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Introduction to Oracle 12c

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Ahmed Basil Al-Othman

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 Instructor Email Office Location & Date
Ahmed basil [email protected] Iraq-2017

OR ACLE DATABASE 12C

Chapter 1: Introduction to Oracle 12c

Introduction of SQL:
In the previous lectures we have reviewed some database concepts like: data, DB,

DBMS, table, form, record, and query.

In Oracle, we use Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) & Object

Relational Database System (ORDBMS).

Table is the basic storage of an RDBMS.

Data models are fundamental entities to introduce abstraction in a DBMS. Data

models define how data is connected to each other and how they are processed and stored

inside the system. The very first data model could be flat data-models, where all the

data used are to be kept in the same plane. It is conceptual tools.

DB contains the data which is arranged in multi- tables. In order to retrieve the data of

those tables I need RDBMS with special tools like sql.

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The main way to develop the database from concept to production is system development life

cycle. This cycle contains four-stages:

Strategy and Analysis Phase

Study and Analayze the busisness requirments. Inerview users amd supervisors to identify

the information requirments. Incoperate the enterprise and application mission statements

as well as any future system specifications.

Build a model of the system. Transfer the businesses narrative into graphical representation

of business information needs and rules. Confirm and refine the model with the analysts

and experts.

Design: The second stage after strategy and Analysis design the database based on the model

which has designed in the previous stage.

Build and Document:

Build the prototype system, write and execute commands to create the table and supporting

objects for the database.

Develop user documentation, help text, and operations manuals to support the use and the

operation of the system.

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Transition: It is transition stage from application to production, take approval from user and

make modification if required.

Production: Roll out the system to user.

System Development Life Cycle

( Figue 1-1)
System development life cycle

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 Database has ERM

Entity Attributes Relation

Entity: Can be a real world object that can be easily identifiable (tables). Example: in company

customer, employee, and city. In school student, teacher, course, and classroom.

Attributes: An attribute defines the information about the entity that needs to be stored

(Columns). If the entity is employee, attributes could include: name, employee ID, health plan

enrollment, and work location. Student could include: age, student name, age, nationality,

gender. Attributes describe the Entity.

Relationship: The association among entities is called a relationship. Example: an employee

work_ at department, and student enrolls in a course. There are three types of relationships

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Entity: STUDENT,CLASS Attribute: student_id, Class_id

 Singular, Unique name Singular name

 Uppercase Lowercase
 Soft box Mandatory “*”
 Synonym in parentheses Optionally “⃝”

STUDENT CLASS
#* id ……………… ….……………. # * id
* name * name
⃝ age O location

Unique identifier (UID)

Primary marked with #
Secondary Key marked (#)

Figure (2-1)
Shows the relationship among entity, attributes and relationship in ERM

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Notes about the relationships and keys:

The attributes are described the Entity. Primary key is unique which has # sign.

The primary key is unique and cannot use duplicate value in a primary.

The relationship formed by continues dots sign which has three types.

Foreign key can be logically relate data from multiple tables with a same attribute.

Foreign key is logical not physical value.

The same foreign key could have different spelling or way of writing.

Other tables cannot be deleted because of the relationship.

Examples: we have two tables (entity) EMPLOYEES, DEPARTMENTS.

EMPLOYEES DEPARTMENTS

EMPLOYEE_ID DEPARTMENT_ID DEP_ID DEPARTMENT_NAME

70 HR
50 70

Primary Key Foreign Key Primary Key

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 Instructor Email Office Location & Date
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In order to access Oracle DB you need SQL

What is SQL?

SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is used to communicate with a database.

According to ANSI (American National Standards Institute), it is the standard language for

relational database management systems. SQL statements are used to perform tasks such as update

data on a database, or retrieve data from a database. Some common relational database

management systems that use SQL are: Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft SQL Server, Access, Ingres,

etc. Although most database systems use SQL, most of them also have their own additional

proprietary extensions that are usually only used on their system. However, the standard SQL

commands such as "Select", "Insert", "Update", "Delete", "Create", and "Drop" can be used to

accomplish almost everything that one needs to do with a database. This tutorial will provide you

with the instruction on the basics of each of these commands as well as allow you to put them to

practice using the SQL Interpreter.

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Database Tools
Application Development
SQL*Plus (SQLPLUS)
Pro*C/C++
Pro*COBOL
Object Type Translator (OTT)
Oracle Services for Microsoft Transaction Server
Oracle Portal (formerly Oracle WebDB)
Database Administration
Oracle Enterprise Manager
Oracle Administration Assistant for Windows NT
Oracle Database Configuration Assistant Oracle
Advanced Security
Oracle Performance Monitor for Windows NT
Oracle Data Migration Assistant
SQL Developer

Table (1-1)

Database Tools

To retrieve, maintain, and update data from the tables in DB you need for SQL (RDBMS) to

access DB, and to write this SQL you need an environment to write the commands on. Oracle

inventoried many SQL tools to be used. The most recent tools are SQL PLUS and SQL Developer

(the primary tool). SQL developer SW will be installed as a default with Oracle 12C.

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SELECT department_ name

FROM departments;
Oracle
Server
DEPARTMEN_NAME

USERNAME
PASSWORD

Figure (3-1)

SQL Developer/SQL*PLUS (Development Environment)

To enable to use SQL Developer, you need Username & Password for certain database, the

example above shows select (department name) from (department), Oracle server will check the

code from any possible errors.

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Table (2-1)
SQL Statement

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When does Oracle 12c release and what does "C" refer to?

In 2013, Oracle released 12c version and it was first database designed for the cloud or external

servers. Oracle c12 has feature called Multitenant architecture that enables an oracle database to

function as a multitenant container database (CDB). Many organizations can be supported by

only one database.

Container data base CDB: It is root and main database that had no applications probably

installed on it. A CDB includes zero, one, or many customer-created pluggable databases

(PDBs). CDB is run by CDB administrator.

CDB Administrator: responsible of administrating the whole CDB.

Pluggable Data base PDBs: is a portable collection of schemas, schema objects, and non-schema

objects that appears to an Oracle Net client as a non-CDB. All Oracle databases before Oracle

Database 12c were non-CDBs. It is a small and sub-databases which has applications, tables,

functions, and other application. Every PDB has a different application database compare to other.

PDB Administrator: A person who is responsible for administrating a sub-database. Many of

the sub- databases (PDB) can be controlled by one administrator.

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Figure (3-1)
Architecture of Oracle DB 12c

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Oracle 10g,11g (Before 12c) Oracle 12c

1- Is known as a grid computing. Is known to be as next level of DB which is cloud
computing.
2- There are group of DB distributed on servers. There is main container database (CDB) and there are
(PDB) which are underneath of it.
3- Each DB has different application. All applications are connected to one DB.
4- Each DB connected to a different server One DB (CDB) has many applications (PDB). That
separately. DB is connected to one server.
5- Hard to do maintenance Easy maintenance
6- High cost Low cost
7- Dose not support Multitenant architecture. Do support Multitenant architecture.

Table (3-1)
Comparison between g10, g11 and c12

End of chapter one…

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