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Scientometrics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Scientometrics is the study of measuring and analysing science, technology and innovation. Major research
issues include the measurement of impact, reference sets of articles to investigate the impact of journals and
institutes, understanding of scientific citations, mapping scientific fields and the production of indicators for
use in policy and management contexts.[1] In practice there is a significant overlap between scientometrics
and other scientific fields such as bibliometrics, information systems, information science and science of
science policy.
Contents
1 Historical development
2 Methods
3 See also
4 Further reading
5 External links
6 References and footnotes
Historical development
Modern scientometrics is mostly based on the work of Derek J. de Solla Price and Eugene Garfield. The
latter created the Science Citation Index[1] and founded the Institute for Scientific Information which is
heavily used for scientometric analysis. A dedicated academic journal, Scientometrics, was established in
1978. The industrialization of science increased the quantity of publications and research outcomes and the
rise of the computers allowed effective analysis of this data.[2] While the sociology of science focused on
the behavior of scientists, scientometrics focused on the analysis of publications.[1] Accordingly,
scientometrics is also referred to as the scientific and empirical study of science and its outcomes [3][4]
Later, around the turn of the century, evaluation and ranking of scientists and institutions came more into
the spotlights. Based on bibliometric analysis of scientific publications and citations, the Academic Ranking
of World Universities ("Shanghai ranking") was first published in 2004 by the Shanghai Jiao Tong
University. Impact factors became an important tool to choose between different journals and the rankings
such as the Academic Ranking of World Universities and the Times Higher Education World University
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Rankings (THEranking) became a leading indicator for the status of universities. The hindex became an
important indicator of the productivity and impact of the work of a scientist. However, alternative author
level indicators has been proposed (see for example [5]).
Around the same time, interest of governments in evaluating research for the purpose of assessing the
impact of science funding increased. As the investments in scientific research were included as part of the
U.S. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), a major economic stimulus package,
programs like STAR METRICS were set up to assess if the positive impact on the economy would actually
occur.[6]
Methods
Methods of research include qualitative, quantitative and computational approaches. The main foci of
studies have been on institutional productivity comparisons, institutional research rankings, journal
rankings [3][4][7] establishing faculty productivity and tenure standards,[8] assessing the influence of top
scholarly articles,[9] and developing profiles of top authors and institutions in terms of research performance
[10]
One significant finding in the field is a principle of cost escalation to the effect that achieving further
findings at a given level of importance grow exponentially more costly in the expenditure of effort and
resources. However, new algorithmic methods in search, machine learning and data mining are showing
that is not the case for many information retrieval and extractionbased problems. Related fields are the
history of science and technology, philosophy of science and sociology of scientific knowledge.
Journals in the field include Scientometrics, MIS Quarterly, Journal of the Association for Information
Systems, Communications of the Association for Information Systems, Journal of the American Society for
Information Science and Technology, and Journal of Informetrics.[11] The International Society for
Scientometrics and Informetrics founded in 1993 is an association of professionals in the field.
See also
Acknowledgment index
Citation analysis
Citation index
College and university rankings
Journal of Informetrics
SCImago Journal Rank
Scopus
Further reading
Derek J. de Solla Price, Little Science, Big Science (New York, 1963)
G. M. Dobrov, Wissenschaftswissenschaft (Berlin, 1970)
Nicholas Rescher, Scientific Progress (Oxford, 1978)
Nicholas Rescher, Epistemetrics (Cambridge, 2006)
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External links
Harnad, S. (2009) Open Access Scientometrics and the UK Research Assessment Exercise.
(http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/17142/) Scientometrics 79 (1)
Harnad, S. (2008) Validating Research Performance Metrics Against Peer Rankings
(http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/15619/). Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics 8 (11)
The Places & Spaces: Mapping Science (http://scimaps.org//) exhibit at the American Museum of
Science and Energy, September 7, 2007 – January 7, 2008.
References and footnotes
1. Leydesdorff, L. and Milojevic, S., "Scientometrics" arXiv:1208.4566 (http://arxiv.org/abs/1208.4566) (2013),
forthcoming in: Lynch, M. (editor), International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences subsection
85030. (2015)
2. De Solla Price, D., editorial statement. Scientometrics Volume 1, Issue 1 (1978)
3. Lowry, Paul Benjamin; Romans, Denton; and Curtis, Aaron (2004). "Global journal prestige and supporting
disciplines: A scientometric study of information systems journals (http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?
abstract_id=666145)," Journal of the Association for Information Systems (JAIS), vol. 5(2), pp. 29–80
(http://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2005/276)
4. Lowry, Paul Benjamin; Moody, Gregory D.; Gaskin, James; Galletta, Dennis F.; Humpherys, Sean; Barlow,
Jordan B.; and Wilson, David W. (2013). “Evaluating journal quality and the Association for Information
Systems (AIS) Senior Scholars’ journal basket via bibliometric measures: Do expert journal assessments add
value? (http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2186798),” MIS Quarterly (MISQ), vol. 37(4), 993–
1012. Also, see YouTube video narrative of this paper at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZQIDkA
ke0&feature=youtu.be.
5. Belikov, A.V.; Belikov, V.V.; (2015). "A citationbased, author and agenormalized, logarithmic index for
evaluation of individual researchers independently of publication counts". F1000Research 4: 884.
doi:10.12688/f1000research.7070.1.
6. Lane, J., "Assessing the Impact of Science Funding". Science Volume 324 (2009)
7. Lowry, Paul Benjamin; Humphreys, Sean; Malwitz, Jason; and Nix, Joshua C. (2007). “A scientometric study of
the perceived quality of business and technical communication journals (http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?
abstract_id=1021608),” IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, vol. 50(4), pp. 352–378 (doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPC.2007.908733). Recipient of the Rudolph Joenk Award for Best Paper Published in
IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication in 2007.
8. Dean, Douglas L; Lowry, Paul Benjamin; and Humpherys, Sean (2011). “Profiling the research productivity of
tenured information systems faculty at U.S. institutions (http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?
abstract_id=1562263),” MIS Quarterly (MISQ), vol. 35(1), pp. 1–15 (ISSN 02767783).
9. Karuga, Gilbert G.; Lowry, Paul Benjamin; and Richardson, Vernon J. (2007). "Assessing the impact of premier
information systems research over time," Communications of the Association for Information Systems, vol.
19(7), pp. 115–131 (http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol19/iss1/7) (http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?
abstract_id=976891)
10. Lowry, Paul Benjamin; Karuga, Gilbert G.; and Richardson, Vernon J. (2007). “Assessing leading institutions,
faculty, and articles in premier information systems research journals,” Communications of the Association for
Information Systems, vol. 20(16), pp. 142–203 (http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol20/iss1/16).
(http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1021603)
11. "Journal of Informetrics".
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