Basic Organization of the Computer Unit 1

GCA S4 13

Computer Organization

SEMESTER - IV

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

KRISHNA KANTA HANDIQUI STATE OPEN UNIVERSITY

Computer Organization 1
Unit 1 Basic Organization of the Computer

Subject Experts
Prof. Anjana Kakati Mahanta, Gauhati University
Prof. (Retd.) Pranhari Talukdar, Gauhati University
Dr. Jyotiprokash Goswami Assam Engineering College

Course Coordinator

Dr. Tapashi Kashyap Das, KKHSOU

Ms. Sruti Sruba Bharali KKHSOU

SLM Preparation Team

Units Contributor

1,3, 7, 8 Dr. Manoj Kumar Deka, Bodoland University

2, 4 Mr. Chakradhar Das, Bongaigaon Polytechnic
5, 6 Ms. Jonalee Barman Kakati, NERIM
9,10 Ms. Shobhanjana Kalita, Tezpur University

Editorial Team
Content Dr. Jyotiprokash Goswami, Assam Engineering College
Language Prof. Robin Goswami, Retd. Professor, Cotton College
Structure, Format & Graphics: Dr. Tapashi Kashyap Das and Ms. Sruti Sruba Bharali, KKHSOU

Jan, 2018

This Self Learning Material (SLM) of the Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open Univer-
sity is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike
4.0 License (international): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Printed and published by Registrar on behalf of the Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open
University.
Headquarters : Patgaon, Rani Gate, Guwahati - 781017
Housefed Complex, Dispur, Guwahati-781006; Web: www.kkhsou.in
The University acknowledges with thanks the financial support provided by the
Distance Education Bureau, UGC for the preparation of this study material.

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Basic Organization of the Computer Unit 1

CONTENTS

Pages
Unit-1 : Basic organization of the computer 7-14
Basic organization of the computer and block level de-
scription of the functional units from program execution
point of view; Fetch, decode and execute cycle

Unit-2 : Digital Components 15-52

Flip-Flops, Counter, Register, Half adder, Full Adder, Half
subtractor, Full subtractor, Coder-Decoder, Multiplexer, De-
multiplexer, Magnitude Comparator

Unit-3 : Data Representation 53-72

Data representation, computer arithmetic and their imple-
mentation; control and data path, data path components,
design of ALU and data path, control unit design

Unit-4 : Instruction Sets and Addressing modes 73-92

Different Instruction Formats, Instruction Types, Instruc-
tion Execution, Assembly language notation, Different Ad
dressing Modes (8085)

Unit-5 : Input-Output Organization 93-105

Different I/O techniques (Programmed I/O, Interrupt-Driven
I/O), DMA (Direct Memory Access), I/O Processors

Unit-6 : Introduction to Cache and Virtual Memory 106-125

Memory Hierarchy, Semiconductor memories, internal or-
ganization of typical RAM and ROM Memory, Switches,
Cache memory, Cache memory access techniques; Map-
ping functions, Virtual memory, Locality of reference, Pag-
ing, Cache Coherence Problem
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Unit 1 Basic Organization of the Computer

Unit-7 : Memory and I/O access 126-131

Memory Read Write operations, Concept of handshaking,
Polling Techniques (Serial and Half Polling) and Interrupt
driven I/O, Priority and Daisy Chaining Technique

Unit-8 : Memory and I/O Interfacing 132-139

I/O processor, Priority Encoder, Device Scheduler, Inter-
facing with the I/O Devices, keyboard, printer and display
interfaces

Unit-9 : Introduction to Parallel Processing 140-150

Introduction to Pipelining and Basics of Parallel Process-
ing, Scalable Architecture

Unit-10 : CISC and RISC Architecture 151-157

CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers), RISC (Re-
duced Instruction Set Computers), Examples of CICS and
RISC

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Basic Organization of the Computer Unit 1

COURSE INTRODUCTION

Computer organization is the design of abstracted computer components, such as the CPU and memory
system and architectures. Learning of computer architecture comprises knowledge of the conceptual
design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. This course comprises of the the
following ten units:

Unit - 1 introduces you to the basic organization of the computer. The block level description of the
functional units are described in this unit.

Unit - 2 describes different digital components. Topics like combinational circuits, sequential circuits,
flip flops, counters and registers are discussed in this unit.

Unit - 3 describes different data representation systems. Different types of number system like
decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal are discussed in this unit.

Unit - 4 introduces us to instruction sets and addressing modes. The instruction format, types of
instruction and addressing models of 8085 microprocessor are described in this unit.

Unit - 5 deals with input output organization. Different I/O techniques like programmed I/O, interrupt
driven I/O and direct memory access are discussed in this unit.

Unit - 6 gives us an introduction to cache and virtual memory. Different types of mapping like direct
mapping, associative mapping and set-asociative mapping are described in this unit.

Unit - 7 introduces us memory access. Memory read and memory write operations along with the
concept of handshaking is discussed in this unit.

Unit - 8 deals with I/O processor and interfacing with I/O devices. I/O processor along with priority
encoder is discussed in this unit.

Unit - 9 deals with parallel processing. Pipelining and its different hazards are described in this unit.

Unit - 10 deals with CISC and RISC architectures. The CISC and RISC architectures are discussed
in detail along with examples in this unit.

Each unit of these blocks includes some along-side boxes to help you know some of the difficult,
unseen terms. Some “EXERCISES” have been included to help you apply your own thoughts. You
may find some boxes marked with: “LET US KNOW”. These boxes will provide you with some additional
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Unit 1 Basic Organization of the Computer

interesting and relevant information. Again, you will get “CHECK YOUR PROGRESS” questions. These
have been designed to self-check your progress of study. It will be helpful for you if you solve the problems
put in these boxes immediately after you go through the sections of the units and then match your
answers with “ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS” given at the end of each unit.

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Basic Organization of the Computer Unit 1

UNIT 1: BASIC ORGANIZATION OF THE

COMPUTER

UNIT STRUCTURE
1.1 Learning Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Basic Organization of the Computer
1.4 Block Level Description of the Functional Units
1.5 Let Us Sum Up
1.6 Further Readings
1.7 Answers to Check Your Progress
1.8 Model Questions

1.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After going through this unit, you will be able to:

• describe the basic organization of computer
• learn about the functional characteristics of computer
• describe the concepts of different cycles of program execution such
as fetching, decoding and execution

1.2 INTRODUCTION

This is the first unit of this course. In this unit, we will discuss the
basics of the organization of computer. An effort is made to discuss the
concept of different cycles of program execution such as fetching, decoding
and execution. The organization of CPU, and Control Unit have also been
discussed in this unit. In the next unit, we will explore the different
combinational circuits and sequential circuits. Concepts related to counters
and registers are discussed in the next unit.

1.3 BASIC ORGANIZATION OF THE COMPUTER

The basic organization of a typical computer is shown below in

figure 1.1.

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Figure 1.1: Basic Organization of a typical computer

From the above figure, which represents the basic block diagram
of a computer, we find that the computer consists of basically three parts,
namely, the Central Processing Unit i.e. CPU, Main Memory Unit, and the
Input and Output devices. The basic organization of a typical computer is
illustrated below in a simple form.

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Organization of CPU:
The organization of a typical CPU is as follows:

There are different types of Registers involving here, namely,

Accumulator, Temporary Register, Instruction Register, Flag Register,
General Purpose Register (GPR), Program Counter etc. Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU), performs arithmetic and logic operations and needs some
components such as:
1. Registers to store arguments or operands and results
2. Buses to carry data from registers to the ALU and results back
to the register unit
3. Two registers for accessing memory with associated buses
4. An instruction unit to get instructions from computer memory
as needed. This includes a program counter, which always
points to the address of the next instruction to be accessed
and a register called instruction register (IR).
5. A control unit that instructs the ALU on what to do.

The organization of a typical Control Unit is as follows:

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Unit 1 Basic Organization of the Computer

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

Q1. Computer consists of basically ………….. parts.

Q2. The names of basic parts of a typical computer are ………
Q3. The names of the parts involved for the organization of a typical
CPU are …………………
Q4. GPR stands for ………………..
Q5. Is there any need of a control unit in ALU? Answer briefly.

1.4 BLOCK LEVEL DESCRIPTION OF THE

FUNCTIONAL UNITS

From the block level description, there are five functional units of the computer
from the program execution point of view. They are:
1. Input unit
2. Output unit
3. Memory unit
4. Arithmetic and Logic unit
5. Control unit
The diagram representing the basic functional units of a computer is shown
below:

Figure 1.2: Block Representation of Basic Functional Units of a Computer

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The users or programmers supply information through some

electromechanical devices such as key-boards, mouse etc. and all the
information is to be accepted by the Input unit.
The received information is either to be stored in memory or to be
used by the ALU directly to perform the desired arithmetic or logical
operation. If received information is to be stored in memory first, then the
desired operation will happen in the latter (whenever necessary).Output
unit will display the result. Control unit is responsible to control the entire
task to happen in each and every block of the computing system.

FETCH, DECODE AND EXECUTE CYCLE

Programs i.e. set of instructions along with the data, on which instructions
are to be executed are stored in memory. They are to be brought from
memory into the CPU. To fetch an instruction and necessary data from
memory, and to execute it, there are some necessary steps that a CPU
has to carry out. These necessary steps constitute Instruction cycle. There
are two cycles in an instruction cycle, one is Fetch cycle and other is Execute
cycle.
In Fetch cycle, the Opcode (which specifies the operation to be
performed, for eg. ADD, SUB etc.) is to be fetched from memory by the
CPU. To fetch an instruction from memory, again there are some steps,
And these steps constitute a Fetch cycle. Execute cycle is constituted by
the steps need to carry out data from memory and to perform the operation
specified in the opcode of an instruction.
Therefore we can say that,
Instruction cycle = Fetch Cycle + Execute Cycle
An instruction is to be fetched from memory by the processor at the
beginning of each instruction cycle. Program Counter (PC) holds the
address of the instruction to be fetched next. The fetched instruction is to
be loaded into a register known as Instruction Register (IR). The processor
has to interpret the instruction and to perform the required action. From
fetching to execution of instruction can be described as follows:

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Unit 1 Basic Organization of the Computer

• Instruction Fetch : Read instruction from memory location

• Instruction Operation Decoding: Analyze instruction to determine
the type of operation to be performed and the operand(s) (data on
which operation is to be performed)
• Operand address calculation : The memory address of the data is
to be calculated if data are not supplied directly from input
• Operand fetch: Fetch the operand from memory or read it from I/O
• Data Operation: Perform the operation according to the instruction
• Operand Store: Write the result into memory or out to I/O

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

Q6. There are ……… numbers of functional units in a computer

Q7. The names of functional units in a computer are …….…
Q8. There are ……….. cycles in an instruction cycle, one is ……….
cycle and other one is …………..cycle GPR.

1.5 LET US SUM UP

l The computer consists of basically four parts. The names of

basic parts involving the organization of a typical computer are:
the Central Processing Unit i.e. CPU, Main Memory Unit, Input
and Output devices and the System Interconnection.
l There are different types of Registers involved, namely,
Accumulator, Temporary Register, Instruction Register, Flag
Register, General Purpose Register (GPR), Program Counter
etc
l Buses carry data from registers to the ALU and the results back
to the register unit.
l An instruction fetch unit is needed to get instructions from
computer memory. This includes a program counter, which

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always points to the address of the next instruction to be

accessed.
l A control unit instructs the ALU on what to do. To fetch an
instruction and the necessary data from memory, and to execute
it, there are some necessary steps that a CPU has to carry out.
These necessary steps constitute instruction cycle.
l There are two cycles in an Instruction cycle: one is Fetch cycle
and other is Execute cycle.

1.6 FURTHER READINGS

1) Mano, M. M. (2006). Computer systems architecture.

2) Hamacher, V. C., Vranesic, Z. G., Zaky, S. G., Vransic, Z., & Zakay,
S. (1984). Computer organization (Vol. 3). New York et al.: McGraw-Hill.

1.7 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR

PROGRESS

Ans to Q No 1: Four

Ans to Q No 2: CPU, Main Memory Unit, Input, Output, System

Interconnections

Ans to Q No 3: Register, ALU, Control Unit, CPU, Internal

Interconnections

Ans to Q No 4: General Purpose Register

Ans to Q No 5: Yes

Ans to Q No 6: 5 (five)

Ans to Q No 7: Input, Output, Memory, ALU, Control Unit

Ans to Q No 8: Two, Fetch, Execute

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1.8 MODEL QUESTIONS

Q1. Draw the basic block diagram of a typical computer.

Q2. Explain the basic organization of a computer.
Q3. Write the names of the basic parts of a typical computer.
Q4. Write the names of the parts involved for the organization of a typical
CPU.
Q5. Explain the basic concept of the organization of an ALU.
Q6. Write the names of the parts involved for the organization of a typical
control unit.
Q7. How many numbers functional units are there in a computer? Give
their names.
Q8. Define Instruction cycle, Fetch cycle and Execution cycle.
Q9. Describe the steps involved from fetching to execution of instruction.

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