Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This focuses on the different methods of waste handling, ecological and

economic perspective. They said that plastic waste recycling is essential from an

ecological point of view. A worldwide outlook of plastic is provided with analysis of

additional worldwide markets. Encompassing highly developed, past developing, and

less developing countries. Niaonakis M. (2017), his study the management of marine

plastic debris, he presented the global problems of marine plastic debris, covering every

aspect of its management from tracking, collecting, treating, and commercial

exploitation for handing the Anthropogenic waste. He aims to reduce the impact of

plastic waste in the oceans, and he also presented the all available processes and

techniques for the recovering, cleaning, and recycling marine plastic debris. (Rudolph N.

& Kiesel R., 2017)

A detailed investigation was made regarding the methods of practices associated

with sources, quantity generated, collection, transportation, storage, treatment and

disposal of Municipal solid waste in Mysore City. The data concerning to SWM in

Mysore was obtained through questionnaire, individual field visit, interacting with people

and authentic record of municipal corporation. Photographic evidences were also made

about generation, storage, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of MSW.

This study reveals that the present system of MSWM in Mysore City is not satisfactory

based on Municipal Solid Waste Management & Handling Rules 2000. (Chandra, et al.,

2009)
 Another case study across North America conducted by Whoilistic Environmental

Consulting (WEC, 2007), yard and food waste make up over a quarter of all the ordinary

garbage we throw away. That's 25% by weight. In the U.S., that 25% is almost equally

divided between yard waste (32.6 million tons, or 12.8% of all MSW) and food scraps

(31.7 million tons, or 12.5%). And then there's all the other organic stuff that could be

composted: all the clothing, towels, and bedding made of organic fibers, plus wood, old

furniture and sawdust. Then there's paper, which at 83 million tons accounts for another

30% of municipal solid waste. As of 2006, the latest year for which figures are available,

over 64% of the yard waste we throw away was recovered and composted, as was

54.5% of the paper and cardboard. Only 2.6% of food waste reached a compost heap.

This study highlights the results of the study that was conducted to analyze the

solid waste management practices of the waste generators, and the extent of their

compliance with the Republic Act 9003, otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000. The study was conducted in Bacolod City, Philippines in

2007. The findings of this study served as basis in developing a handbook on solid

waste management. (Ballados, 2010)

The Motiong town government in Samar has vowed to intensify the

implementation of its Solid Waste Management Program after barangay chairmen here

took at one-day seminar-workshop on the program. The activity was held at the

Legislative Building here last Wednesday, August 29. Motiong Mayor Francisco M.

Langi Sr. said 30 barangay chairmen of his municipality attended said seminar-

workshop sponsored by the town government conducted Municipal Planning and

Development Officer, Engr. Nicasio Permejo. Langi said all the barangay chairmen were
educated on the provisions of the Solid Waste Management Act of 2003 so that they

would be acquainted with and help implement the law in their respective barangays and

propagate environmental preservation. He said the town government will strictly

implement the “no segregation, no collection policy” in all of Motiong’s barangays and

urged the barangay officials to put up a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) where they

can segregate bio-degradable and non-biodegradable waste materials. Such materials

can be turned into a livelihood as, according to Langi, “there is money in junk”.

(Abrematea, 2012)

Solid waste management In technical note, the term ‘solid waste’ is used to

include all non-liquid wastes generated by human activity and a range of solid waste

material resulting from the disaster, such as general domestic garbage such as food

waste, ash and packaging materials; human feces disposed of in garbage; emergency

waste such as plastic water bottles and packaging from other emergency supplies;

rubble resulting from the disaster; mud and slurry deposited by the natural disaster; and

Allen trees and rocks obstructing transport and communications. Other specialist

wastes, such as medical waste from hospitals and toxic waste from industry, will also

need to be dealt with urgently, but they are not covered by this technical note. (World

Health Organization, 2011)

The Municipal Council enacted an ordinance establishing solid waste

management also known as “Perkash Fashura Ordinance Na Isadanga.”The ordinance

prohibits dumping of garbage anywhere other than those recognized and established

garbage facilities; dumping of unclean and unsegregated waste at the redemption

center/facility; discharging of human feces along the creeks and rivers; throwing of
wastes in creeks, rivers, public places such as roads, sidewalks and establishments;

and burning of garbage particularly non-biodegradable wastes. It also requires residents

to practice segregation of wastes at source. Reusable solid wastes such as bottles,

plastics, cellophanes and papers shall be brought to the barangay material recovery

facility duly segregated or directly to the agent-buyers. Non-recyclable materials and

special solid wastes will be brought to the material recovery facility, while hazardous

wastes or chemicals will be disposed in coordination with concerned government

agencies according to prescribed methods. The local government is responsible for

collecting reusable, recyclable and non-biodegradable waste materials from the material

recovery facilities; and transporting them to the recycling centers and or to the municipal

material recovery facility. Collection of segregated solid wastes is scheduled per

barangay. (Saley, 2012)

3R’s (Reduce Reuse Recycle) The Environmental Protection Agency has

determined a three tiered approach for managing solid waste. Each of these should be

practiced to reduce the amount material headed for final disposal. They are in order of

importance: REDUCE, the best way to manage solid waste. Don't create waste in the

first place! Buy only what you need. Use all that you buy. Avoid heavily packaged

products. Avoid disposable items like paper plates and plastic silverware. Buy the

largest size package for those items that you use are often. REUSE is the better way to

manage solid waste. Reuse items use them over and over until they are completely

worn out. RECYCLE, the good way to manage solid waste. Recycle means taking

something old and making it into something new. In Seminole County, all residents who

live in a single family home can recycle right in front of their house. Those residents who
live in apartments or condominiums can drop off their recyclables at several different

locations. Old newspapers, #1 and #2 plastic bottles, green, clear and brown glass

bottles and jars, aluminum and steel cans can all be recycled at the curb. Simply rinse

out containers and remove lids. That's it; it's very simple and very worthwhile. Not only

does it keep items out of the landfill, recycling conserves natural resources. (Seminole

County Government, 2012)

Australia may be a large country, but we live in a throw-away society that is

rapidly filling it with our waste. Our insatiable desire to constantly upgrade disposable

technology and consume over-packaged products has continued unabated for decades.

At the same time however, there has been a trend away from both burning waste in

incinerators and burying it in landfills. Waste management policies now seek to

minimize waste disposal by reducing its generation and by reusing and recycling. This

book reveals the extent of our growing waste problem and examines the waste and

recycling practices of households, and includes many tips on how to reduce, reuse and

recycle. Topics include green waste, plastics, glass, paper, metal and electronic waste.

(Healey, 2010)

This study discussed the improper handling of solid waste and indiscriminate

disposal in open spaces, road margins, tank beds etc. that gives rise to numerous

potential risks to the environment and to human health. They also discussed the direct

health risks mainly concern those working in the field without using proper gloves,

uniforms, etc. and high percentage of waste workers and individual who live near or on

disposal al site are infected with gastrointestinal parasites, worms and related

organisms. (Hand in Hand, 2007)

and quantity of the solid waste is determined by the level of socio economic

development of the people. Higher socio economic status higher the generation of

waste, also the amount of non-bio degradable waste increases with increase in socio

economic status. (Stapit, 2010)

The focused on the ASEAN countries that has been practicing open dumping as

major management option for municipal solid wastes in contrast to European countries

where recycling and composting is major practice. Except some highly developed

countries of Asia like Japan still in many countries open dumping and uncontrolled

burning is utilized as waste management technique. (Ngoc & Schniizer, 2008)

Briquetting is the process that increases volumetric calorific value of fuel and

makes it easier to transfer in remote areas. As the country’s living standard improves,

the consumption trend is inclined towards to processed foods and more plastic derived

materials. The urban growth in Nepal shows similar pattern of waste composition.

Heejon, (2006) focuses on the study about similar trend of composition that is seen in

other growing cities. Plastic waste mainly polyethylene bags in MSW have high energy

content, as much as kerosene. Such a high energy content which is imported from

foreign countries should not be dumped in landfill. (SWMRMC, 2008)

This study analyzed that briquetting technology is one of the simple technologies

practiced for making biomass based fuels including wastes like milled paper, plastic and

other combustible wastes. In this light waste to energy conversion would be an

economical and eco-friendly way for addressing both the issue of waste management

and energy shortage, both at the same time. Utilization of plastics in briquettes
improves fuel efficiency and this makes briquetting option a better option as fuel in

industrial boiler, and brick kilns with appropriate control measure. This waste to energy

conversion option not only extends the life of landfill but also provides an alternative

energy resource by utilizing wastes. (Shrestha & Singh, 2011)

The study focuses about rapid population growth and urbanization in developing

countries that have led to the generation of large quantities of solid wastes and

consequential environmental degradation. 90-95% of all waste in the world is landfilled

or disposed in open dumps, creating considerable nuisance and environmental

problems. Often lack of technical knowledge, finance and human resources coupled

with existing policies limit the extent to which landfills can be built, operated and

maintained at minimum standards of sanitary practice. (AIT)

This study shows that rapid and uncontrolled urbanization, lack of public

awareness, and poor management by municipalities have intensified environmental

problems in towns including unsanitary waste management and disposal. The analysis

of household waste composition indicated that the highest waste category was organic

waste with 66% followed by plastics with 12%, paper and paper products with 9%. The

composition analysis of institutional waste revealed 45% paper and paper products 22%

organic wastes and 21% plastics. The study found that commercial waste comprised

43% organic waste 23%paper and 22% plastics. In aggregate, MSW is composed of

56% organic waste, 16% plastics and 16% paper and paper products. This indicates

great potential for producing compost from organic waste and reusing and recycling

other materials, with only about 10% going to final disposal if resource recovery is

maximized. (ADB)
 This paper describes the design of various components of a plastic shredder.

This machine is widely used in industries and recycling plants. The introduction of

plastic shredder machine will promote reduction of post-consumer plastic waste

accumulation and serves as a system for wealth creation and empowerment through

conversion of waste into economically viable products. In this design research, a 10 kW

electric motor with a rotational speed of 500 rpm was chosen to drive the shredder. A

pulley size of 400 mm is mounted on the electric motor at a distance of 1000 mm away

from the shredder pulley. The shredder rotational speed is 300 rpm. (Olukunle, 2016)

This research first provides a theoretical framework on the aforementioned topics

by discussing relevant materials. Then it moves on to the empirical part where a

qualitative approach had been undertaken. The qualitative study is based on three

expert interviews. After that, by comparing the theoretical framework with expert

opinions the research results were drawn, where a list of observations and

recommendations were presented. As for limitations, the small interview size could be

mentioned, since the research area was the plastics waste management of whole

Bangladesh the three interviews is too narrow for a broad conclusion. Finally, this

research can serve basic guide for waste managers to better manage the plastic

scraps. (Shimo, 2014)

This paper, prepared for RenoSam and the shredder companies of Denmark,

identified and researched alternative treatments of shredder residue, resulting primarily

from the shredding of end-of-life vehicles, in order to help Denmark meet strict

European Union recycling targets that will be implemented in 2015. Danish shredder

companies are also motivated to reduce the amount of landfilled waste due to a two-
phase landfill tax increase to be implemented in 2012 and 2015. Through extensive

literature research, interviews with Danish shredder companies and landfills, and

analyses of environmental and economic factors, the team investigated the

implementation of alternative shredder waste processing methods and recommended

several auto shredder residue treatment options to RenoSam and the shredder

companies: co-incineration of shredder waste with municipal solid waste, construction of

a joint plant implementing an independent shredder residue processing technology, and

exporting of the shredder residue for processing at established shredder waste

treatment facilities. Each shredder company will have to perform an economic analysis

to determine which option is most viable. The analysis and recommendations presented

in this report will aid Danish shredder companies in reaching the 2015 EU end-of-life

vehicle recycling quota. (J. Moakley, M. Weller, M. Zelic, 2010)

Plastics are inexpensive, lightweight and durable materials, which can readily be

molded into a variety of products that find use in a wide range of applications. Recycling

is one of the most important actions currently available to reduce these impacts and

represents one of the most dynamic areas in the plastics industry today.

The present work encompasses (design and fabrication shredder/crusher and

extruder of plastic machines) the shredder/crusher of plastic machine is consisting of

the four main parts; they are system drive, box, hopper and three blade rotating cutter.

Crushing is the process waste into smaller size approximately 0.5 –1cm. The size can

be varied depending upon the blade placement with in the crusher. The plastic wastes

after segregation fed into the crusher through a Hooper undergo crushing between the
stator and rotor. The rotor is driven by an l/2 HP electric motor. The crushed particles

there after moves into the extruder of breaking down the plastic.

The extruder of plastic machine is consisting of the five main parts; they are

hopper, drive of screw, barrel, and nozzle (die), heaters and control system. Extruder is

the prime part of the machine where in the crushed particles gets drawn into wires

through a die. Screw is the heart of the extruder, which employs heating element

through its length. The heat for melting the Crushed plastics is controlled using a

heating control unit. The Screw, which is motor driven conveys the molten plastic to the

opening of the die. (Jaff, Abdulrahman, Ali, Hassan, 2016)