PCOM REVIEWER responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self and

others.
COMMUNICATION ETHICS
THE NINE (9) PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE UNETHICAL COMMUNICATION - Threatens the quality
of all communication and consequently the
COMMUNICATION (M. OSBORN, 2009)
well-being of individuals
1. Clarity - Clarity makes speeches and the society in which we live.
understandable. Fuzzy language is absolutely
forbidden, as are jargons, cliché expressions, 4 ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF
euphemisms and doublespeak language. COMMUNICATION
1. Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason
2. Concreteness - reduces misunderstandings.
as essential to the integrity of communication.
Messages must be supported by facts such as
research data, statistics or figures. To achieve
2. Freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and
concreteness, abstract words must be avoided.
tolerance of dissert to achieve the informed and
responsible decision-making fundamental to a civil
3. Courtesy - Courtesy builds goodwill. It involves
society.
being polite in terms of approach and manner of
addressing an individual.
3. NCA condemns communication that degrades
4. Correctness - Glaring mistakes in grammar individuals and humanity through distortion, intimidation,
obscures the meaning of a sentence. Also, the coercion, and violence and through the expression of
misuse of language can damage your credibility. intolerance and hatred.

5. Consideration - Messages must be geared 4. Communication should accept responsibility for the
towards the audience. The sender of a message short- and long-term consequences of our own
must consider the recipient’s profession, level of communication and expect the same of others.
education, race, ethnicity, hobbies, interests,
passions, advocacies and age when drafting or
ETHICAL COMMUNICATORS
delivering a message.
1. Respect audience;
6. Creativity - Creativity in communication means 2. Consider the result of communication;
having the ability to craft interesting messages in 3. Value truth;
terms of sentence structure and word choice. 4. Use information correctly; and
5. Do not falsify information.
7. Conciseness - Simplicity and directness help
you to be concise. Avoid using lengthy
expressions and words that may confuse the WORLD ENGLISHES
recipient. The Story of English (Robert McCrum et.al.)
“When Julius Caesar landed in Britain nearly 2,000
8. Cultural Sensitivity - Today, with the increasing years ago, English did not exist…. 500 years later,
emphasis on empowering diverse cultures, English, incomprehensible to modern ears, was probably
lifestyles, and races and the pursuit for gender spoken by about as few people as currently speak
equality, cultural sensitivity becomes an Cherokee– and with about as little influence.”
important standard for effective communication. “Nearly 1,000 years later, at the end of the 16th
9. Captivating - You must strive to make century, English was the native speech of between 5
messages interesting to command more and 7 million Englishmen.
attention and better responses. “The emergence of English as a global phenomenon
According to US National Communication has recently inspired the idea that we should talk not of
Association (NCA, 1999) Ethical Communication is English, but of many Englishes…”
fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making, “Throughout the history of English, there has been a
and the development of relationships and communities contest between the forces of standardization and
within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and the forces of localization at both the written and
media. spoken levels.” “The pressure of class ambitions
speeded the emergence of a standard form of
ETHICAL COMMUNICATION - Enhances human worth
English speech.”
and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness,
VARIETES OF ENGLISH CULTURAL IDENTITY AND
All varieties are equal in the sense that each is best
suited to the communication needs of its speakers.
HERITAGE
However, not all are equal in prestige. While a people preserves its language; it preserves the
marks of liberty. - Dr. Jose Rizal
Ruanni Tupas and Rabdy (2015) on “UNEQUAL Language + Culture = Literature
ENGLISHES”: “the unequal ways and situations in
which Englishes are arranged, configured, and THE LINGUISTIC-RELATIVITY HYPOTHESIS
contested.” Asserts that language determines thought and therefore
culture. In reality, language and culture influence each
It is important for writers from a postcolonial country other. -Edward Sapir
like the Philippines, which has a conflicted historical
relationship with English, to be aware of the political
forces guiding their use of language. CULTURE
TWO MOST WELL-KNOWN VARIETIES OF ENGLISH: Is defined as the set of learned behaviors, beliefs,
attitudes, values, and ideals that are characteristics of a
• British English particular society or population (Ember, 1999)
• American English As defined by Calhoun, et al., (1994) is the learned
Other varieties: norms, values, knowledge, artefacts, language, and
• Canadian, Australian, Kiwi symbols that are constantly communicated among
people who share common way of life.

English has a particular role as an official language, Culture in its broadest sense is cultivated behavior; that
is the totality of a person's learned, accumulated
medium of instruction or language of law and
experience which is socially transmitted, or mare briefly,
government. behavior through social learning.
In writing, the idea is to adhere to the Standard English Culture is symbolic communication. Some of its symbols
of one’s country because each variety has its own include a group's skills, knowledge, attitudes, values,
peculiar and individual features. and motives. The meanings of the symbols are learned
and deliberately perpetuated in a society through its
EXAMPLES OF VARIETIES institutions.
Aspect: Date
Culture is the sum of total of the learned behavior of a
American English: March 2, 2017 group of people that are generally considered to be the
British English: 2 March 2017 tradition of that people and are transmitted from
generation to generation.
Aspect: Words
Culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge,
American English: elevator, pants, diaper
experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings,
British English: lift, trousers, nappy
hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial
relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects
Aspect: Spelling and possessions acquired by a group of people in the
American English: center, color, organize course of generations through individual and group
British English: centre, colour, organize striving
TYLOR (1871) “Culture, or civilization, is that complex
Aspect: Local Idiom whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals,
American English: ruffled feathers custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired
British English: knickers in a twist by man as a member of society."
MODERN DEFINITION OF CULTURE
Aspect: Grammar
"a society's shared and socially Transmitted ideas,
American English: Do you have that book?
values and perceptions, which are used to make sense
British English: Have you got that book? of experience and generate behavior and are reflected in
that behavior,"
Aspect: Pronounciation Pt is also believed that... All cultures have to provide for
American English: Vase / vas / VEYZ the physical, emotional, and social needs of their
British English: Vase / vaz / VAHZ members, enculturate new members, resolve conflicts
and promote survival for their members.
“The many version of English spoken around the globe Society must balance the whole with the needs of the
merely serve to make English an even richer tongue.” individual
-Matthew Sutherland
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
1. COMMUNICATION - language, symbol • CULTURE IS LEARNED. IT IS NOT
2. COGNITIVE - ideas, knowledge, beliefs, values, BIOLOGICAL
accounts • CULTURE IS SHARED
3. BEHAVIORAL - norms, mores, laws, folkways, • CULTURE IS BASED ON SYMBOLS
rituals • CULTURE IS INTEGRATED
4. MATERIAL - tool, medicines, books, • CULTURE IS DYNAMIC
transportation, technologies
British English American English
• VALUES - refer to defined standards of fizzy drink Soda
DESIRABILITY, GOODNESS, & BEAUTY which holiday vacation
serve as broad guideline for social being. Ex. flat apartment
Respect, telling the truth, generosity, sacrifice
lift elevator
• NORMS - are rules and expectations by which a
fulfil fulfill
society guides the behavior of its members. Ex.
Walk around the mall with an umbrella, driving nappy diaper
on the wrong side, eat soup w/ a fork skilful skillful
• MORES - (type of NORM) are customary biscuit cookie
behavior patterns or folkways which have taken appetizer starter
a moralistic value. Ex. Respect for parents, the
fringe bangs
essential characteristics, customs, conventions
of a community, not based on law but can hairslide barrette
change grill broil
• LAWS - (type of NORM) are formalized norms, sweets Candy
enacted by people who are vested with mobile phone Cell phone
government power and enforced by political and crisps Chips
legal authorities designated by the government
(Panopio) wardrobe Closet
candyfloss Cotton candy
• FOLKWAYS - (type of NORM) are behavior
patterns of society which are organized and anticlockwise Counterclockwise
repetitive Ex. Appropriate dress, proper eating cot Crib
behavior, correct manners chemist Drugstore
• RITUALS – (type of NORM) are highly scripted aubergine Eggplant
ceremonies or strips of interaction that follow a motorway Expressway
specific sequence of actions
Skipping rope Jump rope
Number plate License plate
HOW IS CULTURE TRANSMITTED? Off-license Liquor store
1. Enculturation – gradual acquisition of the postbox Mailbox
characteristic norms of a culture. Ex. Learning dummy Pacifier
slang, observing models in magazine
2. Acculturation – modification to a diff. culture, tights Pantyhose
transfer of values & customs from one group to Car park Parking lot
another. Ex. Japanese dressing western clothes Dressing gown Robe, bathrobe
3. Assimilation – the process of adapting to one’s
trolley Cart
culture. Ex. People migrating to other country
pavement Sidewalk
THE CONCEPT OF CULTURE
sledge Sled
CULTURE IS... trainers Sneakers
• SHARED football Soccer
• LEARNED Hundreds and thousands Sprinklers
• CUMULATIVE
Pushchair Stroller
• DYNAMIC
• IDEATIONAL underground Subway
• DIVERSE braces Suspenders
• TRANSMITTED THRU LEARNING jumper Sweater
• HELPS SHAPE BEHAVIOR AND BELIEFS takeaway takeout