NAME- BISWAJEET SAHANI

ENROLLMENT NO.- 16UEE067

SECTION- B
SEMESTER- 8th
SUBJECT- POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
DATE OF SUBMISSION- 11/04/2020

ASSIGNMENT NO.-1
1. Various types of turbines used in Hydro Power
Plant

Hydraulic turbines may be defined as prime movers that

transform the kinetic energy of the falling water into
mechanical energy of rotation and whose primary function is to
drive an electric generator. Hydroelectric plants utilise the
energy of water falling through a head that may vary from a
few meters to 1500 or even 2000 m. To manage this wide range
of heads, many different kinds of turbines are employed, which
differ in their working components.

The various types of turbines used in the hydro power plants

are classified as follows based on the different criteria.
a.) Impulse Turbine –Pelton, Turgo turbine
b.) Reaction Turbine –Francis, Kaplan and Propeller turbine

Based on flow direction, they are further classified as:

a.) Tangential Flow
b.) Radial Flow
c.) Axial Flow
d.) Mixed Flow

a.) Impulse Turbines:-

The flow energy to the impulse turbines is completely

converted to kinetic energy before transformation in the
runner. The impulse forces being transferred by the direction
changes of the flow velocity vectors when passing the buckets
create the energy converted to mechanical energy on the
turbine shaft. The flow enters the runner from jets spaced
 around the rim of the runners. The jet hits momentarily only a
part of the circumference of the runner.

(i) Pelton Impulse Turbine:

-Invented by Pelton in 1890.
-The Pelton turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine.
-Pelton wheels are most efficient in high head application
with the water head ranging from 200m-1500m.
-The largest units can be up to 200 MW.
-These are best suited for high head & low flow sites.
-Horizontal arrangement turbine is found only in medium
and small sized turbines with usually one or two jets.
-Large Pelton turbines with many jets are normally
arranged with vertical shaft.

(ii) Turgo Impuse Turbine:

-Turgo impulse turbine design was developed by Gilkes in
1919 to provide a simple impulse type machine with
considerably higher specific speed than a single jet
Pelton. The design allows larger jet of water to be
directed at an angle onto the runner face.
-The Turgo turbine is an impulse water turbine designed
for medium head applications.
-The Turgo can handle a greater water flow than the
Pelton because exiting water does not interfere with
adjacent buckets.

b.)Reaction Turbines:-

In the reaction turbines two effects cause the energy transfer

from the flow to the mechanical energy on the turbine shaft.
Firstly, it follows from a drop in pressure from inlet to outlet
 of the runner. This is denoted as the reaction part of the energy
conversion. Secondly, the changes in the directions of the flow
velocity vectors through the runner blade channels transfer impulse
forces. This is denoted as the impulse part of the energy conversion.

(i) Francis Turbine:

-The Francis turbine is a reaction turbine, which means that
the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the
turbine, giving up its energy.
-The inlet is spiral shaped. The guide vanes direct the water
tangentially to the runner causing the runner to spin.
-Power plants with net heads ranging from 20 to 750 m.
-Units of up to 750 MW are in operation.

(ii) Propeller Turbine:

-The propeller turbines have the following favourable
Characteristics- relatively small dimensions combined with
high rotational speed, a favourable efficiency curve & large
overloading capacity.
-The runner has only a few blades radially oriented on the
hub and without an outer rim.
-Accordingly, the runner diameter becomes relatively
smaller and the rotational speed more than twice than that
for a Francis turbine of the rotational speed more than
twice than that for a Francis turbine of the corresponding
head and discharge.

(iii) Kalpan Turbine:

-The Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine that
has adjustable blades. It was developed in 1913 by the
Austrian professor, Viktor Kaplan.
 -Kaplan turbines are now widely used throughout the world
in high-flow low-head power production ranging from 10m
70m.

Apart from the above mentioned types of turbines, there are some
special types of turbines which shall be discussed below.

 The Diagonal flow turbine is an improvement of Kaplan turbine

with better performance for high head. The Diagonal flow
turbine, as a result of using adjustable runner result of using
adjustable runner blades, has high efficiency over a wide range
of head and load. Thus, it is suitable for a power station with
wide variation of head or large variation of discharge.
 Tubular/Bulb turbine is a type of Kalpan turbine of reaction
type. The tubular turbine is equipped with adjustable wicket
gates and adjustable and adjustable runner blades. This
arrangement provides the greatest possible flexibility in
adapting to changing net head and changing demands for
power output, because the gates and blades can be adjusted to
their optimum openings.
 The Pump turbine is used at pumped storage hydroelectric
plants, which pump water from a lower reservoir to an upper
reservoir during off-peak load periods so that water is available
to drive the machine as a turbine during the peak power
generation needs. Pump turbines are classified into three
principal types analogous to reaction turbines and pumps. i.e.
(i)Radial flow –Francis: 23-800 m
(ii)Mixed flow or diagonal flow: 11-76 m
(iii)Axial flow or propeller: 1-14 m
2. Various generations of the Nuclear Reactors

Nuclear reactor designs are usually categorized by

“generation”; i.e. Generation I, II, III, III+, and IV. The key
attributes characterizing the development and deployment of
nuclear power reactors illuminate the essential differences
between the various generations of reactors. The present
analysis of existing reactor concepts focuses on six key reactor
attributes: cost-effectiveness, safety, security and non-
proliferation features, grid appropriateness, commercialization
roadmap (including constructability and licensability), and
management of the fuel cycle.

Three generations of nuclear power systems, derived from

designs originally developed for naval use beginning in the late
1940s, are operating worldwide today.

(a.) Generation I:
Gen I refers to the prototype and power reactors that
launched civil nuclear power. This generation consists of
early prototype reactors from the 1950s and 1960s, such
as Shippingport (1957–1982) in Pennsylvania, Dresden-1
(1960–1978) in Illinois, and Calder Hall-1 (1956–2003) in
the United Kingdom. This kind of reactor typically ran at
power levels that were “proof-of-concept.”

(b.) Generation II:

Gen II refers to a class of commercial reactors designed to
be economical and reliable. Designed for a typical
operational lifetime of 40 years,2 prototypical Gen II
reactors include pressurized water reactors (PWR),
 Canada Deuterium Uranium reactors (CANDU), boiling
water reactors (BWR), advanced gas-cooled reactors
(AGR), and Vodo-Vodyanoi Energetichesky Reactors
(VVER). Gen II systems began operation in the late 1960s
and comprise the bulk of the world’s 400+ commercial
PWRs and BWRs. These reactors, typically referred to as
light water reactors (LWRs), use traditional active safety
features involving electrical or mechanical operations that
are initiated automatically and, in many cases, can be
initiated by the operators of the nuclear reactors. China’s
existing and planned civilian power fleet is based on the
PWR. Two important designs used in China are the
improved Chinese PWR 1000 (the CPR-1000), which is
based on Framatome’s 900 megawatt (MW) three-loop
Gen II design, and the standard PWR 600 MW and 1,000
MW designs (the CNP series).

(c.) Generation III:

Gen III nuclear reactors are essentially Gen II reactors
with evolutionary, state-of-the-art design improvements.
These improvements are in the areas of fuel technology,
thermal efficiency, modularized construction, safety
systems (especially the use of passive rather than active
systems), and standardized design. Improvements in Gen
III reactor technology have aimed at a longer operational
life, typically 60 years of operation, potentially to greatly
exceed 60 years, prior to complete overhaul and reactor
pressure vessel replacement. Confirmatory research to
investigate nuclear plant aging beyond 60 years is needed
to allow these reactors to operate over such extended
lifetimes. The Westinghouse 600 MW advanced PWR (AP-
 600) was one of the first Gen III reactor designs. On a
parallel track, GE Nuclear Energy designed the Advanced
Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR) and obtained a design
certification from the NRC. Only four Gen III reactors, all
ABWRs, are in operation today. No Gen III plants are in
service in the United States.

(d.) Generation III+:

Gen III+ reactor designs are an evolutionary development
of Gen III reactors, offering significant improvements in
safety over Gen III reactor designs certified by the NRC in
the 1990s. In the United States, Gen III+ designs must be
certified by the NRC pursuant to 10 CFR Part 52.
Examples of Gen III+ designs include:
• VVER-1200/392M Reactor of the AES-2006 type
• Advanced CANDU Reactor (ACR-1000)
• AP1000: based on the AP600, with increased power
output
• European Pressurized Reactor (EPR): evolutionary
descendant of the Framatome N4 and Siemens Power
Generation Division KONVOI reactors
• Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (ESBWR):
based on the ABWR, and many more.
Manufacturers began development of Gen III+ systems in
the 1990s. Perhaps the most significant improvement of
Gen III+ systems over second-generation designs is the
incorporation in some designs of passive safety features
that do not require active controls or operator
intervention but instead rely on gravity or natural
convection to mitigate the impact of abnormal events.
(e.) Generation IV:
Conceptually, Gen IV reactors have all of the features of
Gen III+ units, as well as the ability, when operating at
high temperature, to support economical hydrogen
production, thermal energy off-taking, and perhaps even
water desalination. In addition, these designs include
advanced actinide management.
Gen IV reactors include:
• High temperature water-, gas-, and liquid salt–based
pebble bed thermal and epithermal reactors.
• Liquid metal–cooled reactors and other reactors with
more-advanced cooling.
• Traveling wave reactors that convert fertile material
into fissile fuel as they operate, using the process of
nuclear transmutation being developed by TerraPower.
• Hyperion Power Module (25 MW module). According to
Hyperion, uranium nitride fuel would be beneficial to the
physical characteristics and neutronics of the standard
ceramic uranium oxide fuel in LWRs.
Gen IV reactors are two-to-four decades away, although
some designs could be available within a decade. The
Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) project is
developing one example of a Gen IV reactor system, the
Very High Temperature Reactor.

(P.T.O.)
Table 1. Characteristics and Operating Parameters of Eight
Generation IV Reactor Systems under Development
3. Site selection parameters for Nuclear Power Plant

An important stage in the development of a nuclear power

project is the selection of a suitable site to establish the site-
related design inputs for Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). The
selection of suitable site is the result of a process in which the
costs are minimized. It is also to ensure adequate protection of
site personnel, the public and the environment from the
impacts of the construction and operation of NPP.

Generally, a site is considered acceptable from the safety point

of view if:
a) It cannot be affected by phenomena against which
protection through the design is impracticable;
b) The probability of occurrence and the severity of destructive
phenomena against which the plant can be protected (at
reasonable additional cost) are not too high; and
c) The site characteristics (population distribution,
meteorology, hydrology, etc) are such that the consequences of
potential accident would be at acceptable limits.

Above mentioned points are described further as parameters:-

 Site shouldn’t fall within Environment Sensitive Area (ESA)
and high population densities.
 It should fulfil the Suitability criteria parameters- local
topographic features, access considerations, important
species habitat, impingement/entrainment effects, and
optimizing location of the site with respect to the load
centre.
 Preferred sites are those with a minimal likelihood of surface
or near-surface deformation and a minimal likelihood of
 earthquakes on faults in the site vicinity (within a radius of
8km).
 Sites with competent bedrock generally have suitable
foundation conditions.
 The following geologic and related man-made conditions
should be avoided in determining the suitability of the site:
a) Areas of active (and dormant) volcanic activity;
b) Subsidence areas caused by withdrawal of sub-surface
fluids, such as oil or groundwater, including areas which may
be affected by future withdrawals;
c) Potential unstable slope areas, including areas
demonstrating paleo-landslide characteristics;
d) Areas of potential collapse (e.g. karstic areas in
limestone, salt or other soluble formations);
e) Mined areas, such as near-surface coal mined-out areas,
as well as areas where resources are present and may be
exploited in the future; and
f) Areas subject to seismic and other induced water waves
and floods.
 At the early steps of site selection, applicant should identify
areas based upon consideration of the size (length) of faults
(which may be capable, and hence capable tectonic
structures) and their distance to a site for various distances
out to 320km from a site.
 Applicant should identify all tectonic and non-tectonic
structures and faults with a potential for surface
deformation or displacement at a regional scale (in general,
a 320km radius around the area of interest) based on
available geologic reports. Unfavorable areas which do not
meet the criteria will be avoided.
 Applicant should identify and exclude all areas in regional
scale which shows peak ground accelerations (PGA)
exceeding 0.10g3 at a probability of exceedance of 2% in 50
years. Sites with the highest values of PGA in combination
with deleterious site soils would be less favorable than those
sites with lowest values of PGA and no known deleterious
site soil conditions.
 However, in conjunction to the determination of surface
deformation in later step, applicant should identify and
avoid all areas containing poor foundation conditions.
 The potential effect of natural atmospheric extremes on the
safety-related structures of a NPP shall be considered.
 If the case of dispersion of radioactive material released
caused by a design basis accident is insufficient at the
boundary of the exclusion area or at the outer boundary of
the low population zone, the design of the NPP would be
required to include appropriate and adequate as well as
compensating safety-engineered features
 An applicant should designate an exclusion area and have
the authority to determine all activities within that area,
including removal of personnel and property.
 In particular, adequate plans shall be established for
appropriate emergency zone. The plume exposure pathway
for emergency planning of NPP generally consists of an area
of about 16km in radius, and the ingestion pathway covers
an area about 80km in radius.
 Applicant should ensure adequate and highly dependable
system of water supply sources shall be shown to be
available under postulated occurrences of natural and site-
related accidental phenomena or combinations of such
 phenomena. The adequacy of water supply should also be
considered for the entire lifetime of NPPs.
 Migrations of important species and migration routes that
pass through the site or its environs should be identified.
Generally, the most critical migratory routes relative to NPP
siting are those of aquatic species in water bodies associated
with the cooling systems.