DATA MODEL AND DATA STRUCTURE
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310 UTM Skudai, Johor
From Ahris Yaakup
Content
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Data Model and Data structure
3.0 The Digital Terrain Model
4.0 Comparison of Vector and Raster
Models
5.0 Conclusion
1.0 Introduction
Introduction
• Problem of storage, retrieval, manipulation, and
analysis of vast quantities of spatial and attribute
data
• GIS offers a solution to these problem
• Providing tools for handling and analysing both
the spatial and attribute data
1.0 Introduction
Nature of Geographical Data
• Geographical Position – each feature has a
location i.e latitude/longitude, Universal Tranverse
Mercator or State Plane Coordinate System.
• Attribute – as a quality, feature or characteristics
of an entity i.e housing condition, household
income etc.
• Data Relationship – a large number of relationship
may exist
• Time – time component
• Data Volume and Diversity – occurrent in large
quantity and diversity
1.0 Introduction
Attribute Data
• Attributes
– Often termed as “thematic data” or “non-spatial data”
– Has defined characteristics of an entity in the real world
– Can be categorized as nominal, ordinal, conditional etc.
2.0 Data Model & Data
Structure
NEEDS ANAlYSIS
2.0 Data Model and Data Structure
Modelling Geographical Data
Data Model is a general description of specific sets
of entities and relationships between them
Have 4 elements
- the various types of spatial entity i.e points, line
and polygons;
- The descriptive attributes for each of the entity
types;
- The geometric description of entity type i.e. raster
or vector;
- The relationship between entity – topological
relationship i.e. consist of or part of
Topology
Topology deals with spatial properties that do not change under
certain transformation.
A GIS topology is a set of rules and behaviors that model how points,
lines and polygons share geometry.
Why Topology?
esri.com
2.0 Data Model and Data Structure
Real
World
Data Model
Spatial Object
Vector Raster Form
01
Point
1011
Line
Polygon
Attribute Table
Lot No Owner House No Item Road No Item Surface
01 Ahmad 21 1 1011 8.0 pave
Concept of Geospatial Data
2.0 Data Model and Data Structure
Vector and Raster Model
A A A A A C C C C C
C
A A A A A C C C C C
A A A A A A C C C C
A A A A A A A C C C C
A A A A A B B C C C
B A A A A B B B B B C
A A A B B B B B B B
A A B B B B B B B B
Vector Raster
2.0 Data Model and Data Structure
Spatial Data Models
• Raster Model
– Describe a specific location on the Earth
– A cellular data structure composed of rows and
columns for storing images
– Groups of cells with the same value represent features
• Data Compression – run length encoding or
quadtree
Tesselations
2.0 Data Model and Data Structure
Spatial Data Models
• Vector Model
– Discrete points, lines, and/or areas corresponding to
discrete objects with name or code number of
attributes
– The Spaghetti Data Model – paper map is translated
line by line into a list of XY coordinate
- The Arc-Node Model
- Topological Data Model – is the mathematical method
used to define spatial relationship
2.0 Data Model and Data Structure
Vector Data
Geometry Topology
Point (x,y) Node {node No., (x,y)}
Line (x1,y1),(x2,y2)
Chain Left
End
Start Right
String
{Chain No., Start and End Node
(x1,y1),…(xn,yn) No., Left and Right Polygon No.}
Area Polygon
(x1,y1),…(xn-1,yn-1),( x1,y1)
{Polygon No., Series of Chain No. in
Clockwise Chain}
The Digital Elevation Model
A digital elevation model (DEM) is a digital representation of
ground surface topography or terrain. It is also widely known as
a digital terrain model (DTM). A DEM can be represented as a
raster (a grid of squares) or as a triangular irregular network.
DEMs are commonly built using remote sensing techniques,
however, they may also be built from land surveying. DEMs are
used often in GIS, and are the most common basis for digitally-
produced relief maps.
3.0 The Digital Terrain Model
The Digital Terrain Model
• Represent Digital Elevation Data
– The triangulated irrigular network (TIN)
– Is a vector based topological data model that is used to
represents terrain data
– Is a set of interconnected triangular facets
– For each of the three vertices, the XY coordinate (geo
location) and the Z coordinate (elevation) values are
encorded.
4.0 Comparison
Comparison (Advantages)
• Vector Model • Raster Model
– Precise Expression – Simple Data Structure
– Less Data Volume – Easy for Overlay and
Modeling
– Full Topology
– Suitable for 3D Display
– Fast Retrieval
– Integration of Image
– Fast Conversion Data
– Automated Data Capture
Comparison
5.0 Conclusion
Conclusion
• The implication of Data Model
• Database development
• Spatial Analysis
