PROGRAMMED
INSTRUCTION
Definition
“ It is kind of learning in which a ‘program’
takes the place of a tutor for the student & leads
him through a set of frames of specialized
behaviors designed & sequenced to make it more
probable that he will behave in a given desired
way.”
Kochhar S. K. 1992
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Objectives for assumptions of
programmed instruction:
To help student to learn by doing.
To provide the situation to learn at his own pace.
To help student to learn without the presence of a
teacher.
To present the content in a controlled manner &
in logically related steps.
To study by himself & assess his own performance
by comparing it with the given answer.
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Characteristics of Programmed
Learning
Assumption stated clearly in writing:
Explicitly stated objectives:
Logical sequence of small steps:
Active responding:
Immediate feedback of information:
Individual rate:
Constant evaluation:
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Types of programming:
1. Linear programming or extrinsic :
Linear programming is based strictly upon a
learning theory of conditioning.
The primary objective is to bring the behavior of
the learner under the control of variety of stimuli
through the use of easy steps, one at a time.
Each step requires the student to participate
actively by making a response
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2. Branching programming:
In this system, the student is given a problem & a
number of answers, out of this one answer is
correct when a student selects an answer he is
directed to a specific frame.
This frame shows him if his answer is wrong &
why it is wrong.
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3. Adjunct programming:
A large step text followed by test items. The
information may run to pages.
After reading information, the learner answers a
series of questions.
Each answer is checked with correct answer
given at the end.
If the learner is wrong then he is told which
page, he should read to get the correct answer.
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Assumption of programmed instruction:
A student learns better by being active.
A student learns better if he is motivated to learn by
confirming his responses.
Student learns better if the content matter is
presented in small steps.
A student learns better if he commits minimum
errors in his learning.
A student learns better if the sequence of content is
psychologically valid.
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Steps for development of programmed
instruction:
Selection of the topic to be programmed.
Identifying the objectives.
Content analysis for developing the instruction
procedure.
Writing objectives in behavioral terms.
Construction of criterion test.
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Deciding appropriate paradigm & strategy of
programmed on of criterion
Writing programmed frames & individual try
out.
Group tries out, revising & editing the
programmed & preparing final dealt.
Master validation or evaluation of programmed
in terms of internal & external criteria.
Preparation of a manual of the programmed
instruction.
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Advantages
Enables student to work at his own pace.
It helps to develop high efficiency.
It facilitates self evaluation.
It gives individual instruction.
The student proceed at his own pace.
The student is provided with immediate
knowledge of results.
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Advantages
The physical presence of the teacher is not
required.
It permits mass teaching.
It can lead to high availability.
It facilitates decision taking in solution of
complex problems.
It decreases risk for patient or society.
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Disadvantages:
Requires experts on programmed instruction.
Preparation is difficult and time consuming.
Material is not available.
Necessitates special educational competence.
It costs high additional investment cost in
teacher’s time and money.
There will be no group dynamics.
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