MODULE IN MATHEMATICS 03

TRIGONOMETRY

Prepared by:
Onward Osorio Ognita

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 INTRODUCTION

This module is created with the aim of helping mathematics students

finish the remaining lessons of their Elementary Mathematics in the comfort of
their homes since most of them are not allowed to go out due to the
implementation of General Community Quarantine. Though this learning
material only covers few topics, each lesson is enriched with information that
the students need. Likewise, the lessons included here are expressed in a
simplified way so the students will be able to understand and do assessments
independently, even without the assistance of the professors and their fellow
students.

The module contains four parts:

OUTCOME

This contains the intended learning outcomes that the students are
expected to achieve at the end of the lesson.

DISCUSSION

This contains a lecture or information about the lesson which will help
them understand the lesson and do the assessments with ease.

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ASSESSMENT

This contains learning activity to gauge the students’ understanding of

the lessons.

OUTPUT

This contains students’ outputs that will manifest their tangible or concrete
learning on the lessons.

This is beneficial especially to those students who do not have

access to the internet or they may have access, but have low connectivity or
have unstable wifi connection.

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 Solutions of right Triangles and Applications
LESSON 1

OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should have:

1. Understood solutions of right triangles and their importance

applications.
2. Understood the three trigonometric functions and its co-functions.
3. Solve problems using the three trigonometric functions and its co-
functions.

DISCUSSION Solutions of right Triangles and Applications

 This chapter contains the six trigonometric functions of acute angles

which carry the essential tool in the solutions of right triangles.
 It further includes solutions of right triangles and their important
applications
 A right triangle has six principal parts – three sides denoted as a, b, and
c and their three corresponding angles denoted by A, B, and C.
 Angle C is usually given 900 and the other two angles A and B, as acute
 Trigonometric functions are names such as sine, cosine, tangent,
cotangent, secant and cosecant of an acute angle.

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  The definitions of these six functions are merely based on the possible
ratios formed out of the three sides of a triangle.
 Certainly, there are six functions because of the six ratios of the sides.
 It is meaningful to state the definitions of the six functions in terms of an
acute angle, A or B
 If angle A is considered an acute angle of triangle ABC, then we shall call

a as the side opposite A

b as the side adjacent to A, and
c as the hypotenuse
 If the trigonometric functions abbreviated as sin A, cos A, tan A, cot
A, sec A and csc A, then the definitions are as follows:
sin A = the length of the side opposite to A
the length of the hypotenuse

cos A = the length of the side adjacent to A

the length of the hypotenuse
tan A = the length of the side opposite to A
length of the side adjacent to A
cot A = length adjacent to A
length of side opposite to A

sec A = length of hypotenuse

length of side adjacent to A
csc A = length of hypotenuse
length of side opposite to A
Ex.:
Given tan A = -3/4, A in quadrant II, find the other five trigonometric functions

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Tabular Values of trigonometric Functions
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1. To find a function of an angle less that 45 , we locate the angle on
the left-hand of the table and the name of the function at the top
row.
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2. Angles greater than 45 are located on the right-hand side of the
table, and the names of the functions are found at the bottom

Example:
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1. Cos 24 30’ = we locate 240 30’ on the left-hand column of angles, and
the function cos on the row of functions located at the top. Thus, the
intersection between the horizontal and vertical lines gives the desired
value, i.e. cos 24030’ = .9100

 Suppose the angle is the one missing with the given value of the
trigonometric function, then locate such value first under the column of
the trigonometric function. Once the value is found, locate the
corresponding angle either on the left or on the right side of the table.

Example:

2. Cos  = .4173, as seen from the table  = 650 20’. Such angle may also
be verified using calculator.

 = cos -1 .4173, or  = arcos .4173, then  = 65 020’

 The symbol cos -1 (.4173) means the inverse cosine of (.4173). This is
used for finding the angle of trigonometric function.
 Angle cos -1 (.4173) can be found in a calculator by pressing inv cos
(.4173) or “shift cos (.4173).

Solutions of Right Triangles

 The six relationships in ratio form above can be used to “solve right
triangle”, to find the value for all the sides and angles of the
triangle.
 A right triangle is completely determined if any of the following
conditions is given:
a. Length of two sides, or
b. Length of one side and measure of an angle other that the right
angle.
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Illustrative Examples:

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1. Solve the triangle solve ABC, given B= 50 , c= 14m and C= 90
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2. Solve the triangle ABC, given A = 62 50’, a = 70

3. Solve the triangle ABC, given a= 4cm, b = 11cm

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4. Solve the triangle ABC, given c= 78.1cm, A=55

Sol’n.:

1. Given: ▲ABC, B = 500, c = 14 cm, and C = 900

a. Sin 500 = b/14

b = sin 500 (14cm)
b = 0.766044443(14 cm)
b = 10.72 cm

b. a2 = c2 – b2
a2 = (14 cm)2 – (10.72 cm)2
a2 = 196cm2 – 114.91842cm2
a2 = 81.0816cm2, finding the square root of both sides,
a = 9 cm

c. └A = 900 - └B
└A = 900 -500
└A = 400

2. Given: ▲ABC, A = 620 50’, a = 70

a. Sin 620 50’ = a/c

Sin 620 50’ = 70/c
Sin 620 50’c = 70
0.889682151c = 70
c = 70/0.889682151
c = 78.68
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b. b2 = c2 – a2
b2 = (78.68)2 – (70)2
b2 = 6190.5424 – 4900
b2 = 1,290.5424, finding the square root of both sides,
b = 35.92

c. └B = 900 - └A
└B = 890 60’ – 620 50’
└B = 270 10’

3. Given: ▲ABC, a = 4 cm, b = 11 cm

a. c2 = a2 + b2
c2 = (4cm)2 + (11cm)2
c2 = 16cm2 + 121 cm2
c2 = 137 cm2, finding the square root of both sides,
c = 11.70 cm

b. Sin A = a/c
Sin A = 4 cm/11.70 cm
Sin A = 0.341880341
Sin A =190 50’29.31’’

c. └B = 890 59’ 60’’ – 190 50’ 29.31’’

└B = 700 9’ 30.29’’

4. Given: ▲ABC, A = 550, c = 78.1

a. Sin 550 = a/c

Sin 550 = a/78.1
a = sin 550(78.1)
a = 0.819152044(78.1)
a = 63.98

b. b2 = c2 – a2
b2 = (78.1)2 – (63.98)2
b2 = 6,099.61 – 4,093.4404
b2 = 2,006.1696, finding the square root of both sides,
b = 44.79

c. └B = 900 = 550
└B = 350
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LESSON 2

Pythagorean Relations in Trigonometric Functions

OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should have:

1. Understood Pythagorean relations and trigonometric functions.

2. Solve problems involving Pythagorean relations and trigonometric
functions.

DISCUSSION

 Consider the following reciprocal relationships:

Csc A = 1/sin A = sin A csc A = 1
Sec A = 1/cos A = cos A sec A = 1
Tan A 1/cot A = tan A cot A = 1

 It may also be observed the relationships of the following functions

Tan A = y/x = y/r = sin A

x/r cos A
cot A = x/y = x/r = cos A
y/r sin A
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Pythagorean Relations

 Starting from the Pythagorean Theorem

2 2 2
x +y =r
2 2
 We can derive other relationships by dividing the equation by r , x ,
2
and y
2
1. Dividing by r , we get
2 2 2 2
x /r + y /r = 1
 Since x/r = cos A and y/r = sin A, then the above may be written as

2 2
cos A + sin A = 1
2
2. Dividing by x , we get
2 2 2 2
1 + y /x = r /x
 Which then becomes
2 2
1 + tan A + sec A
2
3. Dividing by y , we get
2 2 2 2
x /y + 1 = r /y , or
2 2
cot A + 1 = csc A
The equation above may also be transformed as follows:
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Cos A = +/- √1 – sin A
2
Sin A = +/- √1 – cos A
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Sec A = +/- √1 + tan A
2
Csc A = +/- √1 + cot A
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Illustrative Examples: Evaluate the following Pythagorean Relation whether

they TRUE or FALSE.

1. Tan θ cot θ = 1
2. Cos θ tan θ = sin θ
3. Sin θ = 1/csc θ
4. Tan θ/cot θ = 1

Sol’n.:

1. Tan θ cot θ = 1
(y/x) (x/y) = 1
xy/xy = 1
1 = 1, TRUE

2. Cos θ tan θ = sin θ

(x/r) (y/x) = y/r
xy/xr = y/r
y/r = y/r, TRUE

3. Sin θ = 1/cscθ
y/r = 1/r/x
y/r = 1 * x/r
y/r = x/r, FALSE

4. Tan θ/cot θ = 1
y/x
______ = 1
x/y

y/x * y/x = 1

y2/x2 = 1, FALSE
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ASSESSMENT

I. Evaluate the following problems and identify whether it is TRUE or

FALSE:

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1. Tan A = √sec A -1
2. Tan A cot A = 1
3. Sin A = 1/csc A
4. Cos A tan A = sin A
5. Tan A/cot A = 1
6. Cos A/sec A = 1
2
7. Cot A = √csc A – 1
8. cot2A = 1/tan A
9. Cos A = 1/sec A
10. Csc A cot A = cos A

II. Give the values of the following:

1. Sin 850 = _____________________________

2. Sec 480 = ______________________________
3. Sec 480 30’ = ______________________________
4. Cot 82.20 = ______________________________
5. Sin 350 23’ 24’’ = ______________________________

III. Solve the unknown parts of the following triangles:

1. a = 4 cm, b = 15 cm
2. a = 86 cm, └A = 350
3. b = 86 cm, └B = 700
4. a = 46 cm, └B = 650
5. c = 87.3 cm, └B = 250
 OUTPUTS

1. Soft copy of the learning activities/assessment activities

2. Hard copy of the learning activities/assessment activities
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LESSON 3 Solutions of Oblique Triangles

OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should have:

1. Stated and illustrated the Law of cosines

2. Differentiated the Law of Sines from the Law of Cosines with respect to
the solvability of oblique triangles; and
3. Solved word problems involving the Law of Sines and Cosines.

DISCUSSION

 Law – An oblique triangle is a triangle that has no right angle. An

oblique triangle is also defined as a triangle whose angles are all
acute, or a triangle having one obtuse angle.
 A triangle has three angles and three sides.
 Given three principal parts, at least one of which is a side, we can
possibly find the measures of the other three.
 Adequate methods for solving oblique triangles can be used such as
the law of sines and the law of cosines.
 Any type of problem involving the solution of triangles is covered by
one of these methods.
Conditions That Determine a Triangle
 A triangle is said to be determined when the measure of three parts
are given.
 Three angles do not serve to determine a triangle.
 A triangle is determined in any of the following four cases.
 1. Case 1: Law of sines. Given two angles and one side. Obtain the third
angle, and then use the sine law.

2. Case 2: Ambiguous Case. Given two sides and the angle opposite one of
them. Use the sine law. Examine the possibility of no solution, one or two
solutions.
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3. Case 3: Law of Cosines. Angle. Given two sides and the included angle.
Use the cosine law for the third side and then the sine law for the angles.
Find the smaller angle first to avoid the possibility of an obtuse angle.

4. Case 4: Given three sides, use the cosine law for each angle in turn.

Case 1: Given two Angles and Any Side

The Law of Sine: The sides of a triangle are proportional to the sines of
the opposite angles.

Acute Triangle: a/sin A = b/sin B /= c/sin C

Proof:
Consider the acute Triangle ABC. It is clear that from the two right triangles
ACO and BCO
b sin A = h, and a sin B = h
 Therefore a sin B = b sin A, dividing through by sin A sin B, we
obtain,
a/sin A = b/sin B

 Since a and b are any two sides of the right triangle, then B and b
can be replaced by C and c, respectively. So the preceding equation
becomes.
a/sin A = c/sin C
 The last two equations give us the Law of Sines or

a/sin  = b/sin β = c/sin γ

Illustrative Examples:

1. ▲ABC, a = 50,  = 600, β =750. Find c.

Sol’n.:

c/sin γ = a/sin, where

γ = 1800 – ( + β)

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γ = 1800 – (600 + 750) = 450

c = a sin γ/sin a = 50 sin 450/sin 600

c = 50(0.707106781)/0.866025403
c = 35.35533906/0.866025403
c = 40.82

2. Given ▲ABC, γ = 1000, c = 52,  = 350

a. The remaining └β of the ▲ is obtained by using the sum of the angles of

a triangle as 1800.
β = 1800 – ( + γ)
= 1800 – (1000 + 350) = 450

b. For the other side of the triangle we make use of the Law of Sines

a/sin 350 = 52/sin 1000

a = 52 sin 350/sin 1000

a = 52(0.573576436)/0.984807753

a= 29.82597467/0.984807753

a =30.29

c. To solve for b, we again use the Law of Sines

b/sin 450 = 52/sin 1000

b = 52 sin 450/sin 1000

b = 52(0.707106781)/ 0.984807753

b = 36.76955262/)/ 0.984807753
b = 37.34

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3. Two observers A and B are 100 ft. apart and looking at an object O. How
far is O from A if └OBA = 300 and └OAB = 450?

Sol’n.: Let x be the distance from A to O. By the Law of Sines we have,

x/sin 300 = 100/sin 1050

x = 100 sin 300/sin 1050

x = 100(0.5)/0.965925826

x = 50/0.965925826

x = 51.76

Law of Cosines
 Two cases (cases 3 and 4) shall be considered in this topic
 The Law of Cosines states that the square of the length of any side of a
triangle equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other sides
minus twice their product multiplied by the cosine of their included
angle

a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cos A
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C

 These formulas may be used for finding the third side of the triangle for
the given two sides and the included angle. (Case 3)
 To find the angles for the given three sides of a triangle, (Case4), the laws
may be written in the forms

Cos  = b2 + c2 – a2/2bc

Cos β = c2 + a2 – b2/2ac
Cos γ = a2 + b2 – c2/2ab

Illustrative Examples:

1. Solve ▲ABC, given a = 5, b = 7, c = 9. Express the angle in degrees and

minutes.

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Sol’n.:

a. Cos  = b2 + c2 – a2/2bc = 72 + 92 – 52/2(7)(9)

Cos  = 49 + 81 – 25/126 = 105/126 = 330 33’

b. To find β, use cos β = c2 + a2 – b2/2ac

Cos β = 52 + 92 – 72/2(5)(9)

Cos β = 25 + 81 -49/90 = 57/90

Cos β = 0.6333333 = 500 42’

c. For the remaining angle,

γ = 1800 – ( + β)

γ = 1790 60’ – (330 33’ + 500 42’)

γ = 1790 60’ – 840 15’

γ = 950 45’

2. A ladder, 20 ft. long is set with one end at a horizontal distance of 7 ft.
from a sloping wall. The other end of the ladder reaches 15 ft. up the face
of the wall. What angle does the wall makes with the ladder?

Sol’n.: Let β be the angle that the ladder makes with the wall. Then by the Law
of Cosines, we have the required angle,

Cos β = 202 + 152 – 72/2(20)(15)

Cos β = 400 + 225 – 49/600

Cos β = 576/600

Cos β = 0.9600

Cos β = 160 16’

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ASSESSSMENT

I. Solve the following triangles

1.  = 540, β = 1040, a = 30
2. β = 380 γ = 590 a = 700
3.  = 710 β = 410 c = 256
4.  = 630 β = 460 30’ c =923

II. Solve the following triangles

1. a = 13.4 b = 26.1 c = 32.7

2. a = 123 b = 142 c = 80
3. a = 28 b = 65 c = 78
4. a = 36 b = 54 c = 77

III. Solve the following problems.

1. A flagpole 10 ft. tall stands on top of a building. From a point in the same
horizontal plane with the base of the building, the angles of elevation of
the top and the bottom of the flagpole are 600 and 500 respectively. How
high is the building?
2. From a given position A, an observer notes that the angle of elevation of a
rock is 450. After walking at point B 100 ft. towards the rock, up a slope
of 300, he finds the angle of elevation to be 700. Find the vertical distance
of the rock above each point of observation.
3. Points A and B are separated by an obstacle. In order to find the distance
between them, a third point C is selected which is 100 m from A and 120
m from B. Angle C is measured 700. Find the distance from A to B.
 4. The diagonals of a parallelogram are 10 in. and 18 in. respectively,
intersect at an angle of 500. Find the longer side of the parallelogram.

Note:
i. The angle of elevation is the angle made with the horizontal by the
line of sight from an observer to an object on a higher level than the
observer.
ii. The angle of depression is the angle made with the horizontal by the
line of sight from an observer to an object on a lower level than the
observer.

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OUTPUTS

1. Soft and hard copies of the learning/assessment activities

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