The Java Technology Phenomenon

Talk about Java technology seems to be everywhere, but what exactly is it? The following
sections explain how Java technology is both a programming language and a platform, and
provide an overview of what this technology can do for you.

About the Java Technology

Java technology is both a programming language and a platform.

The Java Programming Language

The Java programming language is a high-level language that can be characterized by all of
the following buzzwords:

 Simple  Architecture neutral

 Object oriented  Portable
 Distributed  High performance
 Multithreaded  Robust
 Dynamic  Secure

Each of the preceding buzzwords is explained in The Java Language Environment , a white
paper written by James Gosling and Henry McGilton.

In the Java programming language, all source code is first written in plain text files ending
with the .java extension. Those source files are then compiled into .class files by the
javac compiler. A .class file does not contain code that is native to your processor; it
instead contains bytecodes — the machine language of the Java Virtual Machine1 (Java VM).
The java launcher tool then runs your application with an instance of the Java Virtual
Machine.

An overview of the software development process.

Because the Java VM is available on many different operating systems, the same .class files
are capable of running on Microsoft Windows, the Solaris™ Operating System (Solaris OS),
Linux, or Mac OS. Some virtual machines, such as the Java SE HotSpot at a Glance, perform
additional steps at runtime to give your application a performance boost. This includes
various tasks such as finding performance bottlenecks and recompiling (to native code)
frequently used sections of code.

Through the Java VM, the same application is capable of running on multiple platforms.
The Java Platform
A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs. We've already
mentioned some of the most popular platforms like Microsoft Windows, Linux, Solaris OS,
and Mac OS. Most platforms can be described as a combination of the operating system and
underlying hardware. The Java platform differs from most other platforms in that it's a
software-only platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms.

The Java platform has two components:

 The Java Virtual Machine

 The Java Application Programming Interface (API)

You've already been introduced to the Java Virtual Machine; it's the base for the Java
platform and is ported onto various hardware-based platforms.

The API is a large collection of ready-made software components that provide many useful
capabilities. It is grouped into libraries of related classes and interfaces; these libraries are
known as packages. The next section, What Can Java Technology Do? highlights some of the
functionality provided by the API.

The API and Java Virtual Machine insulate the program from the underlying hardware.

As a platform-independent environment, the Java platform can be a bit slower than native
code. However, advances in compiler and virtual machine technologies are bringing
performance close to that of native code without threatening portability.

The terms"Java Virtual Machine" and "JVM" mean a Virtual Machine for the Java platform.
What Can Java Technology Do?
The general-purpose, high-level Java programming language is a powerful software platform.
Every full implementation of the Java platform gives you the following features:

 Development Tools: The development tools provide everything you'll need for
compiling, running, monitoring, debugging, and documenting your applications. As a
new developer, the main tools you'll be using are the javac compiler, the java
launcher, and the javadoc documentation tool.
 Application Programming Interface (API): The API provides the core functionality
of the Java programming language. It offers a wide array of useful classes ready for
use in your own applications. It spans everything from basic objects, to networking
and security, to XML generation and database access, and more. The core API is very
large; to get an overview of what it contains, consult the Java Platform Standard
Edition 8 Documentation.
 Deployment Technologies: The JDK software provides standard mechanisms such as
the Java Web Start software and Java Plug-In software for deploying your
applications to end users.
 User Interface Toolkits: The JavaFX, Swing, and Java 2D toolkits make it possible
to create sophisticated Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs).
 Integration Libraries: Integration libraries such as the Java IDL API, JDBC API,
Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) API, Java RMI, and Java Remote
Method Invocation over Internet Inter-ORB Protocol Technology (Java RMI-IIOP
Technology) enable database access and manipulation of remote objects.
How Will Java Technology Change My
Life?
We can't promise you fame, fortune, or even a job if you learn the Java programming
language. Still, it is likely to make your programs better and requires less effort than other
languages. We believe that Java technology will help you do the following:

 Get started quickly: Although the Java programming language is a powerful object-
oriented language, it's easy to learn, especially for programmers already familiar with
C or C++.
 Write less code: Comparisons of program metrics (class counts, method counts, and
so on) suggest that a program written in the Java programming language can be four
times smaller than the same program written in C++.
 Write better code: The Java programming language encourages good coding
practices, and automatic garbage collection helps you avoid memory leaks. Its object
orientation, its JavaBeans™ component architecture, and its wide-ranging, easily
extendible API let you reuse existing, tested code and introduce fewer bugs.
 Develop programs more quickly: The Java programming language is simpler than
C++, and as such, your development time could be up to twice as fast when writing in
it. Your programs will also require fewer lines of code.
 Avoid platform dependencies: You can keep your program portable by avoiding the
use of libraries written in other languages.
 Write once, run anywhere: Because applications written in the Java programming
language are compiled into machine-independent bytecodes, they run consistently on
any Java platform.
 Distribute software more easily: With Java Web Start software, users will be able to
launch your applications with a single click of the mouse. An automatic version check
at startup ensures that users are always up to date with the latest version of your
software. If an update is available, the Java Web Start software will automatically
update their installation.