Gas Compression

(Fan and Blower)

Pergerakan gas dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan fans, blowers,
vacuum pumps, and compressors.

Fans : < 0.5 psi.

Blower : 50 psig (Centrifugal blowers)
Compressor: 4000 atm (Reciprocating compressors)
: 40 to 150 psig (Centrifugal compressor)

- Power : 1 to 3000 hp
- Isentropic efficiencies : 70 to 90 percent
- Isothermal efficiencies : 50 to 70 percent
Blower & Fan
  Kata Fan, biasanya digunakan untuk ilustrasikan mesin dengan
tekanan kira-kira 0,5 – 2 Psig.

 Kenaikan tekanan akibat fan umumnya sangat kecil. Sehingga

perubahan volum dan suhu kecil, dan dapat diabaikan.

Memilih Fan yang Benar

Pertimbangan penting ketika memilih fan adalah :
 Kebisingan
 Kecepatan perputaran
 Karakteristik aliran udara
 Kisaran suhu
 Variasi dalam kondisi operasi
 Ketidakleluasaan ruang dan tata letak sistim
 Harga pembelian, biaya operasi (ditentukan oleh efisiensi dan perawatan), dan
umur operasi
Types of Fans & Blowers

Types of fans
• Centrifugal
• Axial

Types of blowers
• Centrifugal
• Positive displacement
Centrifugal Fans
• Rotating impeller increases air velocity
• Air speed is converted to pressure
• High pressures for harsh conditions
• High temperatures
• Moist/dirty air streams
• Material handling
• Categorized by blade shapes
• Radial
• Forward curved
• Backward inclined
Centrifugal Fans – Radial fans
• Advantages
• High pressure and temp
• Simple design
• High durability
• Efficiency up to 75%
• Large running clearances

• Disadvantages (Canadian Blower)

• Suited for low/medium

airflow rates only
Centrifugal Fans – Forward curved
• Advantages
• Large air volumes against low
pressure
• Relative small size
• Low noise level
• Disadvantages
• Not high pressure / harsh
service
• Difficult to adjust fan output ( Canadian Blower)
• Careful driver selection
• Low energy efficiency 55-65%
Centrifugal Fans - Backward-inclined

• Advantages
• Operates with changing
static pressure
• Suited for high flow and
forced draft services
• Efficiency >85%

• Disadvantages
• Not suited for dirty
( Canadian Blower)
airstreams
• Instability and erosion risk
Axial Fans
• Work like airplane propeller:
• Blades create aerodynamic lift
• Air is pressurized
• Air moves along fan axis
• Popular with industry: compact, low cost and light
weight
• Applications
• Ventilation (requires reverse airflow)
• Exhausts (dust, smoke, steam)
Axial Fans – Propeller fans
• Advantages
• High airflow at low pressure
• Little ductwork
• Inexpensive
• Suited for rooftop
ventilation
• Reverse flow

• Disadvantages
• Low energy efficiency (Fan air Company)
• Noisy
Axial Fans – Tube axial fans
• Advantages
• High pressures to overcome
duct losses
• Suited for medium-pressure,
high airflow rates
• Quick acceleration
• Space efficient
• Disadvantages
• Expensive
• Moderate noise
• Low energy efficiency 65%
(Canadian Blower)
 Axial Fans – Vane axial fans
• Advantages
• Suited for medium/high pressures
• Quick acceleration
• Suited for direct motor shaft connection
• Most energy efficient 85%

• Disadvantages
• Expensive

(Canadian Blower)
Metodologi – Efisiensi Fan
Sebelum menghitung efisiensi fan
• Mengukur parameter operasi
• Kecepatan udara, pressure head,
• Suhu aliran udara, electrical motor input

• Memastikan bahwa
• Fan beroperasi pada rated speed
• Operasinya dalam kondisi stabil
Metodologi – efisiensi fan
Step 1: Menghitung udara/densitas gas
t = Temperature of air/gas at site condition
273 x 1.293
Gas density     Cp = Pitot tube constant, 0.85 (or) as given by the manufacturer
p = Average differential pressure
273  t oC γ = Density of air or gas at test condition

Step 2: Mengukur kecepatan udara dan perhitungan rata-rata

CP 2 x 9.81 x p x 
Velocity, v, m / s 

Step 3: Menghitung laju volumetrik dalam saluran (pipa)

Volumetric flow  Q  , m3 / s  v x A
Methodology – fan efficiency
Step 4: Measure the power drive of the motor

Step 5: Calculate fan efficiency Δp = total pressure

• Fan mechanical efficiency
Volume in m3 / s x p in mmWC
Fan Mechanical Efficiency, %  x100
102 x power input to fan shaft in kW
• Fan static efficiency
Δp = static pressure

Volume in m3 / s x p in mmWC
Fan Static Efficiency, %  x100
102 x power input to fan shaft in kW
Sizing Procedure
Ketika perubahan densitas antara masuk dan keluar dapat di
abaikan. Estimate kebutuhan Hp udara fan :

H P ,udara 
144 x 0, 0361 Qh
33.000
dimana : Q = inlet volume (cuft/menit)
h = static pressure rise (inH2O)
Untuk estimasi BHP, nilai efisiensi (ditentukan dari fig.11) dapat
digunakan dengan formula diatas.
HPoutput  air

HPinput
 Ketika udara tidak pada kondisi standar, maka koreksi volume, tekanan
dan HP harus di lakukan untuk memilih suatu mesin pada “equivalent”
volume dan tekanan.
 Koreksi berikut dibuat ketika kondisi-kondisi masuk bukanlah standar
68oF dan 14,7 psia.
volume correction :

 14, 7   460  T1 
Qs     VSCFM
 A  528 
pressure correction :
method A : use fig.14
method B : rs = (A + P2)/A
 xs = rs0,283 – 1 (see table 2 for value of x)

 460  T1 
xc  xs  
 528 
rc = (xc + 1)3,53 (see table 2 for value of rc)
PEA = 14,7(rc – 1)

Horsepower correction :

 A   528 
hps      hpc
 14, 7   460  T1 
 Perhitungan Kinerja Fan

1. Tekanan
a. Tekanan Sistim Total (Pt)
Jumlah dari tekanan statis (Ps) dan kecepatan (Pv)adalah “Tekanan
Sistim Total"

Pt  Ps  Pv (1)

Pressure total fan (Ptf), diukur saat kenaikan total tekanan diberikan ke gas
yang melewati kipas. Ini adalah ukuran peningkatan energi total per satuan
volume yang diberikan ke gas yang mengalir oleh kipas. Tekanan statis adalah
tekanan total kipas lebih kecil dari kecepatan tekanan fan outlet.
 a. Vecolcity pressure

 Vm 
2

Pv  mmH 2O (2) Dimana :

19, 608 ρ = densitas gas
 Vm 
2 Vm = kecepatan gas
Pv  Pa (3)
2
Tekanan kecepatan di tunjukkan oleh pembacaan diferensial dari impact benturan ke
arah aliran udara di fan outlet. Ini adalah ukuran energi kinetik per satuan volume gas,
yang ada di fan outlet.

2. Peripheral velocity atau Tip Speed

Kecepatan peripheral dari rida fan atau impeller dijelaskan sebagi beikut :

1
Vp  D, rpm (4)
60
Dimana : Vp = kecepatan peripheral; D = diameter roda
3. Power
a. kW Fan berdasarkan tekanan total
Pt V1
 FkW t 
 36, 7 x 104  et (5)

b. kW Fan berdasarkan static pressure output

Ps V1
 FkW s 
 36, 7 x 104  es (6)

c. kW Gas (Air-kilowatt) output

Pt V1
 GkW s  (7)
36, 7 x 104 
Dimana : V1 = inlet rate
3. Power
d. Shaft atau Brake kW (input), berdasarkan direct current motor:

 BkW    Amp.Volt  efisiensi motor  x 103

(8)

e. Shaft atau Brake kW (input), berdasarkan alternating current (3-phase)

motor

 BkW   3  Amp.Volt  faktor power  x 103

(9)
4. Efisiensi
a. Efisiensi mekanis (total)
GkW Pt V1
et  
BkW  36, 7 x 104  BkW (10)

b. Efisiensi statis
Ps Ps V1
es  et  (11)
Ptf  36, 7 x 104  BkW
5. Kenaikan temperatur
Kenaikan temperatur saat gas melewati fan adalah

  k 1 / k 
T1  Ps 2 / P1  1
   k 1 / k
Ut   Pv 2 / P1   1 (1)
es

Dimana : Ut = kenaikan suhu; T1 = suhu udara atau gas pada fan inlet; Ps2 = fan
outlet static pressure; P1 = tekanan atmosfer atau fan inlet pressure (jika tidak
atmosfer); Pv2 = fan outlet velocity pressure; k = rasio spesifik panas, Cp/Cv.
Blower
 Ada 2 tipe : Sentrifugal dan Rotary
Sentrifugal : ada karakteristik hubungan P dan debit pada putaran
tetap

Rotary : termasuk positive displacement, sehingga jumlah

delivery tetap, asal putaran tetap, tidak tergantung
tekanan
 saluran tak boleh buntu, debit diatur dengan putaran
atau recycle gas

Single Blower
• Flow rate above : 8000 cfm (standard)
• Pressure differential : 3 kPa to 5 bar
Blowers
• Difference with fans
• Much higher pressures <1.20 kg/cm2
• Used to produce negative pressures for industrial vacuum
systems
• Types
• Centrifugal blower
• Positive displacement
 Centrifugal Blowers
• Gear-driven impeller that
accelerates air
• Single and multi-stage blowers
• Operate at 0.35-0.70 kg/cm2
pressure
• Airflow drops if system pressure
rises (Fan air Company)
Positive Displacement Blowers

• Rotors trap air and push it through housing

• Constant air volume regardless of system pressure
• Suited for applications prone to clogging
• Turn slower than centrifugal blowers
• Belt-driven for speed changes
 Thank You
Arigatou Gozaimasu