surface will change. The rule that describes how the yield
surface changes its size or location is called a hardening rule.
Kinematic hardening assumes that, when a stress state continues to
"push" a yield surface outward, the yield surface will change its
location, according to the "push direction," but preserve the size of the
yield surface.
Isotropic hardening assumes that, when a stress state continues to
"push" a yield surface, the yield surface will expand its size, but
preserve the axis of the yield surface.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 11

[1] Kinematic [2] Isotropic

hardening assumes hardening assumes
that the difference that the tensile yield
between tensile yield strength and the
strength and the compressive yield
compressive yield strength remain
strength remains a equal in magnitude.
constant of .

σ y′

2σ y
σy
σ y′
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 12

Plasticity Models in Workbench

[2] To complete a
description of
plasticity model, you
must include its linear
elastic properties.

[1] Currently,
<Workbench>
provides six
plasticity
models.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 13

HYPERELASTICITY

Test Data Needed for

Hyperelasticity
In plasticity or linear elasticity, we use a stress-strain curve to
describe its behavior, and the stress-strain curve is usually obtained
by a tensile test. Since only tension behavior is investigated, other
behaviors (compressive, shearing, and volumetric) must be drawn
from the tensile test data.
When the strain is large, all the moduli (tensile, compressive, shear,
and bulk) can not assume simple relations.
Therefore, to describe hyperelasticity behavior, we need following
test data: (a) a set of uniaxial tensile test data, (b) a set of uniaxial
compressive test data, (c) a set of shear test data, and (d) a set of
volumetric test data if the material is compressible.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 14

It is possible that a set of test data is obtained by superposing two sets of

other test data. For example, the set of uniaxial compressive test data
can be obtained by adding a set of hydrostatic compressive test data to a
set of equibiaxial tensile test data.

= +

[1] Uniaxial [2] Equibiaxial [3] Hydrostatic

compressive tensile test. compressive
test. test.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 15

[2]
Equibiaxial
test data.

[3] Shear
test data.

[1] Uniaxial
test data.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials 16

Hyperelasticity
Models in
Workbench
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.2 Belleville Washer 17

Section 14.2
Belleville Washer
Stress-strain
curve of the
steel in this
case.
Problem Description
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.2 Belleville Washer 18

40 mm

22 mm
We will compress the
Belleville spring by 1.0 mm
and then release it
completely.
A force-displacement curve
will also be plotted.
We will examine the
residual stress after the
spring is completely
released.
The Belleville
washer is made of
steel, with
thickness of 1.0
mm.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.2 Belleville Washer 19

Force-versus-Displacement Curve

[1] The curve

is quite
different
[3] Let's explore between
the residual stress loading and
at this point when unloading.
the external force is
completely
released.

[2] There is no practice use of

this section. It is the force
required to pull the spring back
to its original position.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.2 Belleville Washer 20

Residual Stress
[1] Residual
equivalent
stress.

[2] Residual hoop stress.

Note that the top surface
is dominated by tension,
while the bottom surface
is dominated by
compression.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.3 Planar Seal 21

Section 14.3
Planar Seal

Problem Description [2] Biaxial

test.

[3] Shear
The seal is used in the door test.

of a refrigerator. The seal is

a long strip, and we will [1] Uniaxial
test.
model it as a plane strain
problem.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.3 Planar Seal 22

[4] The upper

plate is 1.100
[2] Steel
displaced 0.85" plate.
downward. .800
R.200

.133
[1] Rubber
seal.
R.150
.867
R.150 R.050

.133
[3] Steel
Unit: in. plate.
.333 .500 R.200 R.050
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.3 Planar Seal 23

Results
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials Section 14.3 Planar Seal 24

A force-versus-
displacement curve.
Note that the force
unit should be read
lbf/in instead of lbf.