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Section: LL Parsing LL (K) Parser:: - Top-Down Parser - Starts With Start

The document discusses LL(k) parsing. It defines LL(k) parsing as top-down, predictive parsing that reads the input string from left to right and produces leftmost derivations. It describes converting context-free grammars to pushdown automata for LL parsing and constructing LL(k) parse tables from grammars using FIRST and FOLLOW sets. Generic LL parsing routines are presented using parse tables to predict parsing actions based on the top of the stack and next input symbol. Examples are provided of constructing LL(1) and LL(2) parse tables for sample grammars.

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88 views17 pages

Section: LL Parsing LL (K) Parser:: - Top-Down Parser - Starts With Start

The document discusses LL(k) parsing. It defines LL(k) parsing as top-down, predictive parsing that reads the input string from left to right and produces leftmost derivations. It describes converting context-free grammars to pushdown automata for LL parsing and constructing LL(k) parse tables from grammars using FIRST and FOLLOW sets. Generic LL parsing routines are presented using parse tables to predict parsing actions based on the top of the stack and next input symbol. Examples are provided of constructing LL(1) and LL(2) parse tables for sample grammars.

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sougatasingha08
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Section: LL Parsing

LL(k) Parser:

• top-down parser - starts with start


symbol on stack, and repeatedly
replace nonterminals until string is
generated.
• predictive parser - predict next
rewrite rule
• first L of LL means - read input
string left to right
• second L of LL means - produces
leftmost derivation
• k - number of lookahead symbols

1
LL parsing process:

• convert CFG to PDA (different


method than before)
• Use the PDA and lookahead
symbols
• Lookahead symbol is next symbol
in input string

2
Convert CFG to NPDA
The constructed NPDA:

• Three states: s, q, f
start in state s
push S on stack, move into q
all rewrite rules in state q: If lhs of
rewrite rule on top of stack, replace
it with rhs of rewrite rule and stay
in state q
additional rules in q to recognize
nonterminals: read input symbol,
pop input symbol, stay in state q
pop z from stack, move into f,
accept

Example:
L = {anbbn : n ≥ 0} S
3
state = s
push(S)
state = q
read(symbol)
while top-of-stack 6= z do
case top-of-stack of
S: if symbol == a then
{pop(); push(aSb)}
else if symbol == b then
{pop(); push(b)}
else error
a: if symbol 6= a, then error
else {pop(); read(symbol)}
b: if symbol 6= b, then error
else {pop(); read(symbol)}
end case
end while
pop()
if symbol 6= $ then error
state = f

4
LL Parse Table - 2-dim array

• rows - variables
• cols - terminals, $ (end of string
marker)
• LL[i,j]

Example: Parse table for


L = {anbbn : n ≥ 0}
S → aSb | b

5
A generic parsing routine

push(S)
read(symbol)
while stack not empty do
case top-of-stack of
terminal:
if top-of-stack == symbol
then {pop(); read(symbol)}
else
error
variable:
if LL[top-of-stack, symbol] 6= error
then {pop()
push(LL[top-of-stack,symbol])}
else
error
end case
end while
if symbol 6= $, then error

6
Example:

S → aSb
S→c

a b c $
S aSb error c error

Example:

S → Ac | Bc
A → aAb | λ
B→b

7
To construct an LL parse table
LL[rows,cols]:

1. For each rule A → w


(a) For each a in FIRST(w)
add w to LL[A,a]
(b) If λ is in FIRST(w)
add w to LL[A,b] for each b in
FOLLOW(A)
2. Each undefined entry is error.

8
Example:

S → aSc | B
B→b|λ

FIRST FOLLOW
S a,b,λ $,c
B b,λ $,c

To Compute the LL Parse Table for


this example:

• For S → aSc,
FIRST(aSc) =
• For S → B,
FIRST(B) = {b, λ}
FOLLOW(S) = {$, c}
• For B → b,
FIRST(b) =
• For B → λ
FIRST(λ) =
9
LL(1) Parse Table:

a b c $

Parse string: aacc

10
Trace aabcc
a
a S S B b
S S c c c c c
Stack: S c c c c c c c c
symbol: a a a’ a’ b b b c c’

11
Example: Construct Parse Table for:

S → AcB
A → aAb
A→λ
B → aBb
B→c

FIRST(A) =
FIRST(S) =
FIRST(B) =
FOLLOW(A) =
FOLLOW(S) =
FOLLOW(B) =

12
To compute the parse table:

• For S → AcB,
FIRST(AcB) =
• For A → aAb,
FIRST(aAb) =
• For A → λ,
FIRST(λ) =
• For B → aBb,
FIRST(aBb) =
• For B → c,
FIRST(c) =
• All other entries are errors.

13
LL(1) Parse Table:

a b c $

14
Example:

S → AcB
A → aAb | ab
B → aBb | acb

FIRST FOLLOW

a b c $

15
LL(2) Parse Table:

aa ab ac a$ b c $
S AcB AcB error error error error error
A aAb ab error error error error error
B aBb error acb error error error error

parse string: aabbcacb

a a
A A b b
A b b b b b a
c c c c c c c c c
Stack: S B B B B B B B B b b
symbol: aa aa aa ab ab bb bc ca ac ac cb

16
Example:
L = {an : n ≥ 0} ∪ {anbn : n ≥ 0}

S→A
S→B
A → aA
A→λ
B → aBb
B→λ

Example:
L = {an : 0 ≤ n ≤ 10} ∪ {anbn : 0 ≤ n ≤ 10}
Example:
L = {anbbn : n ≥ 0} ∪ {anbn : n ≥ 0}

S → aSb
S→b
S→λ

17

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