C/C++ Programming

Language
CS205 Spring
Feng Zheng
2020.02.20
 Content
• Brief Biography

• About This Course

• Getting Started with C++

• Setting Out to C++

Brief Biography
 China
• Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), CAS,
Jul. 2009 - Sep. 2012
 United Kingdom
• The University of Sheffield, UK, Oct. 2012 - Otc. 2016
 United States
• The University of Texas, at Arlington, Texas, USA, Dec.
2016 - Aug. 2017
• University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA, Sep. 2017 - July
2018
 China
• Youtu Lab, Tencent, Shanghai, China, Aug. 2018 - Oct. 2018
• Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen,
China, Nov. 2018 - present
 Research Interests
• Research Area
 Human-Computer Interaction
 Computer Vision
 Machine Learning

http://faculty.sustech.edu.cn/fengzheng/
 Services
• Associate Editor:
 IET Image Processing

• Program Committee for Conference :

 CVPR, ICLR, AAAI, IJCAI, ICML, NIPS, KDD, UAI.

• Journal Reviewer:
 IEEE TNNLS, IEEE TCSVT, IEEE TMM, IEEE Access, Neurocomputing,
Information Sciences, IET Computer Vision, IET Image Processing etc..
 Office
• Office : Room 602, Building 10, Innovation Park

• Phone: 0755-88015178

• Email : [email protected]
About This Course
 Structure
Now
• C related part in C++
 pointer (指针)
 reference (引用)
C 1-7 Lectures

• Class types related part

C++ 9-15 Lectures

End of Term
 Target Student
• Average ability of programming
 Expectations
• Good understanding of C/C++
• Ability to write reasonably complex programs
• Professional attitude and habits
• Programming thinking
 Exams test you on
• General knowledge (why) about C/C++
• Being able to tell (read) what a program does
• Ability to write pseudo-code for a moderately complex
algorithm
• Finding errors in a program
 Grade Component
Grades

• Mid-Term Exam 20%

• Final Exam 30% 10%
10% 20%
Mid-term exam

• Labs 30% Final exam

Labs
30%
• Quiz: 10% 30%
Quiz
Projects
• Projects: 10%

• LABS are VERY IMPORTANT – Simple exercises and

assignments
 Honesty
• Get code from the internet for labs/assignments is
perfectly OK
 When you borrow, just say it.
 You don't need to reinvent the wheel

• DON’T pretend that you are the author of something that

you didn't write
 Groups for CS205 Spring
• Quick Response Code
• Sakai
 CS205-Spring2020
• Blackboard:
 C/C++ Program Design CS205-30006647-2020SP
• Useful websites:
 http://cpp.sh/
 https://www.onlinegdb.com/
 http://live.bilibili.com/21878391
Getting Started with C++
 Content
• The history and philosophy of C and of C++

• Procedural versus object-oriented programming

• How C++ adds object-oriented concepts to the C language

• The mechanics of creating a program

 Computer Languages
• Machine language
 Only computer (??) understands; Defined by hardware design;
Strings of numbers (01); Cumbersome for humans
 Instruct computers to perform elementary operations;
 Example:

• Assembly language
 English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer
operations; Clearer to humans; Incomprehensible to computers
 Example: LOAD BASEPAY
 High-level Languages
• High-level languages Programmer = translator
 Similar to English, use common mathematical notations
 Single statements accomplish substantial tasks: Assembly language
requires many instructions to accomplish simple tasks
 Translator programs (compilers): Convert to machine language
 Interpreter programs: Directly execute it
 Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay

• C/C++, JAVA, PYTHON, MATLAB,……

 History of C
• Evolved from two other programming languages
 BCPL and B: “Typeless” languages
• Dennis Ritchie (Bell Laboratories)
 Added data typing, other features
• Development language of UNIX
• Hardware independent
 Portable programs

BCPL: Basic Combined Programming Language  C

https://www.unixmen.com/dennis-m-ritchie-father-c-programming-language/
 C Programming Philosophy
• Branching statements
 Hard: earlier procedural programming
 Easy: structured programming
• Top-down
 Divide large tasks into smaller tasks
 C Programming Philosophy
• Procedural programming --- Compared to OOP
 More algorithms but data
 Interaction between procedures
 History of C++
• Extension of C
• Early 1980s: Bjarne Stroustrup (Bell Laboratories)
• Provides capabilities for Object-Oriented Programming
 Objects: reusable software components: Model items in real world
 Object-oriented programs: Easy to understand, correct and modify
• Hybrid language
 C-like style
 Object-oriented style
 C++ Philosophy
• Fit the language to the problem
• A class is a specification describing such a new data form
 What data is used to represent an object
 The operations that can be performed on that data
• An object is a particular data constructed according to that plan
• Emphasizes the data
• Bottom-up programming
 Class definition to program design
 Features of C++
• Binding
• Reusable (可重用的)
• Protectability (可保护的)
• Polymorphism (多态性)- multiple definitions for operators and functions
• Inheritance (继承性)
• Portable (可移植性)
 Comparison
• Procedural versus Object-oriented (Encapsulated: 封装的)

Class definition Object declaration

 Program Phase Editor Disk
Program is created in
the editor and stored
on disk.

Preprocessor Disk Preprocessor program

• Edit
processes the code.
Compiler creates
Compiler Disk object code and stores
it on disk.

• Preprocess (how to organize)

Linker links the object
Linker Disk code with the libraries,
creates an executable

• Compile Primary
Memory
file and stores it on disk

• Link
Loader

Loader puts program

in memory.
Disk ..
..

• Load
..

• Execute
Primary
Memory
CPU
CPU takes each
instruction and
executes it, possibly
storing new data
..
.. values as the program
..
executes.
 Creating the Source Code File
• Integrated development environments
 Microsoft Visual C++, VSCODE
 QT
 Apple Xcode
• Any available text editor
 Debuggers: GDB: The GNU Project Debugger
 Command prompt
 Compiler
 Proper Extensions
• Suffix
 Software Build Process
• Start with C++ source code files (.cpp, .hpp)
• Compile: convert code to object code stored in object file (.o)
• Link: combine contents of one or more object files (and possibly
some libraries) to produce executable program
 GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)
C++ Compiler (编译器)
• g++ command provides both compiling and linking functionality
• Command-line usage:
g++ [options] input file . . .
• Compile C++ source file file.cpp to produce object code file file.o:
g++ -c file.cpp
• Link object files file 1.o, file 2.o, . . . to produce executable file
executable_name:
g++ -o executable_name file 1.o file 2.o . . .
• Tools for windows: MinGW, MSYS2, Cygwin, Windows Subsystem
 Common g++ Command-Line
Options
• Web site: http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc
• C++ standards support in GCC: https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx-status.html
 Windows Compilers
• Choose windows applications: MFC Windows application, dynamic link library, ActiveX
control, DOS or character-mode executable, static library, or console application

• Choose 64-bit or 32-bit versions

• Actions: Compile, Build, Make, Build All, Link, Execute, Run, and Debug
 Compile: the code in the file that is currently open
 Build or Make: all the source code files in the project.
 Build All: all the source code files from scratch
 Link: combining the compiled source code with the necessary library code
 Execute or Run: running the program (may do the earlier steps)
 Debug: containing extra code that increases the program size, slows program execution, but
enables detailed debugging features
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compilers
 Summary
• C Programming Philosophy

• C++ Programming Philosophy

• Tools

• Compilers
Setting Out to C++
 Content
• Creating a C++ program
• The #include directive
• The main() function
• Placing comments in a C++ program
• Declaring and using variables
• Using the cout object for output
• How and when to use endl
• Using the cin object for input
• Defining and using simple functions
 C++ Program Sample
• A program example
 Noting: C++ is case sensitive

Comments Argument list Namespace Statements

Preprocessor
Function header

Function body

Return statement
 Comments (注释)
• Two styles of comments provided
 Comment starts with // and proceeds to end of line
 Comment starts with /* and proceeds to first */

• The compiler ignores comments

 Identifiers (标识符)
• Identifiers: used to name entities such as: types, objects (i.e.,
variables), and functions
 Valid identifier: sequence of one or more letters, digits, and
underscore ”_” characters that does not begin with a digit

 Identifiers are case sensitive

 Identifiers cannot be any of reserved keywords

 Scope of identifier is context in which identifier is valid (e.g., block,

function, global)
 Keywords (关键字)
• Keywords are the vocabulary of a computer language
 Definition of the main() Function
• Function definition
 Function header - a summary of the function’s interface
 Function body
① Statement - each complete instruction + semicolon [;]
② Return statement
 Features of the main() Function
• main() functions are called by startup code - mediate between the program
and the operating system

• Function header - describe the interface between main() and the operating system

• Standalone program - does need a main()

① Main() or MAIN() or mane()
② WinMain() or _tmain()

• Otherwise
① A dynamic link library (DLL)
② A controller chip in a robot
 C++ Preprocessor (预处理)
• Preprocessor transforms source code, prior to compilation
 Preprocessor passes the output to compiler for compilation
 Preprocessor behavior can be controlled by directives
 Directive occupies single line of code
 No semicolon (;\)

• Consists of:

• Can be used to:

 Preprocessor: Source-File Inclusion
• Include contents of another file in source using preprocessor

 Angle brackets used for system header files

 Double quotes used otherwise
 Path specifier is pathname (which may include directory) identifying file
whose content is to be substituted in place of include directive
• Examples
 Preprocessor: Defining Macros (宏)
• Define macros using #define directive
• When the preprocessor encounters this directive, it replaces any
occurrence of identifier in the rest of the code by replacement
• This replacement can be an expression, a statement, a block or
simply anything
#define getmax(a,b) a>b?a:b

• Function macro definitions accept two special operators: #,

##(concatenate)
• Less readable #define glue(a,b) a ## b See program example 3
glue(c,out) << "test";  cout<< "test";
 Preprocessor: Conditional
Compilation
• Conditionally include code through use of if-elif-else directives
• Conditional preprocessing block consists of:

• Example:
 Header Filenames
• Reason of using header files
 As programs grow larger (and make use of more files), it becomes
increasingly tedious to have to forward declare every function you want
to use that is defined in a different file.
 Namespaces
• Reasons of using namesapce
 To simplify the writing of large programs
 To help organize programs that combine pre-existing code from several
companies
 To indicate which product (wanda) you want, using double colon ::

• A namespace example: std

 Standard component of C++ compilers
 C++ Output with cout
• An example to print a string
 cout: is an object defined in stream
 String: double quotation marks “ ”
 Insertion operator: <<
 Two ways: endl, \n
 C++ Source Code Formatting
• Source code contains three components
 Tokens - indivisible elements in a line of code
 White space - a space, tab, or carriage return
 Semicolon marks the end of each statement
① Spread a single statement over several lines
② Place several statements on one line
 C++ Source Code Formatting
Make program more readable
• Observe these rules:
 One statement per line
 An opening brace and a closing brace for a function, each of which is on
its own line
 Statements in a function indented from the braces{}
 No whitespace around the parentheses() associated with a function
name
 Program: C++ Statements
• A program is a collection of functions
• Each function is a collection of statements
 A declaration statement creates a variable of certain type
 An assignment statement provides a value for that variable

What is the
definition of
type?
 Declaration Statements
• Variable: Identify both the storage location and how much
memory space to store an item
 Declaration statement: to provide a label for the location and to
indicate the type of storage
 Complier: to allocate the memory space
 Assignment Statements
• An assignment statement assigns a value to a storage
location
• Assignment operator: =
• Two examples:
 Assign serially (from copy)
 Arithmetic expression: +-*/ (form CPU)
 Assignment: cin
• An object of input istream
 >> operator: extract characters from the input stream
 The value typed from the keyboard is eventually assigned to the
variable: carrots
 Assignment: Called Functions
• The example of called functions
 6.25 in parentheses is the input, called an argument or parameter
 This example assigns the return value to the variable x
 Function prototype of functions
• What a function prototype does for functions is the same to
that a variable declaration does for variables

 You can type the function prototype into your source code file yourself
 You can include the cmath (math.h on older systems) header file, which
has the prototype in it
• The terminating semicolon in the prototype
 Identifies it as a statement
 Makes it a prototype instead of a function header
 Basic characteristics of functions
• Don’t confuse the function prototype with the function
definition
 Function prototype describes the function interface
 The definition includes the code for the function’s workings

• Place a function prototype ahead of where you first use the

function
• Using #include directive
 The header files contain the prototypes.
 The library files contain the compiled code for the functions,
 Math functions in cmath
• An example shows the use of the library function sqrt()
• It provides a prototype by including the cmath file.
 Function Variations
• Some functions require more than one item of information

• Other functions take no arguments

• There also are functions that have no return value

 User-Defined Functions
• The standard C library: more than 140 predefined functions
• Two examples
 main() is a user-defined function
 simon() is another user-defined function
 User-Defined Function Form
• A function header
• Comes the function body
• Enclosed in braces
 User-Defined Function Form
• Give the return type in the function header and use return at
the end of the function body
• Two return ways
 Overview of Function
• Definition
 It has a header
 It has a body
 Multiple statements
 It accepts an argument
 It returns a value

• It requires a prototype
 Review C++ statement types
• After introducing function definition
 Declaration statement
 Assignment statement
 Function call – generally included in expression
 Function prototype
 Return statement
 Summary
• What are the modules of C++ programs called? functions
• What does the preprocessor directive do?
• What does the namespace do?
• What does the header do?
• What is the structure of function?
• Where does the prototype put?
• Where does the program start to run?
……
 Summary
• C++ provides two predefined objects: cout, cin
 They are objects of the istream and ostream classes, in the iostream file
 These classes view input and output as streams of characters
 The insertion operator (<<), which is defined for the ostream class, lets you
insert data into the output stream
 The extraction operator (>>), which is defined for the istream class, lets you
extract information from the input stream
• C++ can use the extensive set of C library functions
 Inclusion statement: #include <cmath>
 Power function: pow(double); pow(double, double);
 Square root: sqrt(int);
 Thanks

[email protected]
http://faculty.sustech.edu.cn/fengzheng/