1

 Current Intensity and Potential Difference:

 Resistance and Resistivity:

 Series and Parallel:

 Power and Energy:

2
 Reading of Ammeter and Voltmeter:

 Voltage or Current in a Branch:

 Current Divider:

3
 Required the E.M.F. or the Internal Resistance of the Battery:

 Short Circuit and Switch:

 Two Batteries:

 Kirchhoff’s Laws (KCL and KVL):

4
 Multiple Choice Questions
1) Two wires (A) and (B) with circular cross-sections have identical lengths and are made
of the same material. Wire (A) has a resistance four times that of wire (B). How many
times greater is the diameter of wire (B) than wire (A)?
(A) 2 Times
(B) 3 Times
(C) 4 Times
(D) 5 Times
Answer: (A) 2 Times
L1  L 2  e1   e 2 R1  4R 2
2 2
R 1 e1 L1 D  D  D2
    2  4  1 1  2  2 D2  2D1
R 2 e 2 L 2  D1   D1  D1

2) Out of (V – I) graph for parallel and series combination of two metallic resistors, the
one represents parallel combination of resistors is …………
(A) Resistor (A)
(B) Resistor (B)
(C) Both of them
(D) None of them

Answer: (A) Resistor (A)

Y I 1
Slope =  so Slope  Slope = tan 
X V R
θA > θ B so tanθA > tanθB

Slope of (A) > Slope of (B)

1 1
> RB > RA So (RA) is connected in parallel
RA RB

Where parallel connection obtain a small resistance.

5
3) The total current supplied to the circuit by the battery is:
(A) 1A
(B) 2A
(C) 4A
(D) 6A
Answer:

4) A uniform wire of resistance 48Ω shaped as a closed ring, a battery terminals

connected across its diameter as shown. The equivalent resistance between (A & B) is:
(A) 96 Ω
(B) 48Ω
(C) 24Ω
(D) 12Ω
Answer: (D) 12Ω
R half 24
R eq    12 
N 2

5) The circuit in the figure contains three identical light bulbs in series with a battery.
When switch (S) is closed, which of the following occurs to the bulbs (1&2)?

Bulb (1) Bulb (2)

(A) Goes out Gets brighter
(B) Gets brighter Goes out
(C) Gets brighter Gets dimmer
(D) Gets dimmer Gets brighter

Answer:

6
6) When two resistors (R) and (4R) are connected in parallel to a battery. The consumed
power in the resistor (R) is …….. that consumed in the resistor (4R).
(A) Four times.
(B) Double.
(C) Equal to.
(D) A quarter of.
Answer: (A) Four times.
1 P1 4R
As in parallel connection P  4 P1  4P2
R P2 R

7) What will happen to brightness of the lamps (A) & (B) in the circuit when the slider of
rheostat moves from (X) to (Y)? (neglecting internal resistance)

Lamp (A) Lamp (B)

(A) Doesn't change Increases
(B) Increases Increases
(C) Decreases Doesn't change
(D) Increases Decreases

Answer:

7
8) A network of electrical components is connected across a battery of negligible internal
resistance as shown, the resistance of the variable resistor is increased. What is the
effect on the readings of the voltmeters (V1), (V2) and (V3)?

V1 V2 V3
(A) Decreased Increased Decreased
(B) Increased Decreased Increased
(C) Unchanged Decreased Increased
(D) Unchanged Increased Decreased

Answer: (C) V1  VB  Ir V1  VB (Unchanged)

RV  I  V2  I  R (Decreased)
 R V  I  V3  I  R  (Increased)
1
9) In the figure, if the internal resistance of the battery is R then the voltmeter reading is:
4
2
(A) VB
3
5
(B) VB
4
1
(C) VB
5
4
(D) VB
5
Answer:

10) In the circuit shown, if a voltmeter connected between (A) and (C) will read 12Volt.
So the resistance (X) equals:
(A) 2 Ω
(B) 1 Ω
(C) 3/2 Ω
(D) 1/2 Ω
Answer: (B) 1Ω V4  V12 I 4  4  0.5  12 I 4  1.5A I T  2A
4 12
VAC  IR T  2  (2X   X) 12  2  (3X  3) X 1
4  12

8
11) Four identical electric bulbs (A, B, C and D) are connected with a battery of negligible
internal resistance as shown in figure. If the potential difference between the terminals
of the bulb (C) is 3V, the electromotive force of the battery would be …….
(A) 6V
(B) 9V
(C) 12V
(D) 15V
Answer:

12) On closing the key (K) in the circuit, respectively the reading of each ammeter and
voltmeter ……..
(A) Increases, Increases
(B) Decreases, Decreases
(C) Decreases, Increases
(D) Increases, Decreases
Answer: (D) Increases, Decreases
The total current will pass in the short circuit, so reading of ammeter increases
Short circuit will be on (R&R), so reading of voltmeter decreases

13) In the circuit shown, the equivalent resistance is ……

(A) 22 Ω
(B) 10 Ω
(C) 6 Ω
(D) 4 Ω
Answer:

9
 14) Using Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL), the unknown current (I2) is ….…….
(A) 6A
(B) -6A
(C) 2A
(D) -2A
Answer: (A) 6A
I 0  I1  I 2  0
 2  4  I2  0 I 2  6A
OR I 0  Is  2  8  6A
I3  6  I1  6  4  2A I2  2  8 I 2  6A

15) In the opposite figure: The reading of the ammeter is:

(A) 4A
(B) 3.5A
(C) 3A
(D) 2A
Answer: (B) 3.5A
By using KVL: 2  I  3I  2  4  0 4I  6 I = 1.5A
So reading of ammeter equal 2 +1.5 = 3.5A
OR V  VB  I(R  r) 8  2  I(3  1) 4I = 6 I = 1.5A
Reading so ammeter equal 2 +1.5 = 3.5A
OR V1  V2 V1  IR  2  4  8V
V2  VB  Ir  IR  2  I(1  3)  2  4I  8  2  4I I = 1.5A
Reading so ammeter equal 2 +1.5 = 3.5A
16) The given circuit is showing no deflection of the pointer of the galvanometer (G)
joined between the points (B) and (D), so the value of (R) is:
(A) 30Ω
(B) 20Ω
(C) 25Ω
(D) 80Ω
Answer:

11
 Essay Questions
17) Mention ONE factor that can increase:
The resistance of a straight single copper wire of a uniform cross-section area at
constant temperature.

Answer:
Increase the length of the wire.

18) Give reasons for:

The voltmeter reading increases when one of the two
bulbs is blown out.
Answer:
Because the equivalent resistance increases when one of the two bulbs is burn out, so the
total current will decrease and according to the relation  V = VB –  Ir, so the reading of
voltmeter increases.

19) Mention ONE factor affecting on:

The direction of quantity of electricity flowing between two points in closed circuit.
Answer:
Which of the two points has larger potential.

11
 Problems
20) Two conducting wires, the resistance of the first (R) and passing through it
1020 electrons per second while the second has resistance (2R) and passing through it
20×1020 electrons per second. Find the ratio between the consumed power in the first
wire to that consumed in the second wire. (1/800)
Answer:

21) In the following circuit, find the ratio between the consumed power when the switch is
in position (1) and when it is in position (2) knowing that all resistors are of the same
value, and the battery has negligible internal resistance. (4/3)

Answer:
Same source so (V constant)
2
R V 2 VB VB2 2VB2
At position (1): R eq  P1    
2 R R eq R R
2
At position (2):
R  2R 2R 2 2R
2
V 2 VB VB2 3VB2
R eq    P2    
R  2R 3R 3 R R eq 2R 2R
3
PW 2
2V 3V 2
2V 2
2R 2 2 P1 4
1
 B  B  B 2  
PW R 2R R 3VB 1 3 P2 3
2

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22) The resistors (3, 6, 20, 30) ohm are connected together to a battery, so the current
intensity flowing through the resistor (6Ω) equals 0.2A, and through the resistor (20Ω)
equals 0.36A, the current flowing through the battery equals 0.6A. Calculate:
a) The equivalent resistance of the electric circuit, then show by drawing the way of
connection of them. (14Ω)
b) The emf of the battery assuming that its internal resistance is 1Ω. (9V)

Answer:

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23) In the circuit shown, the key (K) is opened, if a battery of emf 30V with internal
resistance 2Ω connected between (A&B).
a) Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit. (16Ω)
b) If the key (K) closed, find the reading of the ammeter. (2A)
c) While the key (K) closed, determine the amount of charge that passes through
resistor (4Ω) in one minute. (60C)

Answer:
12  6
a) R eq  84 R eq  4  8  4 R eq  16 
12  6
12  6
b) R  8  4  12 R  4
12  6
12  6
R  4 R eq  4  4 R eq  8
12  6
VB 30
IT  IT  I T  3A
R eq  r 82

12
IA  3 I A  2A
12  6
IT 2
c) I 4     1A
2 2
Q Q
I 1 Q  60C
t 60

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24) In the opposite circuit:
a) Calculate the equivalent resistance between the terminals (a and b). (9.6Ω)
b) Calculate the current passing in the 4Ω resistor if a battery of emf 120V and
negligible internal resistance is connected between the terminals (a and b). (7.5A)
Answer:

25) In the figure shown, the ammeter reading is 2Ampere.

a) If the element (XY) is a resistor, what is its value? (5Ω)
b) If the element (XY) is a battery of internal resistance 2Ω and being charged. What
is its emf? (6V)
Answer:
a) If the element (XY) is a resistor:
V  VB 40  8
IT  B 1 2
2
R eq  r1  r2 R eq  2  2
2R eq  8  32 R eq  12 
6  12
R eq  3   R XY
6  12
12  7  R XY R XY  5
b) If the element (XY) is a battery:
6  12
R eq  3  R eq  7
6  12
V  VB  VB 40  8  VB 32  VB
IT  B 1 2 XY
2 XY
2 XY

R eq  r1  r2  r3 7222 13
32  VB  26
XY
VB  6V
XY

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26) Consider the circuit below. Knowing that all resistances equal 10Ω, find:
a) The current (I4) through resistor (R4). (3A)
b) The potential at the point (B). (3.33V)
Answer:

27) Using Kirchhoff’s laws, find the current through each battery in the following circuit.

(-2.27A, 2.86A)
Answer:
By using KVL at loop (BDACB):
0.5I1  6  I 2  10  0 0.5I1  I 2  0I 3  4  (1)
By using KVL at loop (FBDAEF): 0.5I1  6  12I 3  0
0.5I1  0I 2  12I 3  6  (2)
By using KCL at point (A): I1  I 2  I 3
I1  I 2  I 3  0  (3)
Solving the three equations:
I1  84 / 37  2.27A I 2  106 / 37  2.86A I 3  22 / 37  0.59 A
So the current through battery (VB1) I1 = -2.27A
The current through battery (VB2) I2 = 2.86A

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28) Consider the circuit shown in the figure. If R = 5Ω and the emf of the battery ε = 20V.
Calculate:
a) The reading of the ammeter. (3.93A)
b) The terminal voltage across the battery (ε). (20V)
c) The potential difference between the points (AB). (6.58V)
d) The power consumed and the power delivered. (188.4W, 188.4W)

Answer:

17
 Graph
29) An electric circuit consists of a battery, a variable resistance, and an ammeter with
negligible internal resistance all connected in series together, and terminals of a
voltmeter with very large resistance is connected to the poles of the battery, the
following table records the readings of the ammeter and the voltmeter with changing
the value of the variable resistance.

Ammeter reading (I) Amp 2 4 6 10 12 14

Voltmeter reading (V) Volt 8 7 6 4 3 2

Draw a graph shows the relation between the voltmeter reading (V) on the vertical axis
(y-axis) and the ammeter reading (I) on the horizontal axis (x-axis), from the graph
find:
a) The slope of the graph. (-r)
b) The internal resistance of the battery. (0.5Ω)
c) The electromotive force of the battery. (9V)
Answer:
a) From rule V  VB  Ir

V V  VB
Slope    r
I I
Y V 3  8
b) Slope   
X I 12  2
Slope   0.5
 0.5  r r  0.5 
c) From the graph VB = 9V
(as I = 0 so V = VB = 9V)

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19
 Straight Wire:

 Coil and Solenoid:

21
 Straight Wire and Coil:

 Force:

21
 Torque:

 Ammeter and Voltmeter:

 Ohmmeter:

22
 Multiple Choice Questions
Givens: µair = 4π×10-7 Wb/A.m, π = 22/7

1) The mathematical relation which expresses ampere's circuital law is:

(A) V  IR
(B)   BIAN
(C) B  nL
I
(D) B 
2d
I
Answer: (D) B 
2d

2) Two currents (I), (2I) pass through two parallel straight wires as shown in figure. When
moving the wire (Y) further away from the wire (X), the magnetic flux density at the
point (C):
(A) Decreases.
(B) Does not change.
(C) Increases.
(D) None of the above
Answer:

3) In the shown figure, the neutral point is:

(A) Point [k]
(B) Point [x]
(C) Point [y]
(D) Point [z]

Answer: (B) Point [x]

As the neutral point must be between the two wires and near the weaker current
I1 I 2 3I I
And as  so at point (X)  
d1 d 2 3d d

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4) The drawing shows two perpendicular wires which lie in the plane of the paper. One
wire is along the x-axis and the other along the y-axis. The point of their crossing is the
origin (0,0). Each wire carries a current of 5.6A. The magnitude and the direction of
the net magnetic field at a point (0.4m, 0.2m) are:
(A) 2.8×10-6T, (Out of the paper)
(B) 2.8×10-6T, (Into of the paper)
(C) 8.4×10-6T, (Out of the paper)
(D) 8.4×10-6T, (Into of the paper)
Answer: (A) 2.8×10-6T, (Out of the paper)
 5 .6 5 .6 
BT  B1  B2 BT  2  10 7     BT  2.8 106 T
 0 .2 0 .4 
As B1 (out) > B2 (into) So the direction is out of the paper

5) If a circular coil is rewounded again to increase its number of turns three times, and the
same current passing through it, so the magnetic flux density at its center:
(A) Increases 3 times
(B) Increases 6 times
(C) Increases 9 times
(D) Does not change
Answer: (C) Increases 9 times
B1 N 1 I1 r2 B1 1 1
N 2  3N1 r1  3r2     1 B 2  9 B1
B 2 N 2 I 2 r1 B2 3 3

6) Two concentric metal rings in one plane, each carries a current of intensity (I) as shown
in figure, the direction of the magnetic flux at the common center (m) is:
(A) Rightwards.
(B) Leftwards
(C) Into the page.
(D) Out of the page.
Answer: (D) Out of the page.
As the two rings carry the same current, so (B α 1/r), so the smaller ring has the larger
magnetic flux density and its direction is out of the page so the direction of the total
magnetic flux density is out of the page.

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7) In the figure shown a ¾ loop of radius (r) carrying current (I) and a ¼ loop of radius
(2r) carrying current (I) in same direction, the both is with one common center (M).
Then the flux density at point (M) is calculated from the relation:
(A) Zero

5I
(B)
16 r

7I
(C)
16 r

8I
(D)
3r

Answer:

8) In the opposite figure, the ratio between the force acting on wire (X) to that acting on
wire (Y) is:
(A) 1/1
(B) 1/2
(C) 2/1
(D) 2/3
I1 I 2 L FX
Answer: (A) 1/1 FX  FY  F F  1
2d FY

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9) Two parallel long straight wires, each of them carries an equal current (I). The distance
between the two wires is increased to double. In order to maintain the magnitude of the
mutual force between them as its original value, the current intensity through each wire
should be modified to be:
(A) I/ 2
(B) I 2
(C) 2I
(D) 4I
Answer:

10) In the opposite circuit, a wire (XY) of resistance (R) carrying electric current (I 1)
placed parallel to another wire (ab) carrying electric current (I2), a magnetic force (F)
is produced between them, when switch (K) is closed then the value of the mutual
force between the two wires:
(A) Decreases.
(B) Increases.
(C) Remains constant.
(D) No right answer.
Answer: (B) Increases
I1  I 2 L
R eq  & I1  , so F F 
2d
11) The magnetic field density and direction which will levitate the 3gm wire horizontally
upward in the figure shown is: (g = 10 m/s2)
(A) 0.2 T, out of page
(B) 5×10-3T, into the page
(C) 200T, out of page
(D) 5T, into the page
Answer: (A) 0.2 T, out of page
Fg  Fmag mg  BIL 3 103 10  B 1.5  0.1 B  0.2T Out of the page

26
 12) A uniform magnetic field of flux denisty (B) affects on a circular coil of radius (r)
carrying current (I) and length of wire (L), then the maximum torque produced is
given by the relation:
(A) 22 BILr 3
1
(B) BILr
2
2 2 BIr 3
(C)
L
(D) BIL2
1
Answer: (B) BILr
2
L 1
max  BIAN  max  BI  r 2   max  BILr
2r 2

13) A circular coil of 160 turns has a radius of 1.9 cm. The current that results in a
magnetic dipole moment of magnitude 2.3 A.m2 is ………, and the maximum
magnitude of the torque that the coil carrying this current, can experience in a uniform
35 mT magnetic field is ………..
(A) 0.417 A, 2.65×10-3 N.m

(B) 12.67 A, 0.0805 N.m

(C) 51.72 A, 0.243 N.m

(D) 0.079 A, 5.01×10-4 N.m

Answer: (B) 12.67 A, 0.0805 N.m

22
md  IAN 2.3  I   (1.9  10 2 ) 2  160 I  12.67A
7
22
  BIAN sin    35  10 3  12 .67   (1.9  10 2 ) 2  160   0.0805N.m
7
OR   B md   35  103  2.3   0.0805N.m

27
14) The figure illustrates a side view for a rectangular coil that carries an electric current,
placed in a magnetic field and affected by torque (τ). Which of the following coil
positions makes it subject to torque = (  / 2 )?

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

Answer:

15) Galvanometer of coil resistance (Rg) is connected to a multiplier of resistance (2Rg) to

be converted into a voltmeter of a measuring range (V1). If this galvanometer is
connected to a multiplier of resistance (5Rg), the measuring range of the new
voltmeter becomes:
(A) 3V1
(B) 2.5V1
(C) 2V1
(D) 0.4V1
Answer:

28
16) Decreasing the galvanometer sensitivity means decreasing:
(A) The current intensity passing in its coil
(B) The torque acting on its coil
(C) The total resistance
(D) None of the above
Answer: (C) The total resistance

S
I
V
I
R

17) A resistance of 2000 Ω is connected to the terminals of an ohmmeter. The ohmmeter

pointer deflects to half of the current scale. What is the value of the resistance that if
connected to ohmmeter terminals causes its pointer deflect to quarter of current scale?
(A) 4000 Ω
(B) 6000 Ω
(C) 8000 Ω
(D) 10000 Ω
Answer: (B) 6000 Ω
1
I  I max  R device  R x  2R device R device  R x  2000
2
1
I  I max  R device  R x  4R device R x  3R device  6000
4

18) The idea of calibrating the ammeter as an ohmmeter is depend on ……… law
(A) Faraday
(B) Ohm’s for closed circuit
(C) Ampere’s for closed circuit
(D) Lenz
Answer: (B) Ohm’s for closed circuit

29
 Essay Questions
19) From the figure shown:
a) What is the magnitude of magnetic field at point (C) produced by wire carrying the
current (I) if magnitude of the field at point (A) is (B0)? Choose from the following:

B
(B0 – 3B0 – 2B0 – )
3

b) If another wire carry current (I) in opposite direction put at point (C). What is the
direction of the magnetic force acting on the first wire due to the current passing in
the second wire?

Answer:
a)  O  By increasing distance by 3 times the magnetic flux density will decrease
B
 3
to the third.
b) The direction of magnetic force on the first wire will be toward left due to
replusive force will acting.

20) In the figure below, two equal currents (I) passing in opposite directions through half
loops of radius (a) with one common center (P)?
1) Write the mathematical rule of the total magnetic flux density at point (P) in terms
of (µ, I, a).
2) What will happen to the total magnetic flux density at point (P) if the current in the
upper half loop is reversed?
Answer:

31
21) A circular coil is connected to a battery of negligible internal resistance. If a half of the
coil turns is removed away and the remainder half is reconnected to the same battery,
what change has happened to the density of magnetic flux at its center?
Answer:
1 1 N 2 I1 1 NI B1 N1 I1 r2
NLR N2  N1   B    
I 2 N1 I 2 2 2r B 2 N 2 I 2 r1
B1 1
 2  1  1 The magnetic flux at the center of the coil remains constant.
B2 2

22) A solenoid carries an electric current. What would happen to the magnetic flux
density at a point on its axis inside it when the spacing between its turns are reduced to
half (keeping the cross-sectional area and the current intensity unchanged)?
Answer:
The magnetic flux density at a point on the solenoid axis inside it will be increase to
double, because the magnetic flux density is inversely proportional with the length of
solenoid ( B  NI / L ), where the other factors are constant.

23) From the following figure:

a) Mention the direction of the motion of the wire if
electric current passing through it from (X) to (Y).
b) Mention the effect of replacing the magnet by
another wire carrying current in the same direction
of the first one and put on the right side beside the
first wire on rails in the same plane (with respect
to the direction of the motion of the first wire).

Answer:
a) b)

Using F.L.H.R, direction of motion is The motion of the first wire will be
Toward left Rightward due to attraction force
happens between the two wires.

31
24) If the magnetic field is into the page:

a) Determine the direction that effects on the wire placed

perpendicular on the field in the plane of the page.

b) Calculate the affecting torque on the coil that placed in

the field in the plane of the page.

Answer:
a) Upward.
b) Torque = Zero.

25) Explain why a rectangular coil placed perpendicular to the magnetic field direction is
not affected by any torque when a current passes through it, although there are forces
affecting its sides.
Answer:
  BIAN sin  , so when plane of coil is perpendicular to the field,   0o and sin θ = 0
so   0 , as forces act on its sides equal in magnitude and opposite so cancel each other.

26) Mention one factor that affects the direction of the magnetic dipole moment of a coil.
Answer: The direction of Current intensity passing through the coil.

27) Which part of the galvanometer acts to fulfill the following conditions?
a) The galvanometer coil is influenced by a constant magnetic field.
b) Restoring its pointer to zero position after turning its circuit off.
Answer:
a) Concave magnetic poles
b) Two spiral springs
28) Name the electrical measuring instrument whose measuring range is from zero to
infinity?
Answer: Ohmmeter.

32
 Problems
29) In the opposite figure, two wires (A), (B) are parallel and passes through them electric
currents in the same direction if the point (X) is the neutral point. Calculate the flux
density at point (Y). (1.92×10-5T)

Answer:
I1 I 2
At point (X): 
d1 d 2
2 I
  I  10A
10  10 2
50  10 2
At point (Y): BT  BB  BA
 10 2 
B T  2  10 7    2 
 10  10 50  10 
2

BT  2  105  8  107 BT  1.92  105 T

30) For the given figure a straight wire tangent to a circular loop and the radius of the loop
equals 0.25m. Given that (μair = 4π×10-7Wb/Amp.m) (π = 3.14)
a) Find the total magnetic flux density at the center of the loop. (7.536×10-7T)
b) If only the value of the current in the wire is changed, so the total magnetic flux
density at the center of the loop is zero. What is the value of the current in the
wire? (0.628A)
Answer:
a) BT = Bwire – Bcoil
 I   NI 
B T   2  10  7    
 d   2r 

 1.57   4  3.14  10 7  1 0.2 

BT   2  10 
7
 
 0.25   2  0.25 
BT  1.256 106  5.024 107

BT  7.536 107 T
I wire I wire
b)  NI coil  0.2 I wire  0.628 A
π 3.14

33
31) In the opposite figure: A circular coil of 3 turns and radius 5cm carrying an electric
current 1A is placed at a distance 10cm from a straight wire carrying an electric
current (I). Calculate: (π = 3.14, µ = 4π×10-7Wb/A.m.)
a) The value of (I), when the magnetic flux density at the center of the circular loop is
zero. (28.26A)
b) The magnetic flux density at the center of the coil, when the electric current in the
wire is reversed. (7.536×10-5T)

Answer:
a) BT  0 BCoil  BWire
NI Coil I Wire NI Coil I Wire
 
2r 2d r d
dNI Coil 3.14  15  10 2  3  1
I Wire  I Wire  I Wire  28 .26 A
r 5  10  2
NI Coil 2  107 I Wire 4  10 7  3  1 2  10 7  28 .26
b) BT  BCoil  BWire    
2r d 2  5  10  2 15  10  2
 3.768 105  3.768 105 BT  7.536  105 T

32) In the opposite figure, calculate the total magnetic flux at point (O).

Knowing that (π = 3.14) (4.42×10-6T)

Answer:
BT  BC  BW
NI 2  10 7 I
BT  
2r d
1
4  3.14  10  7   12
4 2  10  7  5
BT  
2  0.2 0 .2
BT  9.42 106  5 106 BT  4.42 106 T

34
33) In the opposite circuit, a wire in the shape of half ring of radius 3.14cm connected in
series with a resistance 3.72  , wires of negligible resistance and source of emf 24V
and its internal resistance 2  . On closing the key (K), the total magnetic flux density
at the center (m) = 2.4×10-5T, (   3.14 ). Calculate:
a) The current intensity in the circuit. (2.4A)
b) The resistance of the ring’s wire. (4.28Ω)
c) The resistivity of the ring’s wire material if the radius of the wire is 0.1cm.
(1.344×10-4Ω.m)

Answer:
NI 4  3.14 10 7  0.5  I
a) B m  2.4 10 
5
I = 2.4A
2r 2  3.14 10 2
VB
b) I  VB  I(R eq  r ) 24  2.4(R eq  2)
R eq  r
R eq  2  10 R eq  8 R eq  R ring  3.72

R ring  8  3.72  4.28

c) L wire  N  2r L wire  0.5  2  3.14  3.14  102  0.1m

RA 4.28  3.14  (0.110 2 ) 2

e    1.344 10 4 .m
L 0.1

35
34) Two parallel wires between them a third wire of length (2π) m shaped in the form of a
circular coil of diameter 10 mm as shown in figure. Find the value and direction of
electric current in the circular coil which produces a magnetic field at center of the coil
equals and opposite to the magnetic field resulted from the two wires. [π = 3.14]
(2.23×10-3A, Clockwise)
Answer:

35) In the circuit shown, the battery is of negligible internal resistance and the number of
turns per unit length of the solenoid is 150 turn/m and its resistance is 30Ω. Calculate
the flux density at the center of the axis of the solenoid. (1.884×10-4T)
(Knowing that: π = 3.14, µ = 4π×10-7Wb/A.m)

Answer:
1 1 1 1 1
    R ( 9, 6,18)  3
R ( 9, 6,18) 9 6 18 3
15  30
R (15, 30 )   10 
15  30
R ( 3,10 )  3  10  13 R eq  13
VB 39 15
IT  IT  I T  3A I 30   3 I 30   1A
R eq  r 13  0 30  15
NI
B  nI
L
B  4  3.14  107  150  1 B  1.884  104 T

36
36) Three long parallel wires carry currents, equal in magnitude (I1 = I2 = I3 = 3 A) in the
directions as shown. The wires all lie in a plane.
a) What is the magnitude and the direction of the magnetic field at point (P)?
(1.5×10-6 T, into the page)
b) What is the magnitude and the direction of the total force on wire (3) of length 1m?
(1.08×10-6 N, downward)

Answer:

37
 37) A rectangular coil consists of one turn has length 20cm and width 10cm, capable to
rotate around an axis parallel to its length in a magnetic field its density 0.4T, if a
current intensity of 2A passes in the coil, calculate:
a) The torque affecting on the coil when its plane inclined by an angle 60° on the
magnetic flux lines. (8×10-3N)
b) The magnetic force affecting on any side parallel to the axis of rotation in the
previous case. (0.16N)

Answer:
a)   BIANSin
  0.4  2 10  20 10 4 1 sin(30)   0.016  sin(30)  8 103 N.m

b) F  BILSin F  0.4  2  20 102 F  4 / 25  0.16N

OR   F W 0.016  F  0.1 F  0.16N

38) A 50 Ω resistance galvanometer has 25 divisions on one side of its scale. On sending a
current of 4×10-4A in it, the pointer gives deflection of 1 division.
a) How much resistance should be connected with the galvanometer to convert it into
a voltmeter of 2.5V range? How must it be connected? (200Ω, Series)
b) Calculate the value of the required shunt resistance to decrease the galvanometer
sensitivity to its one third. (25Ω)
Answer:
I g  .........?  25 divisions
I  4 104 A  1division
25  4  10 4
Ig  I g  0.01A
1
V  Vg 2.5  0.01 50
a) R m  Rm  R m  200  (Series)
Ig 0.01
I R IR Ig R g
b) I  3I g Rs  g g Rs  g g Rs 
I  Ig 3I g  I g 2I g
R 50
Rs  g Rs  R s  25
2 2

38
39) When connecting a galvanometer (G) of coil resistance
200 in electric circuit consists of two resistors each of them
of 100 and a battery of negligible internal resistance as
shown in the figure, the pointer of the galvanometer deflects
to the full scale. If you know that the potential difference
between the two points (a and b) equals 1V, calculate:
a) The maximum reading of the galvanometer scale. (0.02A)
b) The electromotive force of the battery. (5V)
c) If we want to increase the measuring range of the galvanometer to 1A. What is the
value of the shunt resistance that must be connected with it? (4.08Ω)
Answer:
a) Vab  1V R ab  100 / 2  50  I T  Vab / R ab  1/ 50  0.02A
So the maximum reading of galvnometer equals 0.02A
b) VB  I(R eq  r ) VB  0.02  200  50  0 VB  5V
IR 0.02  200
c) R S  g g RS  R S  4.08 
I  Ig 1  0.02

40) A sensitive galvanometer of coil resistance 490Ω whose pointer deflects to full scale
when a current of 0.002A passes through its coil. A shunt resistance of 10Ω is
connected to the galvanometer coil to convert it into an ammeter.
a) Calculate the maximum current intensity measured by the ammeter. (0.1A)
b) How can the ammeter obtained in the problem be converted into a voltmeter that
can measure potential difference up to 10 V? (90.2Ω)
Answer:

39
41) A 50µA full scale deflection current milli-meter is to be used in an ohmmeter. The
milli-meter has an internal resistance Rg = 0.5kΩ, a 1.5V battery, variable resistance
RV = 28KΩ, and standard resistance (Rs) are used in the circuit. Determine:
a) The value of the standard resistance. (1500Ω)
b) The external resistance at full scale deflection and at half full scale deflection.
(Zero, 30000Ω)
c) The current that flow through the ohmmeter when connected to a resistor of 70KΩ.
(1.5×10-5A)
d) The new resistance value that (RV) must be adjusted to when the battery falls to
1.3V. (24000Ω)
Answer:
VB 1 .5
a) I max  50  10 6  R d  30000
Rd Rd
Rd  Rg  R V  Rs 30000  0.5 103  28103  Rs R s  1500
VB 1 .5
b) Imax  R X  0 I 0.5 max  0.5  50  10 6 
Rd  RX 30000  R X
1.5
30000 R X  30000 R X  60000 R X  30000
2.5  10 5
VB 1 .5
c) I  I I  1.5  105 A
Rd  RX 30000  70000
d) When the battery falls to 1.3V:
VB2 1 .3
I max  50  10 6  R d  26000
Rd Rd
Rd  Rg  Rs  RV 26000  0.5 103  1500  R V R V  24000

42) An ohmmeter its resistance 3000Ω its pointer indicates the zero of the scale when
passing current (I) in its circuit. Find the current intensity passing in its circuit in
terms of (I) when an external resistance its value is 12000 Ω connected across the
terminals of the device. (0.2I)
Answer:
VB V
I max  I B VB  3000I  (1)
R device 3000
VB VB 3000I 1
IR   From (1) we get IR   I  0.2I
X
R device  R x 3000  12000 X
15000 5

41
43) The midpoint of the scale of an ohmmeter between (0 -  ) marked as 1500 Ω. If the
ohmmeter is composed of a galvanometer of resistance 250 Ω, a fixed resistance 1 kΩ,
a rheostat and a cell of negligible internal resistance. Find the resistance value taken
from the rheostat to make the pointer deflect to zero position of the ohmmeter. (250Ω)
Answer:

44) An ohmmeter has resistance (R). The pointer deflects to its zero scale as a current of
400μA passes through its circuit. A resistance (Rx) is connected externally to the
ohmmeter terminals and makes the pointer deflect to 1/8 of the current scale. Find the
ratio: (R/Rx). (1/7)
Answer:
I max  400 106 A I  (1 / n ) I max I  (1/ 8)  I max  n  8
R X  (n  1)R d  R X  7R d R d / R X  1/ 7  R / R X  1/ 7
OR I max  VB / R d I  VB /( R d  R X ) I max / I  (R d  R X ) / R d 8  (R d  R X ) / R d
8R d  ( R d  R X ) 7R d  R X R d / R X  1/ 7  R / R X  1/ 7

41
 Graph
45) In an experiment a galvanometer reads up to (Ig) and has a resistance 10Ω. We want to
increase its reading to (I) by connected shunt resistance (Rs), recorded the
measurements as shown in the table:

I (A) 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 1

(1/RS ) (Ω-1) 0 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4

a) Plot a graph relating the reciprocal of the shunt resistance (1/RS) on abscissa and
the curernt intensity (I) on the ordinate.
b) From the graph find the maximum value of potential difference of galvanometer.
(2V)
Answer:
a) Drawing
Y I  I g
b) Slope  
X 1 / R S
Slope  R s (I  I g )

 Ig R g  Vg
Slope  Vg

Y 0.3  0.2
Slope   2
X 0.05  0
 Vg  2Volt

42
43
44
45
46
 Multiple Choice Questions
Givens: µair = 4π×10-7 Wb/A.m, π = 22/7
1) A bar magnet is moved away from a coil as shown. What is the direction of the current
through the resistor and the polarity of the left end of the coil?

Direction of current Polarity of the left

through the resistor end of the coil
(A) X to Y North
(B) X to Y South
(C) Y to X North
(D) Y to X South
Answer: (A) X to Y North
According to Lenz's rule
2) If a coil is compressed in a (B) field pointing into the page as shown, in what direction
is the induced current?
(A) Clockwise
(B) Counter-clockwise
(C) Into the page
(D) No induced current
Answer:

3) In the opposite figure: If the wire moved perpendicular to the magnetic flux lines in the
shown direction, then the potential of point (A) ……… the potential of point (B)
(A) Greater than.
(B) Less than.
(C) Equals.
(D) No right answer.
Answer: (A) Greater than.
(By using Fleming’s right hand rule we find the
direction of Current from (B) to (A) [A has the positive
pole so A has high potential]

47
4) In the given figure, it is noticed that an induced current passes through the
galvanometer from terminal (2) to terminal (1) when …

(A) The switch (S) is turned on.

(B) The resistance of the rheostat (R) is increased.
(C) The coil (B) is moved nearer towards the coil (A).
(D) The coil (A) is moved nearer towards the coil (B).
Answer:

5) At the instant when the coil of an AC dynamo is parallel to the direction of the
magnetic flux, the value of the magnetic flux through the coil (ϕ) and the induced
electromotive force (E) would be:
(A) Maximum, Zero.
(B) Zero, Maximum.
(C) Maximum, Maximum.
(D) Zero, Zero.
Answer: (B) Zero, Maximum
When the coil is parallel to the magnetic field, the
coil doesn't cut the magnetic flux lines so   0
and also the normal to the coil perpendicular to the
field so   90 so the induced emf is maximum.

6) 4 coils were used to obtain a current of nearly constant intensity and does not reach to
zero in the external circuit of an electric generator, the angles between these coils:

(A) 150°
(B) 30°
(C) 45°
(D) 90°
Answer: (C) 45°
Since   360 /( 2  no. of coils )  360 /( 2  4)  45

48
7) The graph represents the relation between the input
voltage (VP) versus time (t) in a step-down transformer.
So, the curve that represents the output voltage in the
secondary coil is:

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

Answer: (B)

8) If the frequency produced from a dynamo starting from parallel position is (f), so the
number of times the current in the coil reverses its direction in one second equals:
(A) f
(B) 2f
(C) f/2
(D) 2f – 1
Answer:

9) The effective of the AC current intensity produced from the dynamo ……….. its
effective value if its direction is rectified.
(A) Greater
(B) Smaller
(C) Equal
(D) Can’t be determined
Answer: (C) Equal
As it doesn’t depend on the battery (Ieff = 0.707 Imax)

49
10) In the dynamo which its coil connected with commutator, the current inside its coil is
……….., while the current in the external circuit of the coil in the dynamo is ………...
(A) AC, unidirectional
(B) unidirectional, AC
(C) variable intensity, unidirectional
(D) AC, variable intensity
Answer: (A) AC, unidirectional.

11) An ideal transformer is one which has:

(A) No energy losses.

(B) Primary power equals secondary power.
(C) Efficiency is 100%.
(D) All of above.

Answer: (D) All of above

12) Electrical transformer its primary coil is connecting with a DC voltage of 110 V and
has 100 turns, and the number of turns of the secondary coil is 10 turns, so the emf in
the secondary coil is:

(A) 11 V

(B) 100 V

(C) 1100 V

(D) 0 V

Answer: (D) 0V
Because the transformer can’t operate using DC current in the primary coil.

51
 Essay Questions
13) What is the necessary condition for?
The original current (i) and a self-induced current (iind) in an inductor are directed as
indicated in the figure.

Answer:
Decrease the intensity of the original current to produced forward induced current (in
the same direction with the original current).

14) Which is greater?

In a solenoid the rate of the current growth to its constant value or the rate of current
decaying to zero.
Answer: The rate of the current decaying is the greater. (emfforward > emfbackward)

15) In an AC dynamo, the two metal rings at the coil

terminals are replaced by a commutator. Plot a
curve to represent the generated current in this case.
Answer:

16) The figure shows a DC motor. The student connected

a battery between (x and y). The coil is now rotated
continuously in same direction. Show how should the
terminals of the battery be connected to (x and y) in
the figure to make the coil rotate clockwise as viewed.
Answer: By applying F.L.H.R on any side (ad) or (cb).
The positive pole of the battery be connected to terminal (y)
and the negative pole of the battery connected to terminal (x).

51
17) The figure represents an electric motor’s coil which passes
through it an electric current of intensity (I) and its plane is
perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field. Answer
the following:
a) What is the value of the torque on the coil at this
moment?
b) Mention the reason for the continuity of rotation of the motor’s coil when passing
through this position.
c) Assume the current intensity is constant in the coil, why is the force affecting on
the side (ab) constant in all possible positions of the coil?
Answer:

18) When the following happens?

The instantaneous induced emf produced in a dynamo’s coil = the effective induced
emf produced from the same dynamo.
Answer:
The normal to plane of coil must make angle 45o with magnetic flux lines.

19) What happens when?

Move the two brushes of the DC dynamo ¼ cycle to make the line between them
perpendicular to the flux lines.
Answer:
The current doesn't pass to the external circuit
during any position.

52
20) Compare between each:
The dynamo and motor (with respect to the function of commutator).
Answer:
Dynamo Motor

Function of Produce unidirectional current in

Make coil rotate in one direction.
commutator external circuit.

21) What are the results due to the following?

No existence of a step up electric transformer between the generating power station
and the transmission lines (with respect to the power lost in the transmission lines).
Answer:
The current intensity passing in the wires will be high, so the power lost increases.
(Power lost = I eff2 R ).

22) Give reasons for:

It is preferred to use AC current than DC current in transmitting from power station to
consuming regions.

Answer:
Because the AC current can be transmitted efficiently through power lines over long
distances from the power plant to the consumer which minimize power loss using
transformer.

53
 Problems
23) In the figure shown a single loop of radius 0.25m is in a 100mT magnetic field. At time
(t = 1 seconds) the field increases at a uniform rate so that at 11 seconds it has a value
of 600 mT. At time (t = 11 seconds) the field stops increasing. What is the induced
voltage during the following periods: (π = 22/7).
a) From (t = 0 second) to (t = 0.5 second)? (Zero)
b) From (t = 1 second) to (t = 11 seconds)? (-9.821×10-3V)

Answer:
a) From (t = 0 sec) to (t = 0.5 sec):
Δt = 0.5 – 0 = 0.5sec ΔB = 100×10-3 – 100×10-3 = Zero
BA 0    (0.25)2
emf   N  1 emf  0Volt
t 0.5
b) From (t = 1 sec) to (t = 11 sec):
Δt = 11 – 1 = 10 sec ΔB = 600×10-3 – 100×10-3 = 500×10-3 T
BA 500 103  (22 / 7)  (0.25) 2
emf   N  1 emf  9.821103 V
t 10

54
24) Two solenoids (A) and (B), spaced close to each other and sharing the same cylindrical
axis, have 400 and 700 turns respectively. A current of 3.5 A in coil (A) produces a
flux of 2.1mWb and a flux of 0.9mWb through coil (B).
a) Calculate the mutual inductance of the two solenoids. (0.18H)
b) What is the self inductance of (A). (0.24H)
c) What emf is induced in coil (B) when the current in coil (A) increases at the rate of
0.5 A/s? (0.09V)

Answer:

25) A conducting rod of length ℓ = 0.2m is free to slide on two parallel conducting bars as
shown. Two resistors R1 = 2Ω and R2 = 5Ω are connected across the ends of the bars to
form a loop. A constant magnetic flux density B = 2.5T is directed into the page. An
external agent pulls the rod to the left with a speed of v = 8m/s.
a) Find the currents in both resistors. (2A, 0.8A)
b) Calculate the magnetic force on the rod. (1.4N)
c) What is the direction of the induced current through the rod. (Downward)
d) Which terminal (A or B) has the +ve pole? (Terminal B)
Answer:

55
26) A simple dynamo of rectangular coil its length 20cm and width 10cm consists of
35turns, rotates with a uniform velocity 3600cycle in a minute inside a magnetic field
its density 0.5Tesla, find:
a) Frequency & Periodic time. (60Hz, 1/60 sec)
Answer:

b) Maximum induced emf (132V)

Answer:

c) Average induced emf after rotating 180° from the zero position (perpendicular
position). (84V)

Answer:

d) Average induced emf after rotating a half cycle from the position of the plane of
coil parallel to the field. (Zero)

Answer:

e) Average induced emf during three quarter cycle from starting position. (28V)
Answer:

56
f) Average induced emf during complete cycle. (Zero)
Answer:

g) The time till the induced emf becomes +66 V for the first time. (1/720sec)
Answer:

h) The time till the induced emf becomes –66 V for the first time. (9.72×10-3s)
Answer:

i) The maximum value for each of the potential difference and the current intensity
when the coil rotates around the axis parallel to its length with a velocity 33m/s if
the resistance of the coil 66Ω. (231V, 3.5A)

Answer:

j) The velocity of the coil when rotates to obtain maximum emf of 264 V. (37.7m/s)
Answer:

57
 27) If the A.C e.m.f. can be calculated from the relation: emf = 300 Sin (9000t), so
calculate:
a) Effective emf. (212.1V)
b) Emf when the plane of the coil parallel to the field. (300V)
c) Emf when the plane of the coil inclined with an angle 60° on the direction of the
magnetic lines. (150V)
d) Emf when the plane of the coil makes an angle 30° with the normal to the field.
(150V)
e) Emf when the coil completes 1/12 cycle from the position when emf = 0. (150V)
f) Emf when passing 1/125 sec when the plane of the coil parallel to the field.
(92.7V)
g) The consumed energy in the resistance 60Ω during one complete cycle. (29.99J)

Answer:
a) emf max  300 V
emf eff  0.707emf max emf eff  0.707  300 emf eff  212.1V
b) emf inst  emf max sin 90 emf inst  emf max  300 V

c) emf inst  emf max sin  emf inst  300  sin 30 emf inst  150 V
d) emf inst  emf max sin  emf inst  300  sin 30 emf inst  150 V

1
e)   360   30
12
emf inst = emf max sin emf inst  300  sin 30 emf inst  150 V

f) 9000t = 360ft 9000 = 360f f = 25Hz

1
θ = 360ft + 90   360  25   90   72  90   162
125
emf inst = emf max sin emf inst = 300  sin162 emf inst = 92.7V

1
OR emfinst = 300 Sin (9000t) = 300 Sin ((9000  ) + 90) emf inst = 92.7V
125
2
V 212.12 1
g) W  eff  T W  W  29.99J
R 60 25

58
28) The given graph shows the change in the value of current generated from a simple
dynamo as its coil rotates, given that (π = 3.14), find:
First: The angular velocity of the coil rotation. (157rad/sec)
Second: The average value of the generated current during 0.04 seconds. (Zero)

Answer:
First: T  0.04 sec
1 1
f  f   25 Hz
T 0.04
   2f    2  3.14  25   157rad / sec
Second:
emf av (1)  0 , so I = 0 Where at time 0.04 the current makes a complete cycle

29) The graph represents the change in the magnetic flux through the dynamo coil during
rotation in a uniform magnetic field. If the coil has cross-sectional area 0.12 m2 and 10
turns, calculate the induced emf at the instant (Y). (Consider: π = 3.14). (62.8V)
Answer:

59
30) A transformer of efficiency 80%, its secondary coil connected with an electric bulb of
resistance 10 ohm, consumes electric energy 3000 joule during 5 minutes. If the
induced emf of the electric source connected to the primary is 200V, calculate each of:
a) The current intensity passing through the secondary coil. (1A)
b) The potential difference between the terminals of the secondary coil then determine
the type of this transformer. (10V)
c) The current intensity passing through the primary coil. (0.0625A)
d) The ratio between the number of turns of the secondary coil to that of the primary
coil. (1:16)
Answer:

61
31) A step down transformer of efficiency 80%, has two secondary coils, the first is
connected to a device of power 44 Watt, operates on voltage 20V and its number of
turns is 50 turns, and the second is connected to another device labeled (32V – 0.55A).
If the transformer works on a voltage of 220V, calculate:
a) The number of turns of the primary coil. (440 turns)
b) The current intensity through the primary coil when the two devices operate
together. (0.35A)

Answer:
VP N p 0.8  220 N P
a)   NP = 440turns
VS1 N s1 20 50
PS1 44
b) Ps1  Vs1Is1 I S1   IS1  2.2A
VP1 20

VP IS1 0.8  220 2.2

  IP1 = 0.25A
VS1 I P1 20 I P1

VP I S 2 0.8  220 0.55

  IP2 = 0.1A
VS 2 I P 2 32 IP2
IP = IP1 + IP2 = 0.25 + 0.1 IP = 0.35A

32) Printer written on it (25Hz – 220V) works on an ideal step-up transformer, its primary
coil is connected to A.C. dynamo the area of its coil is 0.05m2, revolves in magnetic
flux density of 0.3Tesla and the number of turns of the dynamo equals 112 turns and
the number of turns of the primary coil of the transformer equals 610 turns. Calculate
the number of turns of secondary coil. (719 turns)

Answer:
emfmax = BAωN = BA(2πf)N
emfmax = 0.3  0.05  2 (22/7)  25  112 emfmax = 264V
emfeff = 0.707  emfmax = 0.707  264 emfeff = 186.648V
VP = emfeff = 186.648V
VP N P 1  186 .648 610
  NS = 719 turns
VS NS 220 NS

61
33) An electric power of 2105 KW was transferred from an electric station through two
wires to a factory at a distance 15Km with a potential difference of 4×105Volt, the
resistance of each kilometer is 0.2. Calculate the power lost in cable. (1.5×106 W)

Answer:
Rwire = 15  2  0.2 = 6 (distance  2 wires  resistance per each Km)
For Vst. = 4×105volt:
Pst. = Vst. Ist. 2105103 = 4105 Ist. Ist. = 500A
Iwire = Ist.= 500A
Pwire = I2wireR Pwire = (500)2  6 Pwire = 1.5106W

Graph
34) The following table represents the instantaneous values of the current generated by AC
dynamo through a half revolution:

Current Intensity
0 4.6 8.5 11 12 11 8.5 4.6 0
(amperes)

Time
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
(milliseconds)

Draw the graphical relation through a half cycle such that time is presented on X-axis
and the current intensity on Y-axis, then from the graph:
a) Find the periodic time (8m.sec)
b) Find the maximum value of the current (12A)
c) How many time it gives zero during one second. (251times)
Answer:
a) From the graph: T = 8msec

b) From the graph: Imax = 12A

1
c) NZero = 2f + 1 = 2( )+1
T

1
NZero = 2( ) + 1 = 251 Times
8 10  3

62
63
64
65
 Multiple Choice Questions
1) If two currents of 2A, 4A passed in a hot wire ammeter, then the ratio of deflection
respectively is:
(A) 1:2
(B) 2:1
(C) 1:4
(D) 4:1
Answer:

2) Two capacitors have capacitance (C1 and C2) where (C1 = 2C2). They are connected
together in series to an AC supply. In this case, the charge on the plates of the
capacitor (C1) is ....... that on the plates of the capacitor (C2).
(A) double
(B) equal to
(C) a half of
(D) a quarter of
Answer: (B) equal to
The two capacitors are connected together in series, then the quantity of charge will be
constant.

3) Which of the following graphs expresses the change in both of the current intensity (I)
and the total potential difference (V) with time in an electric circuit containing ohmic
resistance and AC source?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Answer: (D)
As the voltage and the current are in phase.

66
4) Which diagram represents the vectors of the total voltage and the current in a circuit
consisting of a capacitor, an ohmic resistance and an AC supply?

Answer: (a)
Because the voltage lags the current by phase angle  < 90

5) From the circuit shown, the emf of the source is:

(A) 12V
(B) 16V
(C) 80V
(D) 112V
Answer: (C) 80V
VT  VR  VL VT  642  482 VT  80V
2 2

6) In the circuit shown:

In the circuit shown, the source is replaced by another
of the same voltage but of higher frequency. Which
choice (A, B, C or D) in the table below gives the
change that would happen to the readings (A1 and A2)?

NO Reading of hot wire ammeter (A1) Reading of hot wire ammeter (A2)
(A) Increases Decreases
(B) Decreases Increases
(C) Decreases Decreases
(D) Increases Increases

Answer:

67
7) Capacitive reactance of a capacitor connected with AC source (220V, 60Hz) …………
its capacitive reactance when connected with AC source (120V, 60Hz).
(A) greater than
(B) less than
(C) equal
(D) can’t be determine
Answer: (C) equal
1
XC  (XC doesn’t depend on voltage)
2fC

8) AC circuit contains an ohmic resistance (R), an induction coil its inductive reactance is
(3R) and a capacitor its capacitive reactance is (2R) are connected in series then the
phase angle equals:
(A) 0ᵒ.
(B) 30ᵒ.
(C) 45ᵒ.
(D) 60ᵒ.
X L  X C 3R  2R
Answer: (C) 45° tan    1   tan 1 1   45
R R

9) When a capacitor is connected in series to the given circuit, it is noticed that the reading
of the hot wire ammeter is unchanged. In this case, the capacitive reactance of the
capacitor is ………. the inductive reactance of the coil.
(A) Half.
(B) Equal to.
(C) Twice.
(D) Three times.
Answer: (C) Twice.
I1  I 2 Z1  Z 2 Z1  R 2  X L
2
Z 2  R 2  (X L  X C ) 2

So the capacitive reactance must be twice the inductive reactance

(XC = 2XL) to be (Z1 = Z2).

68
10) Magnitude of current at resonance in RLC circuit, depends upon:
(A) the magnitude of (R)
(B) the magnitude of (L)
(C) the magnitude of (C)
(D) R, L and C
Answer: (A) the magnitude of (R)
Resonance Z = R

11) If the effective value of the alternating current passing in (RLC) resonance circuit is
5A, so when removing the capacitor from the circuit, the effective value of the current
becomes:
(A) Equal 5A
(B) Greater than 5A
(C) Less than 5A
(D) None of the above
Answer: (C) Less than 5A
Resonance Z  R and when removing the capacitor, the impedance increases
1
Z  R 2  X L and the current decreases I  
2

Z

69
 Essay Questions
12) A number of identical lamps are connected to a dry cell and labeled as shown in the
diagram.
a) Arrange these lamps in a descending order according to their brightness.
b) What happens to the brightness of the lamps (P1), (P3) when the filament of the
lamp (P2) is burnt out?
c) What happens to the brightness of the lamps (P1), (P3) if there is a capacitor instead
of the lamp (P4)?
Answer:

71
13) What would happen to the reading of the hot wire ammeter when the switch (K) is
closed? Explain your answer.

Answer:
The reading of ammeter will increase to double.
Because when (K) is closed, the cuircuit contains two capacitor connected in parallel,
X 1
so X CT  C . As X C  so the current increase to double.
2 I
14) A solenoid is connected to an AC supply. What is the effect of the following
modifications on its inductive reactance?
First: Inserting a soft iron rod inside it.
Second: Stretching its turns slightly away from each other.
Answer:
First: The inductive reactance (XL) will increase.
Because Lself  (N2A) / LSol , as the iron core has higher permeability (µ), so the self-
inductance increases (Lself), as XL = 2πfL so (XL α L).
Second: The inductive reactance (XL) will decrease.
Because L self  (N 2 A) / L Sol , when stretching its turns slightly away from each other, the
length of solenoid increase, so the self-inductance decreases (Lself), as XL = 2πfL so (XL α L).

15) What happens to the reading of the hot wire ammeter in the circuit shown in figure
when the coil is replaced by a resistance of 200 Ω? Explain the reason.

Answer:
Before replacing the coil by a resistance:
 Z  R 2  X 2L Z  R 2  200 2
After replacing the coil by the resistance of 200Ω: R eq  R  200
 The algebraic sum is greater than the vectors sum, so (R + 200) ˃ R 2  200 2
 The current intensity decreases and the reading of the hot wire ammeter decreases.

71
16) When these values equal zero?
a) The inductive reactance for a coil.
b) Capacitive reactance of a capacitor of constant capacitance connected with AC
source.
Answer:
a) When the wire is double wounded OR DC current passes through it.
1
b) At high frequencies X C  .
f

17) What are the results due to the following?

Existence of an ohmic resistance in the coil of the oscillating circuit (with respect to
quantity of charge on the two capacitor plates).
Answer:
The quantity of charge on the two capacitor plates will
decrease, as the resistance increases so the current decreases so
the charge will decrease (I = Q/t).

18) The AC circuit shown in the diagram is in a state of resonance.

Would the circuit be kept at resonance when the switch (K) is
turned on? And why?

Answer:
Yes it will be kept at resonance when the switch (K) is turned on.
Because the resonance will change if the frequency is changed and (L, C) changed. So
when the key is turned on the AC source unchanged so the frequency remains constant
and the value of (L) and (C) not changed. (XL = XC)

72
 Problems
19) If a coil is connected to a battery of emf 11V, the intensity of the current passing in it is
2.2A, when the coil was connected in series with a capacitor of capacitive reactance
17Ω, ohmic resistance of 7Ω and an alternating current source of frequency 50Hz and
its emf is 13V, the intensity of the current was 1A. Calculate the self inductance of the
coil. Then calculate the consumed power in the last circuit. (π = 22/7) (0.07H, 12W)
Answer:

20) In the circuit below, if the phase angle between the total voltage and current is 30˚, what
will happen to the phase angle when the capacitor is connected in series to another
similar capacitor? Then calculate the power consumed as heat energy in the circuit in
this case. (Zero, 72W)

Answer:
When connected capacitor in series in the circuit of
1
(XC = XL).
2
1 1
 X CT  XL  XL XCT  XL so the circuit will be in resonance case and the
2 2
phase angle decrease from 30˚ to zero.

Z  R  200 I  V  120  0.6A P  I 2 R  (0.6) 2  200  72W

Z 200

73
21) AC dynamo’s coil consists of 30 turns and the area of each is 0.07m2. It rotates in a
uniform magnetic field of magnetic flux density 0.15T with a rate of 50 cycle per
second, a brush is connected to a capacitor of a capacitive reactance 100Ω. Given that
(π = 22/7) with neglecting the resistance of the dynamo’s coil. Calculate:
1. The maximum induced electromotive force across the two terminals of the dynamo’s
coil. (99V)
2. The effective value of the passing current in the circuit. (0.699A)
3. Determine what happens to the effective value of the current in the circuit when
increasing the rate of the dynamo’s coil rotation to the double.

Answer:

22) In the electric circuit shown in figure, find the value of (I1, I2, and I3) then find the charge on
the capacitor when it charged (knowing that in this case the current passing in its branch
equals zero). (2A, 4A, 2A, 1×10-5C)
Answer:

74
 23) An inductive coil with zero ohmic resistance, AC supply of electromotive force 260V
and a hot wire ammeter its reading 2A are connected togther in series. If you know that
the ratio between the potential difference across the terminals of the ammeter to the

 
potential difference across the terminals of the coil equals 5 . Calculate:
12
a) The ratio between the resistance of the ammeter and the inductive reactance of the
coil. (5/12)
b) The impedance of the circuit. (130Ω)
c) The resistance of the hot wire ammeter. (50Ω)
Answer:
VA 5 IR A 5 RA 5
a)   
VL 12 IX L 12 X L 12
V 260
b) Z  T Z Z 130
I 2
2
12  12 
c) Z  R  X
2 2 2
As XL  R A Z  R   RA 
2 2

5 
A L A
5
144 2 169 2
130 2  R 2A  RA 16900  RA R 2A  2500 R A  50 
25 25
5
OR VR  VL VT2  VR2  VL2
A
12 A

2
5  196 2
260   VL   VL2
2
2602  VL VL  240volt
 12  144
VR  100
A
VR A
 IR 100  2R R  50

24) AC current source its emf 150V and its frequency 35Hz is connected in series with
ohmic resistance of 60Ω. Calculate the current intensity passing in the circuit. What is
the capacitance of the capacitor that if connected in series to this circuit the current
intensity decrease to 0.6 of its value in the first case? (π = 22/7) (2.5A, 5.68×10-5F)
Answer:

75
 25) A series RC circuit consumes a power of 400 W when connected to 260V, 50Hz
supply. The voltage across the resistor is 100V. (π = 22/7). Calculate:
1) The resistance and the passing current intensity. (25Ω, 4A)
2) The impedance and the capacitance of the capacitor. (65Ω, 5.303×10-5F)
3) Mention the behavior of the circuit.
4) Plot vectors relative to the indicated current vector in the
opposite diagram to express:
- The voltage across the supply terminals.
- The voltage across the capacitor.

Answer:

VR2 1002
1) P  400  R  25
R R
VR 100
I I I  4A
R 25
P 400
OR I I I  4A
V 100
VT 260
2) Z  Z Z  65
I 4

Z  R 2  Xc 65  252  X c2 65 2  25 2  X c2 Xc  652  252 X c  60

2

1 1
Xc  60  C  5.303 105 F
2fC 2  (22 / 7)  50  C
3) The circuit behaves as a capacitive reactance.
4)

76
26) A wireless transmission circuit contains a resonance circuit consists of an induction
49
coil of self-inductance mH and a capacitor which the potential difference between
121
its plates is 9 V, and one of its plates is located with a charge of 0.36 mC. Knowing that
(π = 22/7).
a) Calculate the frequency of the resonance circuit. (1250Hz)
b) Calculate the reactance of each of the coil and the capacitor. And then find the
phase angle between the total voltage and the current. (3.182Ω, zero)
Answer:
Q 0.36 103 1 1
a) C    4 105 F F   1250Hz
V 9 2 L  C 22 49
2   103  4  105
7 121
22 49 35
b) X C  X L  2fL  2  1250  103   3.182
7 121 11
1 1 35
XC  XL   5
  3.182
2fC 2  1250 4  10 11

Phase angle = zero

27) From the opposite graph:

It represents the relation between each of the ohmic resistance, inductive reactance and
capacitive reactance with the frequency of the source in RLC circuit if knowing that the
capacitance of the capacitor is 2µF, (π = 22/7). Calculate.
a) The self-induction coefficient of the coil. (0.051H)
b) If the voltage of the A.C. source equals 400V, find the highest current intensity
passing through the circuit. (2A)

Answer:
1
a) L 
4 f C
2 2

1
L L  0.051H
22
4  ( ) 2  5002  2  106
7
b) V  IR 400  I  200  I  2A

77
 28) In the electric circuit shown in figure, the value of current is 2A. Given that (π = 22/7)
First: Is the circuit in a state of resonance?
Second: Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor (C).

Answer:
First: Yes the circuit will be in resonance state, because the impedance of the circuit
equal the ohmic resistance in the circuit Z = V/I = 50/2 = 25Ω, so Z = R.
1 1
Second: From rule f  C
2 LC 4 2 f 2 L
1
C C  1.0124 105 F
4  (22 / 7) 2  50 2 1
OR XL  2fL  2  (22 / 7)  50 1  314.28 At resonance XC  X L  314.28

XC  1/ 2fC 314 .28  1 /( 2  (22 / 7)  50  C) C  1.0124 105 F

Graph
29) In AC circuit consists of a capacitor, it’s found that capacitive reactance (XC) changes
with angular velocity (  ), it changes according to the following table:

1/ω (×10-3) (rad/sec)-1 1 2 3 4 5 6

XC (ohm) 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15
a) Plot a graph relating the reciprocal of the angular velocity on horizontal axis and the
capacitive reactance on the vertical axis.
b) From the graph find the capacitance of the capacitor. ( 4 104 F )
Answer:
y X C
b) Slope  
x 1 / 
1
Slope  X C 
C
5  2.5
Slope   2500
(2  1)  10 3
1
C  4  10 4 F
2500

78
79
81
81
82
 Multiple Choice Questions
Givens:
Velocity of light (c) = 3×108m/s, Planck's constant (h) = 6.625×10-34J.s, Electron
charge (e) = 1.6×10-19C, Mass of electron (me) = 9.1×10-31Kg and π = 22/7
1) An electron moves at velocity (ν) under the effect of potential difference (V). If the
potential difference applied to the electron is increased to (2V), the electron velocity
increases to:
(A) 2ν
(B) 2
(C) 4

(D) 1 
2
Answer:

2) To increase the light intensity of the final image on the fluorescent screen in the
cathode ray tube:
(A) Increase the potential of the anode.
(B) Increase the potential of the grid.
(C) Decrease the potential of the anode.
(D) Decrease the potential of the grid.
Answer:

3) According to experiment concerned with the photoelectric effect, which of the

following will increase the kinetic energy of an electron ejected from a metal surface?
(A) Increasing the wavelength of the light striking the surface.
(B) Increasing the frequency of the light striking the surface.
(C) Increasing the number of photons of the light striking the surface.
(D) Both B and C.
Answer: (B) Increasing the frequency of the light striking the surface.

83
4) In the opposite graph, (K.E.) is the kinetic energy of the photoelectron and (f) is the
frequency of incident photon on a metal. So the ratio between value of (a) and (b) is:
(A) Planck's constant
(B) Critical frequency
(C) Work function
(D) Critical wavelength

Answer: (A) Planck's constant

Point (a) is: (EW) Point (b) is: (υc) so the ratio (a/b) is (EW/ υc) equals (h)

5) This graph shows the maximum kinetic energy for the emitted electrons from
potassium metal at number of frequencies.

Which of the following graphs shows the correct comparison when replacing the
potassium with silver of work function (4.73eV)?

Answer:

84
6) In a Compton scattering, the scattered photon has an energy of 120 keV and the
scattered electron has energy of 40 keV.The energy of the incident photon is:

(A) 3 KeV
(B) 80 KeV
(C) 160 KeV
(D) 2.56 × 10-14 V

Answer: (C) 160KeV

K.E. electron  E photon  before collision = K.E.electron  E photon  after collision

0  E photon  before collision = (40  120 ) after collision

E photon before
 160 KeV

7) In Compton Effect, the particle property of photon has been proved by applying:
(A) Law of conservation of mass – energy.
(B) Law of conservation of momentum.
(C) De Broglie equation.
(D) Law of conservation of mass.
Answer: (B) Law of conservation of momentum

8) An X-ray photon has an energy (E) and wavelength (λ), we can say about the
momentum (PL) carried by this photon that:
E
(A) PL 
c2
E
(B) PL 
c
h
(C) PL 

(D) Both B and C
Answer: (D) Both B and C

85
9) The wavelength of an electron that has been accelerated through a potential difference
of 100V is ………
(A) 3A°
(B) 2.1A°
(C) 1.2A°
(D) 12.4nm
Answer: (C) 1.2A°
1
K.E.  eV K.E.  me v 2
2
1
100  1.6  1019   9.1 1031  v 2 v  5.9 106 m / s
2
h 6.625  10 34 
    1.234 10 m10
  1.2 A
me v 9.1  10 31  5.9  10 6

10) If momentum of a body increased by 25%, then its kinetic energy nearly increased
by.....
(A) 65%
(B) 56%
(C) 38%
(D) 25%
Answer:

11) If kinetic energy of a body increased 16 times, then the percentage change for the
wavelength of De-Broglie is ……..
(A) 75%
(B) 60%
(C) 50%
(D) 25%
Answer:

86
12) The ratio between the dimensions of viruses seen by electron microscope to the
wavelength of the wave that associates the motion of electron beam used is:
(A) Greater than one
(B) Equal one
(C) Less than one
(D) None of the above
Answer: (A) Greater than one
As (λelectron < dimensions of object)

13) The ratio between the kinetic energy of the electron to its velocity is ……
h
(A)
2

h
(B) 2


h
(C)


h
(D)
4

h
Answer: (A)
2

1 K.E 1 h
K.E  me v2  me v From the relations ( PL  me v and  )
2 v 2 PL

K.E 1 K.E h
  PL  
v 2 v 2

87
 Essay Questions
14) How did Max Planck explain the decrease in the intensity of the blackbody radiation
as the frequency exceeds a certain limit?
Answer:
Photons energy increases with increasing frequency, but their number decreases with
increasing energy.
OR As (PW = ϕLE) when the (PW) is constant, (ϕL) is the intensity and (E = hυ) so (ϕL α 1/υ)
so when the frquency increased, the intensity decreased.

15) What is the factor affecting on the following?

The wavelength which has the maximum radiation intensity in Planck’s distribution.
Answer: Temperature in kelvin (λmaxα1/Temperature).

16) When each of these value equal zero? The radiation intensity of a glowing body.
Answer: At very high or very low frequencies (wavelength).

17) Give reason for:

The dominant color of light emitted from an incandescent lamp differs than that
emitted by burning charcoal.
Answer:
Due to Wien’s law (λmaxα1/Temperature), an incandescent lamp differs than the
burning charcoal in temperature, so the color of light (wavelength) emitted from an
incandescent lamp differs than that emitted by burning charcoal.

18) Give reason for of the following phenomena:

a) Natural resources underground can be detected remotely.
b) Visible light can not penetrate through your hand.
Answer:
a) There are satellites and airborne as well as terrestrial equipment which map and
photograph the surface of the earth, using different regions of the spectrum including
the infrared radiation emitted by the surface of the earth.
b) Because the wavelength of the visible light is greater than the interatomic distance of
the hand.

88
19) This diagram shows Cathode Ray Tube:
a) Which part (A, B or C) is the source of the cathode rays? And what is the material
that part (D) is coated with?
b) Explain why there is a need to be a vacuum inside the tube.
c) Mention one result of: Stopping the action of the electric and the magnetic fields in
the cathode ray tube as the electron beam passes.

Answer:
a) Part (A) is the source of the cathode rays.
Part (D) coated with fluorescent material.
b) Because the air resistance is very high due to collision of electrons with air
molecules.
c) - The electron beam passes in a straight line and hits at the middle of the screen.
OR - A glowing point appears at the middle of the screen.

20) In the photoelectric effect experiment. As violet light shines on the sodium target,
electrons leave the sodium and move, causing a small current in the circuit. While
violet light shines more at the sodium, what will be this effect on?
a) The electron speed.
b) The current intensity in the circuit.
Answer:
a) The electron speed: Remain constant.
b) The current intensity in the circuit: Increase.

21) Give reason for:

Compton effect considered as a proof for the particle nature of the photon.
Answer:
As the photon collied with the electron, the electron scattered (moved)
So it proved that the photon is a particle with a linear momentum (mass and velocity).

89
22) Compare between:
A. Electron microscope and optical microscope (with respect to usage).
B. Thermal imaging and photography (with respect to type of the used radiation).
Answer:
Point Electron Microscope Optical Microscope
Detect diminutive objects
A. Detect small objects
(very small objects) using
Usage using light beam
electron beam
(λlight < dimensions of object)
(λelectron < dimensions of object)

Point Thermal Imaging Photography

B. Type of the
Infrared (IR) Visible Light
used radiation

23) Mention one result of:

Increasing the voltage between the anode and the cathode in the electron microscope.
Answer:
- Decreasing the wavelength associating the electron beam.
OR - Increasing the resolving power of the microscope.
OR - Increasing the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons from the cathode.

24) Complete the following table:

Unit Equivalent Unit Physical Quantity

Joule/volt.sec
Planck's constant
Tesla.m/Ampere

Answer:

Unit Equivalent Unit Physical Quantity

Joule/volt.sec Ampere Electric current
Kg.m2/sec Joule.Sec Planck's constant
Weber/Ampere.m Tesla.m/Ampere Permeability

91
 Problems
25) The work function of a cesium metal surface is 2.16 × 10–19 J.
a) Calculate the minimum frequency of radiation that will emit photoelectrons from
this metal. (3.26×1014Hz)
b) If light of wavelength 589 nm is incident on the surface, calculate the maximum
kinetic energy gained by each photoelectron in electron volt. (0.76eV)
c) Calculate the maximum velocity with which photoelectrons will be emitted from
the surface. (516.54×103m/s)
Answer:

91
 26) The table records the radiation intensity of some frequencies (A, B and C) in a certain
spectrum. Each radiation is used to illuminate a metallic surface its work function
3.056×10-19J. Which radiation of (A, B or C) is able to free the greatest number of
electrons per second. (Radiation (B))

Radiation Frequency Intensity

A 3.5 × 1014Hz High
B 5.5 × 1014Hz Medium
C 7.5 × 1014Hz Low
Answer: Radiation (B)
E W  h c 3.056  1019  6.625  1034  c c  4.6  1014 Hz
The frequency of radiation (B) and (C) is larger than the critical frequency, so the two
radiations emit electrons from the metallic surface but because the intensity of the
radiation (B) is larger than the intensity of the radiation (C), so the radiation (B) is able
to free the greatest number of electrons per second.

27) Some particles which have the same type and same charge are affected by the same
potential difference, this table shows the masses of these particles.
a) Find the ratio between kinetic energy gained by these particles. (1:1:1)

b) Determine the two particles which the ratio between its velocities 1:3, then find the
ratio between the wavelengths accompanied for each. (A & B, 3)

Answer: Particle Mass (Kg)

A 3×10-31
B 27×10-31
C 81×10-31

92
28) Consider a beam of light with a power of 1Watt and a wavelength of 800 nm. Calculate:
a) The frequency of the light wave, and the photon energy of the photons in the beam.
(3.75×1014Hz, 2.48×10-19J)
b) Mass of photon. (2.76×10-36Kg)
c) Momentum of photon. (8.28×10-28Kg.m/s)
d) The number of photons provided by the beam in one second. (4.03×1018photons/sec)
e) The force of the photons. (6.667×10-9N)

Answer:
c 3  10 8
a)      3.75  1014 Hz
 800  10  9
E  h E  6.625 1034  3.75 1014 E  2.48  10 19 J
b) E  mc 2 2.48  1019  m(3 108 ) 2 m  2.76 1036 Kg
h 6.625  1034
OR m m m  2.76 1036 Kg
c 3  108  800 109
c) PL  mc PL  2.76 1036  3 108 PL  8.28  1028 Kg.m / s
h 6.625  10 34
OR PL  PL  PL  8.28  1028 Kg.m / s
 800  10  9
d) Pw  E L 1  2.48  10 19   L  L  4.03  1018 photons / sec
2PW 2 1
e) F  F F  6.667  10 9 N
c 3  10 8

93
 Graph
29) The following table represents the relation between the potential difference (V) and
square the velocity of electrons (v2) emitted from the cathode of cathode ray tube.
(Knowing that: me = 9.1×10-31Kg, h = 6.625×10-34J.s)

V (Volt) 100 022 022 400 500 600

v2 (×1013) (m2/s2) 3.5 7 10.5 14 17.5 21

a) Draw a graphical relation between (V) on X-axis and (v2) on Y-axis.

b) From the graph find:

- The slope.

- The wavelength of a wave associating the motion of the electrons when the potential
difference is 700V. ( 4.65 1011 m )

Answer:

a) Drawing
Y v 2 1 v 2 2e 2e
b) - Slope   as eV  m e v 2 so   Slope 
X V 2 V me me

- From the graph, when the voltage is 700 Volt, the square of the velocity of electron
equals (24.5×1013 m2/s2)
h
 v  24 .5  10 13  15 .65  10 6 m / s  
mev

6.625  1034
    4.65  1011 m
9.1  1031  15.65  106

94
95
96
97
 Multiple Choice Questions
Givens:
Velocity of light (c) = 3×108m/s, Planck's constant (h) = 6.625×10-34J.s, electron charge
(e) = 1.6×10-19C, mass of electron (me) = 9.1×10-31Kg and π = 22/7
1) The electron in a hydrogen atom moving in a level of radius 21.12×10-11m as shown,
the momentum of the electron is = ………Kg.m/s
(A) 1.49×10-24

(B) 1.99×10-24

(C) 9.98×10-25

(D) 1×1024
Answer:

2) An electron moves in an energy shell (n = 4) around the nucleus of the hydrogen atom
and accompanied by a standing wave of length (λ).
The radius of the shell is given by:
(A) 4 / 
(B) 2 / 
(C)  / 
(D)  / 2

Answer: (B) 2λ/π

From rule: rn  n \ 2  n  4  rn  4 \ 2  2 \ 

98
3) In the following energy level diagram of a hydrogen atom, which transition will give
an emission of photon of the shortest wavelength?
(A) P
(B) Q
(C) R
(D) S
Answer: (D) S
Shortest wavelength …. Highest frequency …. Highest energy. (Level 1)

4) The longest wavelength in paschen series can occur when the excited electron returns
from …..
(A) [n = 7 to n = 2]

(B) [n = 4 to n = 3]

(C) [n = 3 to n = 2]

(D) [n = 2 to n = 1]

Answer: (B) [n = 4 to n = 3]
Longest wavelength …. Lowest frequency …. Lowest energy.

5) Which of the following transitions would give the longest wavelength absorption line:
(A) [n = 1 to n = 2]

(B) [n = 2 to n = 3]

(C) [n = 1 to n = 3]

(D) [n = 4 to n = 2]

Answer:

99
 6) The shortest wavelength of the Balmer series will be:
(A) 122 nm

(B) 658 nm

(C) 13.4 nm

(D) 365 nm

c
Answer: (D) 365 nm Eh


1  13 .6  e  1 1  1  13 .6  1.6  10 19  1 1 
   2   
 hc  n higher n lower 
2
 6.625  10 34  3  10 8   2 2 
1  13 .6  1.6  10 19  1 1
  0   2.74  10 6   365nm
 6.625  10 34  3  10 8 2 2  

7) The longest wavelength in paschen series equals:

(A) 8.22×10-7m

(B) 6.57×10-7m

(C) 3.65×10-7m

(D) 1.88×10-6m
Answer: (D) 1.88×10-6m
1  13 .6  e  1 1  1  13.6  1.6  10 19  1 1 
Longest λ:    2     
 hc  n higher n lower 
2
 max 6.625  10 34  3  108  4 2 32 
 max  1.88  106 m

8) Producing of X-rays in Coolidge tube represents a model of energy transformation

according to the following sequence:

(A) Mechanical energy → Electric energy → Electromagnetic energy

(B) Electromagnetic energy → Mechanical energy → Electric energy
(C) Electric energy → Mechanical energy → Electromagnetic energy
(D) Electric energy → Electromagnetic energy → Mechanical energy

Answer: (C) Electric energy → Mechanical energy → Electromagnetic energy

111
 Essay Questions
9) Which of these values are the greatest? Why?
The velocity of emitted photons from hydrogen atoms in Balmer's series or the velocity
of emitted photons in Paschen's series.
Answer:
The two quantities is equal due to the photons is propagate with the same speed.

10) Determine the case that the following happens:

Emission of a line spectrum from the hydrogen atom has the longest wavelength in the
visible region.
Answer:
The electron moves down from the higher level (M) (n = 3) to the level (L) (n = 2)
(Balmer's series).

11) Mention ONE application for the following:

Absorption line spectrum for elements.
Answer:
Used to detect the kind of element when white light passes through it.
12) What is the idea or the method by which scientists could …?
Identify the presence of hydrogen and helium in the sun's atmosphere.
Answer:
By using spectrometer and analyze the sun spectrum we found that some wavelengths
are missing due to presence of helium and hydrogen (absorption line spectrum).

13) Compare between each of:

Continuous spectrum and line spectrum (with respect to the definition with mentioning
one example).
Point of
Continuous Spectrum line spectrum
comparison
It consists of all frequencies and It occurs at specified
Definition wavelengths in a continuous frequencies and wavelengths
manner and not continuously distributed
White Light source passing Fraunhofer lines
Example
through a prism Laser

111
 14) Write down ONE function:
The objective lens in the spectrometer.
Answer:
The objective lens focuses the rays belonging to the same color at the focal plane of the lens.

15) Mention two effects of X-rays make it suitable for imaging bone fractures.
Answer:
- Penetration. - Affecting sensitive photographic plate.

16) What are the factors affecting on the shortest wavelength of X-rays?
Answer:

17) Compare between the line x-rays and the continuous x-rays with respect to each of the
following:
a) Replacing the target in Coolidge tube by another one of higher atomic number.
b) Replacing the high voltage battery in Coolidge tube by another one of low voltage
battery.
c) Replacing the high voltage battery in Coolidge tube by another one of higher
voltage battery.
d) Replacing the source of heating battery in Coolidge tube by another one of higher
voltage battery.
Answer:

112
 Problems
18) When the atomic spectrum of the hydrogen atom is analyzed, a blue spectral line in the
visible region of wavelength 434.1 nanometer is obtained.
a) Calculate the energy of the shell to which the electron has transmitted to emit such
spectral line. (  5.44 1019 J )
b) Determine the energy level from which the electron has transmitted to emit this
wavelength. ( n  5)
Answer:
 13.6e
a) E n 
n2
 13.6
E2   3.4eV E 2  3.4 1.6 1019 E 2  5.44 1019 J
22
hc
b) E photon  E unknown  E 2  E unknown  E 2

6.625  10 34  3  10 8
 E unknown  (5.44  10 19 )
434 .1  10 9

4.58 1019  E unknown  5.44 1019 E unknown  8.6 1020 J  0.54eV

 13.6  13.6
E unknown  0.54  n n  5 (From fifth level)
n2  0.54

19) Calculate the longest wavelength of spectrum in the visible region emitted by the
hydrogen atom. ( 6.576 107 m )
Answer:
The longest wavelength in the visible region (n = 3 to n = 2)
1  13 .6  e  1 1 
   2 
 hc  n higher n lower 
2

1  13.6  1.6  10 19 1 1

 (  )   6.576  10 7 m
 6.625  10 34  3  10 8 3 2 2 2

113
 20) An energy-level diagram for a hydrogen atom is shown below.
a) Determine the frequency of the lowest energy photon that could ionize the atom,
initially in its first state. (3.28×1015Hz)
b) If the atom is initially in the first state. And the atom affected with an
electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 1.027×10-7 meter. To which state the atom
will be excited? (Third state)
c) Assume the atom has been excited to the fourth state.
i. How many spectral lines could be emitted? (6 spectral lines)
ii. Determine the wavelength that is in the visible range the atom will emit.
(4.87×10-7m)
Answer:

114
21) An X-ray tube operates at a potential of 25KV and a beam current of 30m.A with an
efficiency of 2%. Calculate:

a) The minimum wavelength of the X-ray produced. (4.97×10-11m)

b) The maximum velocity to accelerate the electrons from the cathode to the anode.
(93.76×106m/s)
c) The maximum momentum of the X-ray photons produced by the tube.
(1.33×10-23Kg.m/s)

d) The electrical energy used by the tube each second. (750W)

e) The heat energy produced per second at the target. (735W)

Answer:
hc
a) E  eV 

6.625  1034  3  108
1.6  10  25  10 
19 3


  4.97  10 m 11

1 eV
b) E  m e v 2  eV v2 
2 1
me
2
1.6  10 19  25  103
v v  93.76 106 m / s
1
 9.1  10 31
2
h
c) PL 

6.625  1034
PL  PL  1.33  1023 kg.m / s
4.97  10 11

d) Pelectric = VI = 25 × 103 × 30 × 10-3 P = 750W

2
e) Px-ray = 2% × Pelectric =  750 = 15W
100
PHeat = Pelectric – Px-ray = 750 – 15 PHeat = 735W

115
 22) In an experiment, an X-ray tube using electrical energy per second by the tube (Pelectric).
The X-rays energy produced per second at the tube (PX-ray) is recoreded as shown in the
table

Electrical energy used per

500 1000 1500 2000 2500
second (watt)

X-rays energy produced per

5 10 15 20 25
second (watt)

Represent these results graphically such that the electrical energy/sec is plotted on
the ordinate and x-rays energy/sec on the abscissa then find:

a) Efficency of the tube (4%)

Answer:
Y Pelectric
Slope  
X PXray

Y 1000  500
Slope    25
X 10  5

PXray 1
efficency   100   100
Pelectric 25

efficency  4%

116
117
118
119
 Multiple Choice Questions
1) The emission from Neon lamp is:
(A) Spontaneous
(B) Stimulated
(C) Absorption
(D) Continuous
Answer: (A) Spontaneous

2) The velocity of laser beam is …….. the velocity of ordinary light:

(A) Higher than
(B) Equal to
(C) Lower than
(D) There is no relation
Answer: (B) Equal to

3) In He–Ne LASER, the laser photon emitted by a neon atom has energy ……… the
photon energy that has transferred to the neon atom when collided with an excited
helium atom.
(A) Less than
(B) Equal to
(C) Greater than
(D) None of the previous
Answer:

111
4) A red laser beam can travel for a longer distance than that traveled by a beam of
ordinary blue light having the same intensity, because:
(A) Energy of the red laser beam is greater than the energy of ordinary blue light beam.
(B) Mass of the red laser photon is less than the mass of ordinary blue light photon.
(C) Speed of the red laser photon is greater than the speed of ordinary blue light photon.
(D) The spreading angle of the red laser beam is less than the spreading angle of the
ordinary blue light beam.
Answer: (D) The spreading angle of the red laser beam is less than the spreading
angle of the ordinary blue light beam

5) The function of He atoms in the He-Ne laser is …….

(A) to relax the neon atoms
(B) to provide energy to the neon atoms
(C) to make neon atoms inactive
(D) none of the above
Answer: (B) to provide energy to the neon atoms

6) The lifetime of a Neon atom in a meta stable state is of the order of …….
(A) 10−8 sec
(B) 10−10 sec
(C) 10−3 sec
(D) 10−1 sec
Answer: (C) 10−3 sec

7) Recording of a hologram is governed by the phenomenon of …….

(A) polarization
(B) diffraction
(C) interference
(D) refraction
Answer: (C) interference

111
 Essay Questions
8) Compare between each:
Laser light and ordinary light (with respect to angle of deviation of rays).
Answer:
Point Laser Ordinary light
Angle of deviation Small Large

9) What happens with mentioning the reason for each of the following if found?
a) Pressure of gas in (He-Ne) laser tube is equal to normal atmospheric pressure.
Answer:
b) The two mirrors of the resonant cavity are not parallel or not on one axis.
Answer:
10) Why the spectrum produced from stimulated emission is always line spectrum?
Answer:

11) Give reason for:

Population inversion of neon atoms occurs in He-Ne laser.
Answer: Due to the long lifetime (nearly 10-3sec) of meta-stable state in neon atoms.
12) Each diagram (X and Z) shows an atom
of the active medium that produces laser.
What would happen if a photon of
energy  (E 2  E1 ) falls on each of them?

Answer: Diagram (Z): The stimulated emission will occur, where electron moves down
to state (E1) emitting photon with the same phase and energy of the original photon.
Diagram (X): The atom will be excited to the higher state (E2).

13) Clarify (without drawing) the case that the following happens:
Characterizing the resonant cavity in the laser device as internal.
Answer: When we use solid active medium in laser device (Ruby laser).

14) What is the idea or the method by which scientists could …?

Form a 3D image through the coded image on a hologram.
Answer: Illuminating the hologram with a laser of the same wavelength and looking
through it with the naked eye.

112
113
114
115
 Multiple Choice Questions
1) On raising up the temperature of a copper coil and a silicon crystal gradually, so the
conductivity of:
(A) Copper increases and silicon decreases.
(B) Copper decreases and silicon increases.
(C) Both of them increase.
(D) Both of them decrease.
Answer:

2) By doping a pure semiconductor crystal with trivalent atoms, the crystal becomes:
(A) Positively charge
(B) Negatively charge
(C) Neutral charge
(D) No charged
Answer: (C) Neutral charge
Because we add atoms not ions, so they do not gain or lose any electrons.

3) A sample of silicon (Si) is doped with 5×1013cm-3 of boron(B), if the electron or hole
concentration in pure silicon (Si) is 1×1010cm-3, the concentration of electrons equals:
(A) 5×1013cm-3
(B) 5×10-7cm-3
(C) 2×106cm-3
(D) 1×1010cm-3
(11010 ) 2
2
n
Answer: (C) 2×10 cm 6 -3
n i n n  2 106 cm3
NA 5 1013

4) Capturing a free electron by a positive hole in the silicon crystal leads to:
(A) Formation of an ionic bond.
(B) Releasing heat or light.
(C) Absorption of heat or light.
(D) None of the above.
Answer: (B) Releasing heat or light. (Mending a bond, energy is released)

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5) The circuit has two oppositely connected diodes in parallel. The current flowing in the
2Ω resistor is:
(A) 2.3A
(B) 2A
(C) 1.7A
(D) 1.2A
Answer: (B) 2A
VB 12
I I I  2A
R eq  r (4  2)  0

6) The binary equivalent of (110)10 decimal number is:

(A) (1001101)2
(B) (1101101)2
(C) (1101110)2
(D) (1100111)2
Answer: (C) (1101110)2

7) The number of low outputs of OR gate which have four inputs is:
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 4
(D) 8
Answer:

8) The figure represents a logic circuit, if the output for it is (1) when the inputs on (A),
(B) are (0, 0), so the (X) and (Y) respectively are ............ gates.
(A) OR, AND
(B) NOT, AND
(C) NOT, OR
(D) AND, OR
Answer: (C) NOT, OR

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 Essay Questions
9) Show the reason of:
The increase in the electric conductivity of the silicon crystal when doped with
aluminum atoms.
Answer:
Due to increasing number of positive holes in the material accepting electrons from
neighboring bond, so increasing the conductivity of the semiconductor.

10) Which of these values are the greatest? Why?

The concentration of electrons or the concentration of holes on inserting (doping)
boron impurity in a pure silicon crystal.
Answer:
The concentration of holes is greater than electrons because when adding the boron
impurity atom we have three electrons in the outer shell, it detached an electron from a
neighboring bond to complete its own bond creating an extra hole.

11) What is the scientific basis on which the following depends?

Using the devices which made from semiconductors as sensors.
Answer:
Sensitivity for the enviromental conditions (light, heat, pressure, radiation and
chemical pollution).

12) Mention the types of the electronic components and devices according to their
structures.
Answer:
- Simple components
- Complex components
- Specialized components

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13) What are the results due to each of the following?
Connecting a p-n junction with AC source (with respect to the passing electric current).
Answer: The passing AC current will be rectified.

14) When the output potential difference (VCE) of a npn transistor acting as a switch has a
small value?
Answer:
When the base voltage (Input) is high when connected to +ve pole of battery forward
bias (transistor acts as switch ON).

15) Compare between:

OR gate and AND gate. (With respect to the value of the output when only one of its
inputs = 0)
Answer:

Point of comparison OR Gate AND Gate

Value of the output when only one of its inputs = 0 High (1) Low (0)

16) Compare between:

OR Gate and AND Gate (with respect to the probability of giving output (1) when
having two inputs).

Answer:

Point of comparison OR Gate AND Gate

Probability of giving To give output (1), any or To give output (1), the two
output (1) when both of the two inputs be (1) inputs must be (1)
having 2 inputs (3 probabilities) (1 probability)

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 Problems
17) Arsenic with concentration of 2.5×1018 cm-3 is selectively added onto silicon wafer
with electron or hole concentration 1×1015 cm-3.
a) Is this silicon n-type or p-type?
b) Calculate the concentration of holes. (4×1011cm-3)
Answer:
a) n-type

b) P 
ni
2

P
1  10 
15 2

P  4 1011 cm3
ND 2.5  10 18

18) A transistor has a (βe) of 250 and a base current (IB) of 20 µA. Calculate:
a) The collector current. (5×10-3A)
b) The emitter current. (5.02×10-3A)
c) αe. (0.996)
Answer:
IC IC
a)  e  250  I C  5  103 A
IB 20  10  6
b) I E  I C  I B I E  5  103  20  106 I E  5.02  103 A
 250
c)  e  e e   e  0.996
1  e 1  250
I 5  10 3
OR  e  C e   e  0.996
IE 5.02  10  3

19) The given diagram a transistor as a switch.

a) Is the indicated transistor in (OFF) or (ON) condition?
b) Use the given data to find the constants (βe) and (αe). (49, 0.98)
Answer:

121
20) The opposite electric circuit consists of a battery of emf (VB) with negligible internal
resistance and three identical resistors (a,b, and c) and diode has a resistance equals
one of them. Find the ratio between the readings of the ammeter before and after
reversing poles of the battery. (0.75)
Answer:

121
 21) The opposite electronic circuit represents combining gates for a special job.

a) Complete the following truth table for this circuit.

b) Mention what type of logic gate this logic circuit is equivalent to? (AND gate)

c) Convert the out (R) from binary to decimal. ((8)10)

P Q Output (R)

0 0

0 1

1 0

1 1

Answer:
a)

Output (R) =
P Q O = NOT(Q) X=AND(P,O) Y=AND(P,Q) Z = OR(X,Y)
AND(Z,Q)
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 1 1

b) The type of logic gate this logic circuit produce is (AND gate).
c) Binary is (1000)2
Decimal: 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 20
= 8 + 0 + 0 + 0 = (8)10

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22) Write down the truth table of the logic gates that their operation is equivalent to the
operation of the shown electric circuit. Since the two switches (A, B) represent the
inputs, and lightening the lamp (C) represents the output. Then draw the equivalent
logic gates circuit.
Answer:

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 Graph
23) In a transistor, collector current (IC) and base current (IB) is tabulated as shown.

Collector current (IC)

5 15 30 45 60
(mA)

Base current (IB) (µA) 100 300 600 900 1200

a) Represent these results graphically such that collector current (IC) is plotted on
the ordinate and base current (IB) of incident photon on the abscissa.

b) From the graph find (  e ) and (  e ). (50, 0.98)

Answer:

a) Drawing

Y (15  5)  10 3
b) Slope  
X (300  100 )  10  6
Slope  50

IC
Slope   e  e  50
IB

e 50
e  e   e  0.98
1  e 1  50

124