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Estimations of composite materials properties
Dr. Dmitri Kopeliovich
Composite materials may be either isotropic or anisotropic, which is determined by the Structure of
composites.
Isotropic material is a material, properties of which do not depend on a direction of measuring.
Anisotropic material is a material, properties of which along a particular axis or parallel to a particular plane
are different from the properties measured along other directions.
Rule of Mixtures
Rule of Mixtures is a method of approach to approximate estimation of composite material properties,
based on an assumption that a composite property is the volume weighed average of the phases (matrix and
dispersed phase) properties.
According to Rule of Mixtures properties of composite materials are estimated as follows:
■ Density
■ Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
■ Modulus of Elasticity
■ Shear modulus
■ Poisson's ratio
■ Tensile strength
Density
dc = dm*Vm + df*Vf
Where
dc,dm,df – densities of the composite, matrix and dispersed phase respectively;
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Estimations of composite materials properties [SubsTech] Page 2 of 4
Vm,Vf – volume fraction of the matrix and dispersed phase respectively.
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Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
■ Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) in longitudinal direction (along the fibers)
αcl = (αm*Em*Vm + αf*Ef*Vf)/(m*Vm + Ef*Vf)
Where
αcl, αm, αf – CTE of composite in longitudinal direction, matrix and dispersed phase (fiber) respectively;
Em,Ef – modulus of elasticity of matrix and dispersed phase (fiber) respectively.
■ Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) in transverse direction (perpendicular to the fibers)
αct = (1+µm) αm *Vm + αf* Vf
Where
µm – Poisson’s ratio of matrix.
Poisson’s ratio is the ratio of transverse contraction strain to longitudinal extension strain in the direction of
applied force.
Modulus of Elasticity
Long align fibers
■ Modulus of Elasticity in longitudinal direction (Ecl)
Ecl = Em*Vm + Ef*Vf
■ Modulus of Elasticity in transverse direction (Ect)
1/Ect = Vm/Em + Vf/Ef
Short fibers
Ecl = η0ηLVf Ef + VmEm
ηL = 1 - 2/βL*tanh(βL /2)
β = [8 Gm/(EfD²ln(2R/D))]½
where:
Ef – modulus of elasticity of fiber material;
Em – modulus of elasticity of matrix material;
Gm - shear modulus of matrix material;
ηL – length correction factor;
L – fibers length;
D – fibers diameter;
2R – distance between fibers;
η0 - fiber orientation distribution factor.
η0 = 0.0 align fibers in transverse direction
η0 = 1/5 random orientation in any direction (3D)
η0 = 3/8 random orientation in plane (2D)
η0 = 1/2 biaxial parallel to the fibers
η0 = 1.0 unidirectional parallel to the fibers
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Estimations of composite materials properties [SubsTech] Page 3 of 4
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Shear modulus
Gct = Gf Gm/(Vf Gm + VmGf)
Where:
Gf – shear modulus of elasticity of fiber material;
Gm – shear modulus of elasticity of matrix material;
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Poisson's ratio
µ12 = vf µf + Vmµm
Where:
µf – Poisson’s ratio of fiber material;
µm – Poisson’s ratio of matrix material;
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Tensile Strength
■ Tensile strength of long-fiber reinforced composite in longitudinal direction
σc = σm*Vm + σf*Vf
Where
σc, σm, σf – tensile strength of the composite, matrix and dispersed phase (fiber) respectively.
■ Tensile strength of short-fiber composite in longitudinal direction
(fiber length is less than critical value Lc)
Lc = σf*d/τc
Where
d – diameter of the fiber;
τc –shear strength of the bond between the matrix and dispersed phase (fiber).
σc = σm*Vm + σf*Vf*(1 – Lc/2L)
Where
L – length of the fiber
■ Tensile strength of short-fiber composite in longitudinal direction
(fiber length is greater than critical value Lc)
σc = σm*Vm + L* τc*Vf/d
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Related internal links
■ Classification of composites
■ Structure of composites
■ Metal Matrix Composites
■ Ceramic Matrix Composites
■ Polymer Matrix Composites
■ Tribological properties of alumina reinforced composites
Related external links
http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse209/chapter17.htm [http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse209/chapter17.htm]
http://www.engineer.tamuk.edu/departments/meen/Upward_Bound/presentations/Presentation.ppt
[http://www.engineer.tamuk.edu/departments/meen/Upward_Bound/presentations/Presentation.ppt]
http://webpages.charter.net/ericbeaton/powerpt/Chapter_16.pdf
[http://webpages.charter.net/ericbeaton/powerpt/Chapter_16.pdf]
http://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/sme/MATS324/MATS324B%20powerpoint/laminate%20thickness%20and%
20Vf.ppt [http://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/sme/MATS324/MATS324B%20powerpoint/laminate%20thickness%20and%
20Vf.ppt]
http://www.eng.wayne.edu/legacy/forms/10/ME5720Chap3Handouts1.pdf
[http://www.eng.wayne.edu/legacy/forms/10/ME5720Chap3Handouts1.pdf]
http://www.eng.uwo.ca/es021/ES021a_2006/Lecture%20Notes/Chap%2016%20-%20Composites.pdf
[http://www.eng.uwo.ca/es021/ES021a_2006/Lecture%20Notes/Chap%2016%20-%20Composites.pdf]
www.materialsknowledge.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=152
[http://www.materialsknowledge.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=152]
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estimations_of_composite_materials_properties.txt · Last modified: 2012/06/02 by dmitri_kopeliovich
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