Neuroanatomy and Pathophysiology – Laboratory 2nd Semester S.
Y 2019-2020
Worksheet on The Neuron April 20, 2020
Name: ___________________________________________ Yr/Block: _________ Score: __________
1. Identify the the divisions of the PNS based on the descriptions given below.
a. Voluntary; runs from CNS to skeletal muscle. _____________________________
b. Collects sensory information from receptors in the skin and skeletal muscle and sends to CNS.
_____________________________
c. Sends nerve impulses from receptors to CNS. _____________________________
d. Sends nerve impulses from the CNS to effectors. _____________________________
e. Collects sensory information from receptors in the internal viscera and sends to CNS.
_____________________________
f. Involuntary; from CNS to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.
_____________________________
g. Division of ANS associated with fight or flight. _____________________________
h. Division of ANS associated with maintaining normal metabolism activities.
_____________________________
2. Name the 2 most general cell types in the nervous system.
_____________________________
_____________________________
3. Identify the type of neuroglial cell based on the descriptions given below.
a. Star-shaped cells that regulate passage of molecules from blood to the brain; wrap around
neurons and support. ____________________________
b. Form myelin sheaths around axons in CNS; support. ____________________________
c. Phagocytic cells that migrate throughout CNS remove foreign and degenerative materials;
thought to be involved in Down’s syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease.
___________________________
d. Flattened cells that support ganglia and control chemical environment within PNS.
____________________________
e. Ciliated epithelial cells that line ventricles and central canal; help circulate cerebrospinal fluid
____________________________
f. Form myelin sheath of PNS. ____________________________
g. Important in axon repair; PNS. ____________________________
4. A neuron is composed of 3 main parts. These are: ____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
5. Identify the part of the neuron based on the descriptions given below.
a. Granular rough endoplasmic reticulum-protein synthesis. ________________________
b. Long thin fibrils composed of microtubules and microfilaments-support and transportation of
nutrients. ___________________________
c. Contains most cytoplasm and organelles (e.g. nucleus). __________________________
d. Pigment associated with aging; harmless by product of lysosome activity.
. _____________________________
e. Highly branched thick extensions of cytoplasm. _____________________________
f. Conduct impulse towards cell body. _____________________________
g. Often associated with receptors. _____________________________
h. Also called a nerve fiber. _____________________________
i. Conducts impulses away from cell body. _____________________________
j. Conical region of cell body where nerve impulses are started.
_____________________________
k. Expanded terminal ends of an axon. _____________________________
l. Cytoplasm of an axon. _____________________________
m. 90 degree major side branches of an axon. ____________________________
n. Single, long, thin process leading out from cell body.____________________________
o. Membrane enclosed sacs that house neurotransmitters._________________________
p. Branched area of an axon collateral. _____________________________
q. Collective name for Schwann cells on an axon. _____________________________
r. Space between Schwann cells. _____________________________
6. ________________ moves materials along an axon in the ______ stream at a rate of ____ per day
or in the _____ stream at a rate of _____ mm per hour.
7. Substances can move in either direction along an axon. If the substances are sent outward towards
the synaptic end bulb it is called ________________ flow. If substances are brought back towards the
cell body, the event is called ________________ flow.
8. A group of cell bodies outside the CNS is a(n): ____________________________
9. A group of cell bodies inside the CNS is a(n): ____________________________
10. A group of nerve fibers inside the CNS is a(n): ____________________________
11. A group of nerve fibers outside the CNS is a(n): ____________________________
12. Unmyelinated axons compose a substance called: ____________________________
13. Myelinated axons compose a substance called: ____________________________
14. Neurons are classified by 2 means. They are: ____________________________
____________________________
15. Identify the kinds of neurons based on the descriptions given below.
a. Have one process extending from their cell body. ____________________________
b. Conduct nerve impulses from receptors to the CNS. ___________________________
c. Have one dendrite and one axon. ____________________________
d. Found in the retina of the eye, the inner ear, and olfactory cells.
____________________________
e. Sensory neurons are these kind of neurons. ____________________________
f. Found in the brain and spinal cord. ____________________________
g. Have several dendrites and one axon. ____________________________
h. Conducts impulse from CNS to muscle or gland. ____________________________
i. Within CNS; Unite sensory to motor neurons. ____________________________
16. The __________________ is a connective tissue sheath around an entire nerve.
17. The ___________________ is a connective tissue sheath around a fascicle.
18. The ___________________ is a connective tissue sheath around a nerve fiber.
19. ______ ions are 28-30 times more concentrated inside the membrane than outside while ____ ions
are 10-14 times more concentrated outside the membrane than inside.
20. The outside of the membrane is ______ (+/-) and the inside is (+/-). The membrane is said to
be: _____________________________.
21. Three factors are responsible for the resting state of a nerve cell's membrane. They are:
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
22. The Na/K pump is what kind of macromolecule? _____________________________
23. Where is the Na/K pump located? _____________________________
24. The Na/K pump pumps ____ (How many?) Na+ out for every _____ (How many?) K+ in.
25. Gated channels are what kind of macromolecule? _____________________________
26. Where are the gated channels located? _____________________________
27. During the resting potential, potassium gated channels are __________ (more/less) leaky than
Na+ gated channels.
28 The outside of a nerve cell's membrane is positive relative to the inside. This difference in
potentialis referred to as the: _____________________________
29. The inside of a nerve cell's membrane averages ______ mV while the outside averages _____mV.
30. Nerve cells, like muscle cells, respond to stimuli; that is they are:________________________.
31. Gated channels sensitive to changes in charge are said to be _______________sensitive while
gated channels sensitive to neurotransmitters are said to be ___________________ sensitive.
32. A __a__ stimulus will initiate a nerve impulse from the __b__. This stimulus causes the opening of
voltage-sensitive __c__ gated channels, increasing their permeability 10,000 times. As __c__ ions
rush in a charge reversal occurs locally. These __d__ (positively/negatively) charged ions are attracted
to adjacent __e__ (positive/negative) regions, an event called __f__, triggering the opening of the next
voltage-sensitive __c__ gated channel. This sequence continues as a wave of __g__ along the entire
length of the axon. As the internal charge nears __h__ mV, __i__ gated channels close and __j__
gated channels open allowing __k__ ions __l__ (out/in). This event, called __m__, helps restore the
membrane to its original polarized state. Both events, __g__ and __m__, are called the __n__.
a. ____________________________ h. ____________________________
b. ____________________________ i. _____________________________
c. ____________________________ j. _____________________________
d. ____________________________ k. ____________________________
e. ____________________________ l. _____________________________
f. _____________________________ m. _____________________________
g. _____________________________ n. ____________________________
33. The ____________________________ period is the time during which a neuron cannot generate
an impulse, not matter how strong the stimulus. It corresponds to the time when the ______ gated
channels are _________________ (open/closed).
34. The ____________________________ period is the time during which a neuron can generate an
impulse, but only with a stimulus greater in strength than threshold (i.e. with a suprathreshold
stimulus). It roughly corresponds to the time when the ______ gated channels are
_________________ (open/closed).
35. A nerve impulse, initiated from the ____________________ , travels in __________ (one/both)
direction(s) to the end regions of the axon called ____________________________.
36. A threshold stimulus causes a nerve impulse to travel the full length of the axon while a
subthreshold stimulus generates no impulse. This phenomenon is called the: __________________.
Two kinds of cells act this way. They are: __________________ and ________________.
37. Myelinated axons have voltage-sensitive gated channels located in the:
_____________________. Because of this extra spacing between channels, the charge shifts appear
to jump from one group of channels to the next. This type of conduction is called
___________________ conduction.
38. Name 3 factors that increase the speed of a nerve impulse.
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
39. Identify the type of nerve fiber (A, B, C, D, etc.) based on the descriptions given below.
a. Sensory and motor neurons. ____________________________
b. Preganglionic nerve fibers; white matter CNS. ____________________________
c. Large diameter and heavily myelinated. ____________________________
d. Speeds of 130 m/sec. ____________________________
e. Speeds of 0.5 m/sec. ____________________________
f. Postganglionic nerve fibers; gray matter of CNS & PNS.________________________
g. Speeds of 10 m/sec. ____________________________
h. Unmyelinated. ____________________________
i. Medium diameter and lightly myelinated. ____________________________
40. A junction between two neurons is called a(n): ____________________________
41. A junction between a muscle and nerve cell is called a(n) ____________________________
42. A junction between a gland and nerve cell is called a(n): ____________________________
43. List 3 functions of synapses. ____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
44. Name 2 general kinds of synapses. ____________________________
____________________________
45. The most common (in adults) of these general synapses is the: __________________________.
46. The space between 2 cells at a synapse is called the: ____________________________
47. The neuron that delivers the impulse to the synapse is referred to as the __a__ neuron while the
neuron that takes the impulse away from the synapse is referred to as the __b__ neuron. If the axon of
the __a__ neuron meets the dendrites of a __b__ neuron the synapse is called __c__. If the axon of
the __a__ neuron meets the cell body of a __b__ neuron the synapse is called __d__. If the axon of
the __a__ neuron meets the axon of a __b__ neuron the synapse is called __e__.
a. ____________________________ d. ___________________________
b. ____________________________ e. ___________________________
c. ____________________________
48. __a__ are made by the neuron, usually from __b__. They are stored in __c__ in the enlarged
terminal endings of the axon called __d__. The __c__ release their __a__ in response to a __e__ ion
influx into the __d__ . The process whereby the __c__ release their __a__ into the __f__ is called
__g__. The __a__ diffuses across the __f__ and binds to receptors on the __h__ membrane. If the
receptors cause sodium gated channels to open, the postsynaptic neuron's internal polarity will
be made __i__ (more/less) negative bringing/driving the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential
__j__ (closer to/further away from) threshold. This change of the resting potential __k__ (closer
to/further away from) threshold is called a(n) __l__. However, if the receptors cause potassium and/or
chloride ion gated channels to open, the postsynaptic neuron's internal polarity will be made __m__
(more/less) negative bringing/driving the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential __n__
(closer to/further away from) threshold. This change of the resting potential __o__ (closer to/further
away from) threshold is called a(n) __p__.
a. ____________________________ i. ___________________________
b. ____________________________ j. ___________________________
c. ____________________________ k. ____________________________
d. ____________________________ l. ____________________________
e. ____________________________ m. ___________________________
f. _____________________________ n. ____________________________
g. ____________________________ o. ____________________________
h. ____________________________ p. ____________________________
49. If both Na+ and K+ gated channels are opened at the same time the resting potential will be made
_________ (more/less) negative. This is because _____ ions move in more rapidly than _____ ions
move out.
50. The time for an impulse to cross the synaptic cleft is called: ____________________________.
51. Thousands of successive impulses will deplete neurotransmitter stores and cause the neuron to
lose polarity. This event is called: _____________________________.
52. A single nerve impulse in the presynaptic neuron __a__ (can/cannot) cause a nerve impulse in the
postsynaptic neuron. However, the effects of several successive or simultaneous impulses can be
added. __b__ is when neurotransmitter builds up because of several presynaptic neurons firing at the
same time. __c__ is when neurotransmitter build up is caused by one presynaptic neuron firing in
succession. If the number of EPSPs is greater than the number of IPSPs and the sum is less than
threshold, then __d__ (no nerve impulse is generated/a nerve impulse is generated). If the number of
EPSPs is greater than the number of IPSPs and the sum is greater than threshold, then __e__ (no/a)
nerve impulse is generated. If the number of IPSPs is greater than the number of EPSPs, then __f__
(no/a) nerve impulse is generated.
a. _____________________________ d. ___________________________
b. _____________________________ e. ___________________________
c. _____________________________ f. ____________________________
53. The most common and best studied neurotransmitter is: _____________________________.
54. ACh is released in units called __a__. Once ACh binds to receptors on the postsynaptic
membrane, the enzyme __b__ breaks ACh into __c__ and __d__. The enzyme __e__ combines
acetyl CoA and __d__ to form ACh and CoA. ACh is almost always __f__ (excitatory/inhibitory) except
when released by the vagus nerve where it is __g__ (excitatory/inhibitory).
a. _____________________________ e. ___________________________
b. _____________________________ f. ___________________________
c. _____________________________ g. ____________________________
d. _____________________________
55. Identify the kind of neurotransmitter based on the descriptions given below.
a. Formed from acetylCoA and choline. ______________________________
b. Released in the spinal cord and retina; inhibitory. ______________________________
c. Made from the amino acid glutamic acid. _____________________________
d. Made from the amino acid tyrosine; released at some
myoneural (smooth muscle) and neuroglandular jcts. _____________________________
e. Inhibitory in CNS; Purkinje cells of cerebellum. _____________________________
f. Important NT in cerebral nuclei; subconscious
control of skeletal muscles. _____________________________
g. Release at all myoneural junctions involving
skeletal muscle. _____________________________
h. Valium enahances action of this NT. _____________________________
i. Strychnine blocks receptors for this NT; causes
uncontrolled muscle spasms. _____________________________
j. Huntington's Chorea caused by decreased amounts of this NT.
_____________________________
k. Important NT in mood, sensory perception, and sleep. ___________________________
l. Chains of 2-40 as found in brain. _____________________________
56. Neuron cell bodies lose their ____________________ at approximately 6 months.
57. _____________________ cells create a passageway for the damaged axon ends to grow through
and rejoin.
58. How does anterograde flow differ from retrograde transport? __________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
59. How is the resting potential established in a neuron and muscle cell? ___________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
60. How is an action potential propagated along the axon towards the synaptic end bulb?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
61. Summarize the events at the synapse. ____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
62. Why are chemically-sensitive gated channels associated with receptors at the synapse and voltage-
sensitive channels found along the axon? _______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
63. How do organophosphate pesticides work and what initial symptoms would occur in humans that
ingest these chemicals? __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
64. In terms of a gated channel what is the difference between a threshold stimulus and a sub
threshold stimulus?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
65. Why (how) does a myelinated axon speed up a nerve impulse compared to an unmyelinated axon?
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
66. A group of interconnected neurons with specific functions is called a(n): ___________________.
67. List five patterns found in neuronal pools.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
68. Identify the kind of neuronal pool described below.
a. Information relayed in stepwise fashion....... __________________________________
b. Several neurons or neuronal pools process
same information at the same time................. __________________________________
c. Collateral branches of an axon synapse back
on presynaptic neurons and further enhance the
impulse........................................................... __________________________________
d. Spread of information from one neuron to
several neurons.............................................. __________________________________
e. Several neurons synapse on the same post-
synaptic neuron............................................... ___________________________________
69. Describe the steps of axon repair in the PNS. What prevents CNS neurons from repairing as well
as PNS neurons?
