Solution of UPSC Papers

Of
Heat Transfer
Convection Heat Transfer
Prepared By

Brij Bhooshan
Asst. Professor
B. S. A. College of Engg. And Technology
Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, (India)

Supported By:
Purvi Bhooshan

Please welcome for any correction or misprint in the entire manuscript and your
valuable suggestions kindly mail us [email protected].

1987
Problem: Oil is heated from 22°C to 56°C by passing through a tube of 4 cm in
diameter. Find out the length of the tube required, for an oil flow rate of 60 kg/min, if
the surface temperature of the tube wall is maintained at 100°C. Assume the following
properties of oil at mean temperature: ρ =895 kg/m3; Cp = 0.52kcal/kg-°C; k = 0.13
kcal/hr-m-°C; ν = 0.40 × 10-6 m2/sec.
[Engg. Services 1987]
Solution: Given that: T1 = 22°C + 273 = 295 K, T2 = 56°C + 273 = 329 K, oil flow rate
(m) = 60 kg/min = 4 kg/sec, Ts = 100°C + 273 = 373 K, ρ =895 kg/m3; Cp = 0.52kcal/kg-°C;
k = 0.13 kcal/hr-m-°C; ν = 0.40 × 106 m2/sec.
Now we know that the Reynolds number is

Since the value of Reynolds number is greater than 5000, then the flow is turbulent.
Prandtl number is

Since the value of Reynolds number is greater than 5000, then the flow is turbulent.
Now using the Empirical formula

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2 Solution of UPSC Papers of Convection Heat Transfer

After solving we get h = 768.32 W/m2K.

Now we know that

After solving we get L = 3.08 x 10-3 m.

1990
Problem: Why are dimensionless number used in Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer
studies? Write down expressions for the following numbers indicating briefly their
application and physical concept.
Mach number, Reynolds Number, Prandtl Number and Nusselt Number.
[IAS-1990]
Solution:
Mach number:
Reynolds Number: Ratio of inertia to viscous forces.
Re = ux x/ν
Prandtl Number: Ratio of molecular momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity.
Pr = μCp/k = ν/
Nusselt Number: Dimensionless heat transfer coefficient; ratio of convection heat
transfer to conduction in a fluid layer of thickness x.
Nu = hx/k

Problem: Write down the momentum and energy equations for boundary layers on a
flat plate, hence deduce the dimensionless numbers which govern the heat transfer from
a hot flat plate to a flowing fluid.
[IAS-1990]

Solution: Main assumptions:

1. The fluid is incompressible and the flow is steady.
2. There are no pressure variations in the direction perpendicular to the plate.
3. The viscosity is constant.
4. Viscous-shear forces in the y direction are negligible.

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 Solution of UPSC Papers of Heat Transfer By Brij Bhooshan 3

We deal with elemental control volume such that as shown in Diagram, where mass
may flow in or out of the different side of the volume, which is fixed in space.
We apply Newton’s second law of motion,

For this system the force balance is then written

Fx =increase in momentum flux in x direction.

Momentum equation:
The momentum flux in the x direction that enters the bottom face is
ρuv.dx
and the momentum in the x direction that leaves the top face is

We are interested only in the momentum in the x direction because the forces considered
in the analysis are those in the x direction. These forces are those due to viscous shear
and the pressure forces on the element. The pressure force on the left face is Pdy, and
that on the right is

so that the net pressure force in the direction of motion is

The viscous-shear force on the bottom face is

and the shear force on the top is

The net viscous-shear force in the direction of motion is the sum of the two terms:

Equating the sum of the viscous-shear and pressure forces to the net momentum
transfer in the x direction, we have

and neglecting second-order differentials, gives

Above equation is the momentum equation of the laminar boundary layer with constant
properties.

Energy Equation: Main assumptions:

1. Incompressible steady flow

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4 Solution of UPSC Papers of Convection Heat Transfer

2. Constant viscosity, thermal conductivity, and specific heat

3. Negligible heat conduction in the direction of flow (x direction), i.e.,

Consider the elemental control volume shown in Diagram 5.9. To simplify the analysis

Net viscous work

Then, for the element shown, the energy balance may be written
Energy convected in left face + energy convected in bottom face + heat conducted in
bottom face + net viscous work done on element = energy convected out right face +
energy convected out top face + heat conducted out top face
The convective and conduction energy quantities are indicated in Diagram 5.9, and the
energy term for the viscous work may be derived as follows. The viscous work may be
computed as a product of the net viscous-shear force and the distance this force moves in
unit time.
The viscous-shear force is the product of the shear-stress and the area dx,

and the distance through which it moves per unit time in respect to the elemental
control volume dx dy is

so that the net viscous energy delivered to the element is

Writing the energy balance corresponding to the quantities shown in Diagram 5.9,
assuming unit depth in the z direction, and neglecting second-order differentials yields

From the continuity relation

and dividing by ρcp gives

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 Solution of UPSC Papers of Heat Transfer By Brij Bhooshan 5

Above equation is the energy equation of the laminar boundary layer. But the 2nd term of
equation (5.23) represents the viscous-work term is of importance only at high velocities,
but for subsonic flow the frictional term is small compared to the other terms and can be
neglected. Thus u ∼ u∞ and y ∼ δ

so that

If the ratio of these quantities is small, that is,

then the viscous dissipation is small in comparison with the conduction term. Let us
rearrange Equation (5.24) by introducing

where Pr is called the Prandtl number, with equation (34) becomes

Thus, for low-velocity incompressible flow, we have

Above equation is the required energy equation of the laminar boundary layer.

1991
Problem: The heat transfer coefficient for a gas flowing over a thin flat plate 3 m long
and 0.3 m wide varies with distance from the leading edge according to h(x)=10x–1/4 W/m2
K. Calculate:
(a) the average heat transfer coefficient,
(b) the rate of heat transfer between the plate and the gas if the plate is at 170° C
and the gas is at 30C, and
(c) the local heat flux 2m from the leading edge.
[Engg. Services 1991]
Solution: Given that: Length (l) = 3 m, wide (w) = 0.3 m, h(x) = 10x–1/4 W/m2 K, Ti =
170°C + 273 = 443 K, Tg = 30°C + 273 = 303 K.
(a) Average heat transfer coefficient: Put x = 3 m, the

(b) Rate of heat transfer: We know that

(c) Local heat flux 2m from the leading edge

Now heat flux is

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6 Solution of UPSC Papers of Convection Heat Transfer

1992
Problem: Specify non-dimensional parameters and their uses in model experiments.
Name a few parameters as used in fluid mechanics and give their mathematical
expression and physical concept.
[IAS-1992]
Solution: See the solution of IAS 1990.

Problem: Air flows over a heated flat plate at a velocity of 50 m/s. The local skin
friction coefficient at a point on the plate is 0.004. Estimate the local heat transfer
coefficient at this point. The following property data for air are given: Density = 0.88
kg/m3; viscosity = 2.286 × 105 kg/ms; specific heat Cp = 1.001 kJ/kg.K; thermal
conductivity = 0.035 W/m.K Use

[Engg. Services 1992]

Solution: Given that: Velocity (V) = 50 m/s, Cf = 0.004, ρ = 0.88 kg/m3; Cp = 1.001 kJ/kg-
K; k = 0.035 W/m-K; μ = 2.286 × 10-5 kg/m-s.
We know that

Then we have

After solving we get h = 11.69 W/m2K.

1994
Problem: Air flows at the rate of 10 kg/hr through a tube 12 mm diameter which is
maintained at a temperature 500°C. Estimate length of tube required if the air
temperature is to rise from15C to 300C, the air pressure at the entry being 1.013 bar.
The expression Nu =0.02 (Re)0.8 may be used together with the following data: Thermal
conductivity at the mean air temperature 0.0575 W/mC, Absolute viscosity 1.02  105
kg/ms, For air CP = 1.005 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK.
[IAS-1994]
3
Solution: Mass flow rate (m) = 10 kg/hr = 2.77 × 10 kg/sec, internal diameter (d) = 12
mm = 0.012 m, T = 500°C + 273 = 773 K, T1 = 15°C + 273 = 288 K, T2 = 300°C + 273 =
573 K, p = 1.013 bar, Nu =0.02 (Re)0.8, CP = 1.005 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK, k = 0.0573
W/m-C; μ = 21.02 × 105 kg/ms.
Now density is

Heat transfer is

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 Solution of UPSC Papers of Heat Transfer By Brij Bhooshan 7

Heat transfer by convection is

After solving we get h = 24.61W/m2-C.

Now we know that the Reynolds number is

Now using the Empirical formula

Now we know that

After solving we get L = 0.172 m.

1997
Problem: During an experiment to measure the temperature of hot gas flowing through
a large pipe with a small thermocouple located centrally in the pipe, the following date
were obtained under the steady state conditions.
Velocity of gas in the pipe line, 4 m/s,
Temperature of pipe wall, 400°C,
Temperature indicated by the thermocouple, 580°C,
Diameter of the thermocouple junction, 1.5 mm,
Emissivity of the thermocouple, 0.3.
Calculate the true gas temperature. The convective heat transfer coefficient-can be
calculated from Nud = 0.5 Red1/2.
The property values may be used at 400°C and are: k = 49.72 × 103 W/m °C, μ = 32.68 ×
106 kg/ms; ρ = 0.5224 kg/m3. Comment on the methods by which accuracy of the
thermocouple reading can be improved.
[Engg. Services 1997]
Solution: Given that: V = 4 m/sec, Tw = 400°C + 273 = 673 K, Tt = 580°C + 273 = 853 K,
Dia of junction = 1.5 mm = 1.5 × 10-3 m, ε = 0.3, Nud = 0.5 Red1/2, k = 49.72 × 103 W/m °C,
μ = 32.68 × 106 kg/ms; ρ = 0.5224 kg/m3.
Now we know that the Reynolds number is

Now using the Empirical formula

Now we know that

After solving we get h = 243.17 W/m2°C.

Now from energy balance

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8 Solution of UPSC Papers of Convection Heat Transfer

After solving we get Tg = 586.12°C, then error is

Problem: Air flows through a 25 mm diameter tube with a mean velocity of 30 m/s. The
tube wall temperature is 280°C and the air temperature increases from 20° C to 260°C.
Using the simple Reynolds analogy, calculate the length of the tube required and the
pumping power. For turbulent flow in a tube,

take Properties may be taken at the mean film temperature and from the Tables these
are: k = 38.45 × 103 W/m °C; Cp = 1.0268 kJ/kg °C; ρ = 0.7306 kg/m3; μ = 26.17 × 106
kg/ms.
[Engg. Services 1997]
Solution: Given that: V = 30 m/sec, Tw = 280°C + 273 = 553 K, Tai = 20°C + 273 = 293 K,
Dia (D) = 25 mm = 0.025 m, Ta0 = 260°C + 273 = 533 K, k = 38.45 × 103 W/m °C; Cp =
1.0268 kJ/kg °C; ρ = 0.7306 kg/m3; μ = 26.17 × 106 kg/ms.

Now mean film temperature

Now we know that the Reynolds number is

Now

By Reynolds analogy

Mass flow rate

Heat removed by air

Now logarithmic mean temperature

Now heat transfer

After solving we get L = 33.48 m.

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 Solution of UPSC Papers of Heat Transfer By Brij Bhooshan 9

Now again we know that

Problem: For forced convection heat transfer, when factional heating in the fluid
cannot be neglected, show by dimensional analysis

Discuss the physical significance of each term.

[Engg. Services 1997]
Solution: See the solution of IAS 1995.

1999
Problem: Using dimensional analysis, derive an expression for the Nusselt number in
terms of Prandtl and Grashof numbers for free convection heat transfer system.
[IAS 1999]
Solution: The heat transfer coefficient depends upon buoyancy force per unit mass
(g), , L, μ, k, cp.
Now

Now m = 7, n = 4, then  = 7  4 = 3.
Now  terms are

First  terms is

Comparing both side, then we get

After solving we get

First  terms will be

Second  terms is

Comparing both side, then we get

After solving we get

Second  terms will be

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10 Solution of UPSC Papers of Convection Heat Transfer

Third  terms is

Comparing both side, then we get

After solving we get

Third  terms will be

Now

Problem: Air at 200 kPa and 200°C is heated as it flows through a tube with a
diameter of 25 mm at a velocity of 10 m/s. Calculate the heat transfer per unit length of
tube if a constant heat flux condition is maintained at the wall and the wall temperature
is 20°C above the air temperature, all along the length of the tube. How much would the
bulk temperature increase over a 3 m length of the tube?
[Engg. Services 1999]
Solution: Given that: P = 200 kPa, T = 200°C + 273 = 473 K, D = 25 mm = 0.025 m, V =
10 m/s, Tw = 20°C + 273 = 293 K.
Now we know that

Mass flow rate is

Now heat transfer rate is

Now increase in bulk temperature

2001
Problem: Show that: Nu (Pr)-1/3 = St(Pr)2/3Re.
[IAS 2001]
Solution: Now we know that
Reynolds Number (Re)

Prandtl Number (Pr)

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 Solution of UPSC Papers of Heat Transfer By Brij Bhooshan 11

Nusselt Number (Nu)

Stanton Number (St)

∞
Now,

∞
∞

Equating (i) and (ii), then we have

Problem: A 3 m long 25 mm dia tube is held at 100 °C by steam jacketing. Water flows
through the tube @ 180 kg/hr at 20°C. Calculate the rate of heat transfer from the tube
to water. For water (60°C): cp = 4.178 kJ/kg K; k = 0.66 (W/mK); ρ = 983 kg/m3 and μ =
0.47  103 kg/ms.
[IAS 2001]
Solution: Given that: Length (l) = 3 m, Diameter (D) = 25 mm =0.025 m, T1 = 100 °C +
273 = 373 K, mass flow rate = 180 kg/hr = 0.05 kg/sec, T2 = 20 °C + 273 = 293 K, cp =
4.178 kJ/kg K; k = 0.66 (W/mK); ρ = 983 kg/m3, μ = 0.47 × 103 kg/ms.
Now we know that the Reynolds number is

Prandtl Number (Pr)

Now using the Empirical formula

Now we know that

After solving we get h = 57.49 W/m2-K.

Heat transfer rate

Problem: Air at 25 °C flows over a thin plate with a velocity of 2.5 m/sec. The plate is 2
m long and 1 m wide. Estimate the thermal boundary layer thickness at the trailing
edge of the plate and total drag force experienced by the plate. At 25 °C, the density of
air is 1.2 Kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity is 15 × 106 m2/s. Prandtl number for air is 0.69.
[Engg. Services 2001]
Solution: Given that: Velocity (V) = 2.5 m/sec, Length (l) = 2 m, wide (b) = 1 m, T1 = 25
°C + 273 = 298 K, ρ = 1.2 kg/m3, ν = 15 × 106 m2/s, Pr = 0.69.
Now we know that the Reynolds number is

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12 Solution of UPSC Papers of Convection Heat Transfer

According to Reynolds number flow is turbulent.

Boundary layer thickness: We know that

Total drag force: Now we know that shear stress is

Now drag coefficient is

Now drag force

2002
Problem: Air at 30 °C flows over a horizontal plate heated to 70°C at a speed of 3 m/s.
Calculate the convective heat transfer coefficient and the rate of heat transfer between
the plate and the air. The length of the plate is 2 m and width 1 m. Nusselt number is
given by:
Nu = 0.664 Re1/2 Pr1/3.
The properties of air at 50 °C are: ν = 17.95 × 106 m2/s, K = 0.0283 W/mK, ρ = 1.093
kg/m3, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK.
[IAS 2002]
Solution: Given that: Length (l) = 2 m, Velocity (V) = 3 m/s, T1 = 30 °C + 273 = 303 K,
T2 = 70 °C + 273 = 343 K, ν = 17.95 × 106 m2/s, K = 0.0283 W/mK, ρ = 1.093 kg/m3, Cp =
1.005 kJ/kgK.
Now we know that the Reynolds number is

Prandtl Number (Pr)

Now using the Empirical formula

Now we know that

After solving we get h = 0.0827 W/m2-K.

Heat transfer rate

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 Solution of UPSC Papers of Heat Transfer By Brij Bhooshan 13

Problem: Air with an average velocity of 10 m/s at 300 K enters a copper tube of 11.2
mm diameter and 2.5 m length. The tube wall is maintained at 373 K by condensing
steam at atmospheric pressure. Using LMID method, determine the temperature of air
at outlet of tube. Average properties of air are k = 0.02624 W/m-k, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg-k, ρ
= 1.174 kg/m3, ν = 1.568 × 10- m2/s, Pr = 0.7

where, d and L are diameter and length of tube respectively. Assume heat transfer
coefficient to be constant and neglect conduction thermal resistance of copper.
[Engg. Services 2002]
Solution: Given that: Velocity (V) = 10 m/sec, Length (l) = 2.5 m, diameter (D) = 11.2
mm = 0.0112 m, T1 = 300 K, T2 = 373 K, k = 0.02624 W/m-k, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg-k, ρ =
1.174 kg/m3, ν = 1.568 × 105 m2/s, Pr = 0.7.
Now we know that the Reynolds number is

Now we know that the Reynolds number is

In both case flow is Re > 2300.

Now using the Empirical formula

Now we know that

After solving we get h = 769.79 W/m2-K.

Also again using the Empirical formula

Now we know that

After solving we get h = 364.18 W/m2-K.

Now mass flow rate is

Now we know that

2006
Problem: A rectangular cooper plate 10 cm  50 cm, having a mass of 1 kg and at a
temperature of 100°C, is suspended vertically in still air at 20°C so that 50 cm side is
vertical. Neglecting radiation effect, find heat transfer coefficient due to natural

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14 Solution of UPSC Papers of Convection Heat Transfer

convection and initial rate of cooling of the plate in °C/ minute. Take Cp for copper = 383
J/kg-K. The properties of air at mean temperature 60 °C are: ρ = 1.06 kg/m3, ν = 18.97 
106 m2 /s Pr = 0.696, Cp = 1005 kJ/kg-K, k = 28.96 × l03 W/m-K; μ = 20.1 × 106N-s/m2.
You may use the following correlation: Nu = 0.1 (Gr Pr)1/3.
Will the result change if 10 cm side is vertical? Why?
[IAS 2006]
Solution: Given that: Area 10 cm  50 cm, m = 1 kg, T1 = 100°C + 273 = 373 K, T2 =
20°C + 273 = 293 K, y = 50 cm, Cpc = 383 J/kg-K, ρ = 1.06 kg/m3, ν = 18.97 × 106 m2 /s Pr
= 0.696, Cp = 1005 kJ/kg-K, k = 28.96  103 W/m-K; μ = 20.1 × 106N-s/m2.
Now mean temperature is

Now we know that Grashof Number, then

Also again using the Empirical formula

Now we know that

After solving we get h = 4.79 W/m2-K.

Now rate of cooling

Problem: Water enters a very long tube having an inner diameter of 0.01 m with
velocity and temperature, respectively, at 0.01 m/s and 30 °C. If a constant and uniform
heat flux is imposed on the tube, estimate its value when the average difference between
the inner tube surface temperature and bulk mean temperature of water is 10 °C. Take
ρ = 990 kg/m3; ν = 0.65 × l06 m2 /s; C = 4178 J/kg-K; k = 0.62 W/m-K Pr = 4.3.
[IFoS 2006]
Solution: Given that: Dia (d) = 0.01 m, Velocity (u) = 0.01 m/s, T1 = 30°C + 273 = 303 K,
Tm = 10°C, ρ = 990 kg/m3; ν = 0.65 × 106 m2 /s; C = 4178 J/kg-K; k = 0.62 W/m-K Pr =
4.3.
Now mean temperature is

T2 = 10°C
Now we know that the Reynolds number is

Now using the Empirical formula

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 Solution of UPSC Papers of Heat Transfer By Brij Bhooshan 15

Now we know that

After solving we get h = 143.22 W/m2-K.

Problem: Water at 20° C flows normal to the axis of a circular tube with a velocity of
1.5 m/sec. The diameter of the tube is 25 mm. Calculate the average heat transfer
coefficient if the tube surface is maintained at a uniform temperature of 80° C. Also
estimate the heat transfer rate per unit length of the tube.

Properties of water at are Specific heat, Cp = 4.1813 kJ/kg-K, Kinematic viscosity, ν =

0.568 × 106 m2/sec, Thermal conductivity, k = 0.6395 W/m-K, Prandtl number, Pr =
3.68, Density, ρ = 990 kg/m3, Dynamic viscosity of water (μw) at 80° C = 3.5456 × 104
kg/m-sec, μ∞ at 20°C = 1.006 × 103 kg/m-sec. Use the relation

[Engg. Services 2006]

Solution: Given that: Dia (D) = 25 mm = 0.025 m, Velocity (u) = 1.5 m/s, T2 = 20°C +
273 = 293 K, T1 = 80°C + 273 = 353 K, Cp = 4.1813 kJ/kg-K, ν = 0.568 × 10-6 m2/sec, k =
0.6395 W/m-K, Pr = 3.68, ρ = 990 kg/m3, μw = 3.5456 × 104 kg/m-sec, μ∞ = 1.006 × 103
kg/m-sec.
Now we know that the Reynolds number is

Now using the Empirical formula

Now we know that

After solving we get h = 6212.35 W/m2-K.

Heat transfer rate per unit length

Problem: An electrically heated sphere of 1.5 cm diameter is cooled in a quiescent

medium of air at 315 K. In order to maintain the surface temperature of the sphere at
385 K, estimate the amount of heat to be supplied by the electrical heater.
D = 1.5  102 m T∞ = 273 + 20 = 293 K
315  385
The properties of air at = 350 K are
2
Kinematic viscosity, ν = 2.076 × 105 m2/sec
Prandtl number, Pr = 0.697
Thermal conductivity, k = 003 W/m-K
Coefficient of thermal expansion, β = 1 /Tf = 2.86 × 103 K1.

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16 Solution of UPSC Papers of Convection Heat Transfer

Use the relationship

[Engg. Services 2006]

Solution: Given that: Dia (D) = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m, Tc = 315K, T = 293 K, Ts = 385 K, ν =
2.076 × 105 m2/sec, Pr = 0.697, k = 003 W/m-K, β = 1 /Tf = 2.86 × 103 K1.
Now we know that Grashof Number, then

Now we know that Rayleigh Number, then

Also again using the Empirical formula

Now we know that

After solving we get h = 12.75 W/m2-K.

Now heat transfer rate is

2007
Problem: A refrigerated truck carrying foodstuff is speeding on a highway at 90 km/h
in a desert area where the ambient air temperature is 55 °C. The body of the truck may
be modeled as a rectangular box measuring 11 m long, 4 m wide and 3 m high. Consider
the boundary layer on the four walls to be turbulent and the heat transfer only from the
four surfaces. The wall surfaces of the truck are maintained at 10 °C. Assume the flow
to be parallel to 11m long side. The thermo-physical properties at the mean-film
temperature of 32.5 °C are: ρ = 1.165 kg/m3, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg-K, k = 2.673 × 102 W/m-K,
ν = 16 × 106 m2/s and Pr = 0.701. Work out the following:
(i) Sketch the system and show the boundary layer development along length
(ii) Heat loss from the four surfaces
(iii) Tonnage of refrigeration needed
(iv) Power required to overcome the resistance acting on four surfaces.
[Engg. Services 2007]
Solution: Given that: Velocity (u) = 90 km/h = 25 m/s, Tw = 10°C + 273 = 283 K, T =
55°C + 273 = 328 K, mean-film temperature (Tf) = 32.5 °C, ρ = 1.165 kg/m3, Cp = 1.005
kJ/kg-K, k = 2.673 × 102 W/m-K, ν = 16 × 106 m2/s and Pr = 0.701.
Now we know that the Reynolds number is

Since the boundary layer is turbulent throughout length.

Now using the Empirical formula

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 Solution of UPSC Papers of Heat Transfer By Brij Bhooshan 17

Now we know that

After solving we get h = 47.7 W/m2-K.

Now heat loss from the four surfaces is

Tonnage of refrigeration needed

Power required

Now we know that shear stress is

Now drag force

Power

2008
Problem: A 30 cm  30 cm horizontal duct made of sheet metal carries warm air. The
duct is maintained at 65°C and is 10 m long. Heat loss from duct to the ambient air
takes place due to free convection only. If the ambient air is at 25°C, calculate the heat
loss from the duct. Use the following free convection correlations.
Heat transfer from the upper surface of a horizontal plate:
Nu = 0.54 (RaL)1/4
Heat transfer from the lower surface of a horizontal plate:
Nu = 0.27 (RaL)1/4
Heat transfer from vertical plate:
Nu = 0.59 (RaL)1/4
The properties of air at 45°C are Pr = 0.695, ν = 1.85 × 105 m2/sec, k = 0.028 w/mK.
[IAS 2008]
Solution: Given that: 30 cm  30 cm, length (l) = 10 m, T2 = 25°C + 273 = 293 K, T1 =
65°C + 273 = 338 K, Pr = 0.695, ν = 1.85 × 105 m2/sec, k = 0.028 w/mK.
Now mean temperature is

Now we know that Grashof Number, then

Now we know that Rayleigh Number, then

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18 Solution of UPSC Papers of Convection Heat Transfer

Heat transfer from the upper surface of a horizontal plate:

Now we know that

After solving we get hu = 1.79 W/m2-K.

Heat transfer from the lower surface of a horizontal plate:

Now we know that

After solving we get hl = 0.89 W/m2-K.

Heat transfer from vertical plate:

Now we know that

After solving we get hv = 1.96 W/m2-K.

Now heat loss is

Problem: Determine the rate of heat transfer from both sides of a vertical plate at
temperature 150°C to the surrounding air at temperature 30°C by natural convection.
The height of the plate, L is 1.5 m and width, w = 1 m.
Average heat transfer coefficient for the plate is given by correlation NuL = 0.59 (Ra)1/4.
Properties of air at average temperature are as follows: Density, ρ = 0.946 kg/m3,
kinematic viscosity, ν = 22.10 × 106 m2/s, thermal conductivity = 0.0313 W/m-K, specific
heat CP = 1.009 kJ/kg-K.
[IAS 2008]
Solution: Given that: length (l) = 1.5 m, w = 2 m, T2 = 30°C + 273 = 303 K, T1 = 150°C +
273 = 423 K, ρ = 0.946 kg/m3, ν = 22.10 × 106 m2/s, k = 0.0313 W/m-K, CP = 1.009 kJ/kg-
K.
Now mean temperature is

Now we know that Grashof Number, then

Prandtl Number (Pr)

Now we know that Rayleigh Number, then

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 Solution of UPSC Papers of Heat Transfer By Brij Bhooshan 19

Now using the Empirical formula

After solving we get h = 2.43 W/m2-K.

Now heat loss is

Problem: From the Von Karman’s Integral momentum equation for the laminar
boundary layer under forced convective conditions, obtain the expressions for the
hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness and the drag coefficient for the case of a linear
velocity profile in the boundary layer.
[Engg. Services 2008]
Solution: The integral energy equation can be derived in a similar fashion. A CV
extending beyond the limits of both the temperature and the velocity boundary layer is
to be used in the derivation (Diagram 5.12).
B
D

Velocity
Temperature boundary layer
boundary layer thickness δ
thickness δt

A C Diagram 5.12

Energy entering the CV across face AB

Energy leaving the CV across face CD

Energy carried into the CV across the upper face

Heat conducted across the wall at the interface

Making an energy balance

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20 Solution of UPSC Papers of Convection Heat Transfer

At L ≥ δt, T = T∞, and integration need be taken up to y = δt.

This is known as the integral energy equation of the laminar boundary layer at low
speed. Let us assume the temperature distribution in the thermal boundary layer as

Boundary conditions are:

At y = 0, T = Tw, ∂2T/∂y2 = 0 (Since u = v = 0)
At y = δt, T = T∞, ∂T/∂y = 0
From these conditions, we get

Then we have

This is the temperature distribution in the thermal boundary layer, Substituting in

energy equation, Eq. (5.46),

Suppose ξ = δt /δ, the above expression can be written

For fluids having Pr > 1, ξ ≤ 1, the second term in the parentheses can be neglected
compared to the first.
Substituting in the approximate integral equation, Eq. (5.46),

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 Solution of UPSC Papers of Heat Transfer By Brij Bhooshan 21

From equation (5.36)

Therefore

But in exact analysis of boundary layer

The rate of heat transfer per unit area is

Substituting Eqns. (5.36) and (5.51) for δt and δ,

The local heat transfer coefficient

The local Nusselt number

This result of an exact analysis, which gives Nux = 0.332 Rex1/2 Pr1/3.
The shear stress at the wall may be expressed in terms of a friction coefficient Cf.

Equation (5.55) is the defining equation for the friction coefficient. The shear stress may
also be calculated from the relation

Using the velocity distribution given by Equation,

Then we have

and making use of the relation for the boundary-layer thickness gives

Combining Equations (5.55) and (5.56) leads to

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22 Solution of UPSC Papers of Convection Heat Transfer

The exact solution of the boundary-layer equations yields

Equation (5.54) may be rewritten in the following form:

The group on the left is called the Stanton number,

so that

Upon comparing Equations (5.58) and (5.60), we note that the right sides are alike
except for a difference of about 3 percent in the constant, which is the result of the
approximate nature of the integral boundary-layer analysis. We recognize this
approximation and write

2009
Problem: A hot plate of 15 cm2 area maintained at a temperature of 200° C is exposed
to still air at 30° C temperature. When the smaller side of the plate is held vertical,
convective heat transfer rate is 14% higher than when the bigger side of the plate is held
vertical. Determine the dimensions of the plate. Neglect internal temperature gradient
of the plate thickness. Also determine the heat transfer in both the cases. Use the
following relations:
Nu = 0.59 (Gr. Pr)0.25
Take the following properties of air:
Temperature ρ CP μ K
°C kg/m3 kJ/kg-K N-s/m2 W/m-K
30 1.165 1.005 18.6 × 106 0.0267
6
115 0.910 1.009 22.65 × 10 0.331
6
200 0.746 1.026 26 × 10 0.0393
[IAS 2009]
Solution: Given that: Area (A) = 15 m , T2 = 30°C + 273 = 303 K, T1 = 200°C + 273 =
2

473 K.
Now for property
Now mean temperature is

Then using the properties at 150°C.

ρ = 0.910 kg/m3, μ = 22.65 × 10-6 N-s/m2, k = 0.331 W/m-K, CP = 1.009 kJ/kg-K, Qv is 15
% QH.

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 Solution of UPSC Papers of Heat Transfer By Brij Bhooshan 23

Now mean temperature is

For vertical plate:

Now we know that Grashof Number, and Prandtl Number (Pr), then

Now using the Empirical formula

Now we know that

Now heat loss is

Similarly for horizontal plate

Now according to problem

Now area is

After solving we get l = 0.0414 m, w = 0.036 m.

Problem: (i) Define thermal boundary layer and show its distribution over a flat plate.
(ii) Prove Reynolds' analogy with reference to turbulent flow as given below:

[IFoS 2009]
Solution: See the solution of Engg. Services 2008, with Pr = 1.

Problem: In a refrigeration system brine solution having a viscosity 16.5 N-s/m2 and
thermal conductivity 0.85 W/mK is flowing through a long pipe 2.5 cm inner diameter at
a velocity of 6.1 m/s. Under these conditions the heat transfer coefficient was found to be
1135 W/m2K for a brine temperature of -1°C and pipe temperature of 18.3°C. Find the
temperature rise of brine per metre length of pipe if the velocity is doubled and same
heat transfer takes place. Assume sp. heat of brine is 3768 J/kg K and density is 1000
kg/m3. Assume fully developed flow.
[Engg. Services 2009]
Solution: Given that: length (l) = 2.5 m, velocity (u) = 6.1 m/s, T2 = 1°C + 273 = 272 K,
T1 = 18.3°C + 273 = 291.3 K, μ = 16.5 N-s/m2, k = 0.85 W/m-K, hc = 1135 W/m2K, CP =
3768 J/kg-K.

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24 Solution of UPSC Papers of Convection Heat Transfer

Now we know that the Reynolds number is

Now heat transfer per unit length

Now if the velocity is doubled u2 =2u = 12.2 m/s, then heat transfer rate is

Problem: Estimate the coefficient of heat transfer from a vertical plate 2 m  2 m to the
surrounding air at 25°C. The plate surface temperature is 150°C. Also calculate the rate
of heat transfer from the plate. For air assume the kinematic viscosity as 1.6  105 m2/s.
The properties of air at film temperature are density 0.972 kg/ m3, sp. heat 1.009 kJ/kg
K, thermal conductivity 3.13  102 W/mK, Prandtl No. 0.69. The constants 'C & 'n' in
Nusselt no. equation are 0.15 & 1/3 respectively.
[Engg. Services 2009]
Solution: Given that: 2 m  2 m, T = 25°C + 273 = 298 K, Tw = 150°C + 273 = 423 K, ρ
= 0.946 kg/m3, ν = 1.6 × 105 m2/s, k = 3.13 × 102 W/m-K, CP = 1.009 J/kg-K, Pr = 0.972,
C = 0.15, n = 1/3.
Now mean temperature is

Now we know that Grashof Number, then

Now using the Empirical formula

After solving we get h = 9.87 W/m2-K.

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