Chapter I

NURSING INFORMATICS
“Do not blame me for your technological ignorance as your ignorance, technological or otherwise, is not my
fault.”
Chapter I transform data into information
A. Computer and Nursing which calculate trending and patient
 The implementation of health information profiling.
system coupled with the health statistical  Duplicates the performance of a manual
information system is motivated by the system with lower cost.
desire to enhance the quality of healthcare Computer System
services.  Today medical computer system are widely
 Why do we need to implement health used.
information system and health statistical  New systems are developed with more accuracy
information system in our health care? and efficiency.
 To have an adequate and efficient data  The nurse and the healthcare provider
collection. should not be heavy reliant on the
 To address the standard of the delivery information provided by the computer
of healthcare. system- wrong input data will manifest
 A new computer based- system can wrong output.
correct the old system.  To integrate a health information system the
 Can provide functions not possible with nurses and other health care giver should have
a manual system. recognized the need for computer system.
Example: statistical information  Change from a manual health care system into a
system which converts and computer information system.

MANUAL HEALTH CARE SYTEM

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. Easy to implement 1. Problem with maintenance

2. Low cost 2. Volume of data becomes a problem (storage problem)

3. No extra training required 3. Needs lot of paper

4. Requires minimum effort 4. Problem with interpretation/transcription

5. Quick processing 5. Data is not converted easily to information

6. Can be stored anywhere 6. Readiness of information (not data)

7. Cannot be easily corrupted (w/ proper storage) 7. Accessibility to any health care personnel and to any
health care institution

8. Easy to prepare 8. Ounce data is burned it cannot be produced easily

9. Data profiling can be done easily 9. Integration with the other system such as laboratory,
accounting etc. is a problem

10. Readiness of data 10. Data handling is a problem

“The modern age has a false sense of superiority because it relies on the mass of knowledge that it can use,
but
what is important is the extent to which knowledge is organized and mastered.”
COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. Data maintenance 1. Implementation requires severe justification

2. Low maintenance cost 2. High starting cost

3. Volume of data is not an issue 3. Requires training for nursing and healthcare giver

4. No paper is required 4. Requires additional effort to implement

5. No problem with interpretation/transaction 5. Additional manpower is necessary

6. Data can be easily converted into information 6. Special storage is necessary

7. Readiness of information and data 7. Data communication system will have an additional
cost

8. Accessibility to any healthcare personnel and any 8. Data can easily corrupted (w/o back-up provided)
healthcare institution

9. Data cannot be corrupted easily (w/proper back up) 9. Readiness of data and information is possible when
software is provided in the healthcare information
system

10. Can be integrated with other system such as 10. Requires extensive planning, designing and
laboratory, pharmacy, accounting, mgmt, etc. commercial implementation

11. Data handling is easy 11. Information management is essential

12. Data integrity is preserved  

13. Data communication is possible  

14. Statistical information system can be provided  

15. Migration to other system is easy  

16. Can be expanded  

17. Easy data profiling  

B. Computers in Nursing is converted into Information that is essential to

─ 1978 - computer system ready in used in nurses
healthcare system in prominent hospitals in  Nurses becomes more efficient because it can
Manila. be integrated to a so called “ Statistical
─ Today hospitals used computers due to Information System” such that the information
usability to day to day nursing process like is converted into Information that is essential to
admission, discharge and transfer, patient nurses
monitoring, patient mapping, nursing  The statistical information system will provide
schedule, patient profiling, decision support, medical printout to the nurse for a particular
ect. client which includes charts, tables. Index ect.
 Nurses can communicate to other department  Computer can perform drug dosage calculation
thus saving phone calls faster and more accurately.
 Nurses healthcare to patients are optimized.  Nurses notes can be entered quickly by choosing
 Nursing assessment statements, appropriate for a particular client
 Patients monitoring and plans from multiple pre programmed choices.
 Medication processes  Computers are important tool in nursing
 Admission records and practice, nursing education, nursing research
 Discharged plans and nursing administration.
 Nurses becomes more efficient because it can  Nurses can use computers in clinical practice to
be integrated to a so called “ Statistical document
Information System” such that the information  nursing care,
  communicate physician’s orders,  large decrease in blood pressure (shock)
 receive an information about admissions,
discharge and transfers, monitor clients,  We can say that Nursing Informatics is the
pharmacy report and also laboratory test scientific endeavor of processing of data into
resuts information, data managing, analyzing,
reporting, make knowledge- based decisions and
C. Healthcare informatics intermediary to patient care and use this special
─ Is the integration of knowledge in order to enhance the quality of
 information science service and professional practice
 Health science  The goal of nursing informatics is to improve the
 Computer science and health of populations, communities, families and
 cognitive science individuals by optimizing information
 The holistic objective of the medical management and communication.
practitioners such as the nurse, healthcare  This includes the use of technology in the direct
providers, physicians healthcare staffs etc. provision of care, in establishing effective
 It is also the derivative of the business health administrative systems managing and delivering
care application. educational experiences, supporting life-long
 Specialties are divided into learning and supporting nursing research.
 Medical informatics
 Health informatics D. Nursing Informatics Specialist
Dental informatics  They are important in bridging between clinical
 Nursing informatics care skills and technology
 Because Nurses are not interested in
Nursing Informatics computer automation or are not adequately
 Is a specialty that integrates nursing science, trained in information technology.
computer science and information science to  They bring clinical knowledge to more advanced
manage and communicate data, information technical projects such as the development of
and knowledge in nursing practice administrative computer system and the
 Integration supports patient, nurses and other interpretation of a complex medical data
providers in their decision making in all roles and  They are responsible for providing clinical
settings information and data analysis for effective
 The support is accomplished through the used of patient care and monitoring
information structure, information process and  Works with computer systems, data and
information technology. information analysis systems such as statistical
information system to ensure optimal health
care is provided
 Should have a good understanding of basic
nursing techniques and standards coupled with
statistical data collection, data analysis and
interpretation
 Information allocation and dissemination
capabilities are important
 They evaluate patient care based on the data
and information and determines more
Example:
appropriate care and medical process
 Dengue fever/ severe dengue(dengue
 Specific role
hemorrhagic fever)
1. To employ informatics theories and
Data → information → knowledge
concepts, methods and tools to analyze
 Fever(38˚C)
information system requirements:
 rash
2. design , select, implement and evaluate
 muscle and joint pain
information systems, data structures.
 frequent vomiting
3. Develop decision- support mechanisms that
 abdominal pain
support patients, nurses, and their human-
 restlessness
computer interactions w/in health care
 acute, or sudden, fever
contexts.
 severe abdominal pain
4. to facilitate the creation of new nursing
 bleeding or bruising under the skin
knowledge
 cold or clammy skin
 nosebleeds
E. Highlights of the History of Computer computer)
 1600s- machines perform arithmetic calculations  Used vacuum tubes to control internal
by Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Leibnitz operations
 1833- the first machine employing concepts  Very large and generated a lot of heat
similar to those of a computer was analytical  Much faster in old machines
engine by Charles Babage  1959-1964- the 2nd generation of computers
 1890- electro mechanical calculating machine  Relied on transistors for controlling internal
was first implemented by Herman Hollerith operations.
 Used punched-card input and performed  Transistors were much smaller, faster and
simple arithmetic calculations and card more reliable in vacuum tubes.
sorting operation  Use of magnetic cores for internal storage
 Use extensively in early and mid 1900s or memory
controlled by hand-wired control panel  1965- 1980- 3rd generation computers
 1930s -Mark 1 was the first automatic calculator  used solid state integrated circuits rather
 Use electromagnetic relay and counters for than transistors to obtain reduction in size
performing calculation and cost together with increased reliability
 Mid 1940s- ENIAC  Larger storage capacity
 ( Electronic numerical Integrator and  w/ sophisticated software
calculator) was developed  Today- semiconductor memories and large scale
 The 1st electronic digital computer using integrated (LSI) and a very large scale integrated
vacuum tubes ( VLSI) enhanced the development of miniature
 1949- EDSAC ( Electronic Delay Storage devices such as
Automatic Computer) the 1st stored –program  Laptops
computers  Mp3player
 1951-1958- the 1st generation of computers  PDA
began with UNIVAC 1 (Universal automatic