EMERSON COY - PHD - THESIS
EMERSON COY - PHD - THESIS
The understanding of behavior of matter and energy at the molecular, nuclear, atomic and even
microscopic levels is referred as Quantum physics.
Quantum entanglement is one of the central principle of quantum physics, which means multiple
particles are linked together in a way that the measurement of one particle quantum state
determines the possible quantum of the other particles
Shearing stress is the ratio of the tangential force F to the area of the face BCGH over which it is
applied. The ratio shearing stress is divided by shearing strain is the shear module or co-efficient
of rigidity,
In the space, light travels at a speed of 186,282 miles per second and sunlight takes about 8 min
and 19 sec to reach the surface of the earth.
After Solid, liquid and gas there is one more matter that exists known as Plasma. Properties of
Plasma are
The property of the material that relates to its ability to conduct heat is referred as Thermal
Conductivity.
To measure the distance to nearby stars, astronomers use an effect called Parallax. Parallax is
the apparent displacement of an object because of a change in observer’s point of view, for
instance, when we look at object with one eye shut and then doing the same with other eye,
there is a difference in the position of the object this is known as Parallax.
To measure the star position astronomer uses this technique. Once the star position is located
after six month they will again calculate the apparent change in position.
What is the instrument used to know the scattering of light by particles suspended in a liquid?
Nephelometer is the instrument used to measure the scattering of light by particles suspended
in a liquid
Dyne is a unit of force or also referred as C-G-S (centimeter – gram –-second). It means that
when a force is applied to mass of 1 gram, it gives acceleration of 1 centimeter per Second Square.
When matter and light exhibits properties of both waves and particles, it is referred as Wave-
Particle duality. For instance, Light can behave like wave when it shines through narrow slits
while, when exposed to some metal surface it will spray electrons acting as a particle. So under
different conditions it will act.
Explain what is Quantum tunneling?
Quantum tunneling is the process where the particle passes through an obstruction or barrier to
reach at another end. It is referred as tunneling as the particle as “dug” out the way through the
potential barrier.
Uncertainty principle tells that the momentum and position of a particle cannot be measured
precisely.
Dark matter is an invisible matter in the space that can hold the stars into the galaxy. They have
no effect of electromagnetic force on it, which means it does absorb, reflect or emit light that
makes them practically invisible.
A discrete bundle of electromagnetic light or energy, which always remains in motion is referred
as photon.
A Pascal law states that when you apply force at one point on liquid it will transmit equal force
from one location to another within the liquid
Velocity of sound depends on velocity and density of the medium on which it travels. It varies
directly as the square root of elasticity and inversely as the square root of the density.
Convection is the process of transferring heat by movement of heated fluid such as water or
air. In this process, the heated fluid expands, and gravity pulls the denser masses under them
thus forcing them into motion. One good example is a draft of lamps and stoves.
Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity or speed of a body moving along a
circular path.
For example, if an object has a mass of 10 slugs2, its weight near the surface of the Earth is 10 x
32.2 (ft/s2) = 322 pounds (pound-force).
If an object has a mass of 10 kilograms, its weight near the surface of the Earth is 10 x 9.8 (m/s2)
= 98 newton’s.
You can measure the force of gravity on an object (i.e., its weight) by putting it on a scale.
An object with neutral buoyancy has a density such that when it is fully submerged the upward
force due to buoyancy is exactly equal to the downward force due to the weight of the object.
Unfortunately a rough answer is the best that can be done as there are hundreds of different
types of engine oil with slightly different densities. To get an exact density we would have to
know the details of the oil you're using. For a really accurate answer we would also have to state
the temperature as the density of oil as with most fluids varies with temperature.
A unit of torque. (Turning force.) When a force of 1 Newton is applied at a distance of 1 meter
from the pivot at right angle to the radius then a torque of 1 Newton Meter is present. It is the
metric equivalent of lb ft. It is the name given to a device that measures force. It is a meter that
measures Newton’s.
How Does The Elevation And Air Pressure Affect The Boiling Point Of Water?
The only factor that determines the boiling point of water at any altitude is the barometric
pressure (the altitude itself doesn't actually matter, it's just that at higher elevation, the
barometric pressure usually drops). However, water will boil at two different temperatures at
the same elevation if you are in a high pressure weather system instead of a low pressure system.
What Is Time?
This is the question that every true scientist dreads to be asked especially in a public setting by
extremely inquisitive young students. We have learned to measure and calculate it relative to the
natural arrangement of known and visible celestial bodies. This is the ultimate question you ask
a theoretical Astro physicist if you want to see them shake in their pants.
To this day time can only be described by the measure of elapsed period using the SI unit,
Seconds. It is the only SI unit that is freely allowed to shift depending on subject topic. For
example in Astro physics, to measure distance between galaxies it would be impractical to use
seconds as the measure of time it takes light to travel between the two galaxies.
Time transcends everything known to man up to and including the universe, time has no
beginning or end. Time is constant and infinite and we just tap in and out of it in reference to
occurrence of an event.
Let's try some examples. When a rock is tossed into a calm lake, a surface disturbance radiates
from the point where the rock broke the water. The leading edge of that entire wave forms a
circle, and that circle is the wave front for that event. It is moving outward at a constant speed in
all directions. Note that it's two-dimensional (2D). Want 3D? You got it.
How Many Pounds Does One Gallon Of Water Weigh?
One wine measure or US gallon of water weighs 8.34 pounds. An Imperial Gallon is ten pounds
of water at 62F and 30 inches of mercury air pressure.
At 60F. The density of water (and any other liquid) is dependent on temperature. So a gallon of
boiling water weighs less (8.00 pounds) than a gallon of water at 60F.
So fill up your car first thing in the morning when it should be the coolest, you'll get more pounds
of gasoline.
Except that most vehicle fuels are stored underground and are at a pretty constant temperature.
Fortunately it's pretty cool down there...
Make it easy to remember; an ounce of water weights, about an ounce. Can’t be easier than that.
So an American pint, 16 ounces, weighs about a pound. And an American gallon, 8 pints, about 8
pounds. Whereas an Imperial pint, 20 ounces; and an Imperial gallon, 160 ounces, about ten
pounds. Just like it says, up top.
When A Radar Gun Says The Pitch Is 90 Miles Per Hour At What Point In The Balls Travel To
Home Plate Is The Radar Gun Measuring The Velocity?
The measurement is made at the point where the ball is when the trigger is squeezed and the
contacts close to activate the unit. The gun responds in a "split second" by sending out a pulse,
catching the return, and then comparing the two to discover the difference (the Doppler shift).
It is so fast that the ball doesn't travel very far in the time it takes the unit to respond and resolve
the speed.
Does Sunlight Reflected off a Mirror Increase the Temperature of the Sun-rays?
A standard planar mirror will not increase the energy contained in the rays that reflect off it. In
fact, there will be some loss of energy since the reflective surface is not perfect. There is some
reduction in the light's intensity as it passes through the mirror's glass and reflects off the backing
surface.
Parabolic mirrors, on the other hand, focus and concentrate the light rays on a single point in
front of the mirror, aptly named the focus. Although the energy is not amplified, it will be
effectively increased because of the additive effect that will result when the light energy is
concentrated.
Also very small amounts of other radiation are emitted due to naturally occurring radioactive
isotopes in the body (i.e. Carbon-14).
Is Air Travel Time The Same Whether Or Not The Plane Is Flying With Or Against The Rotation
Of The Earth?
All air travel takes the earth's rotation into account. Flights from east to west take less time in
absolute terms, having nothing to do with time zones. The reverse is true with west to east flights,
and even north-south flights must calculate the amount of rotational deviance while the aircraft
is in flight. Long range naval cannons have been computing the earth's rotation under the
projectile in aiming calculations for more than a century. Satellites in synchronous orbit that
appear stationary are actually traveling at the earth's rate of rotation.
What Would Happen If A Disk One Light Second In Circumference Were To Spin At 60 Rpm?
60 revolutions per minute is one revolution per second. 1 light second is the distance light travels
in one second.
What Is An Alloy?
An alloy is a homogeneous hybrid of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and
where the resulting material has metallic properties. The resulting metallic substance often have
unexpected characteristics.
When An Object Moves With Constant Velocity Does Its Average Velocity During Any Time
Interval Differ From Its Instantaneous Velocity At Any Instant?
No. Its velocity, average velocity and instantaneous velocity will all be the same at any (or every)
time an investigator makes an observation.
A good candidate would be curium 247 (247Cm), which has a half-life of 1.56 × 107 years. That's
15,600,000 years (15.6 million years).
If westbound, the day changes to the next day. If eastbound, the day is the day before. Seems
strange, but it all works out. Let's imagine we're on the beach in the early evening west of the
dateline at 4:59 PM Tuesday. If we swim eastward across the dateline and continue east seven
time zones, it will be 11:59 PM Monday. We rest from all this exercise and ponder the strangeness
of turning back a day. Whew! One more minute and it will be Tuesday anyway. Continue 17 more
time zones (24 totals) eastward and it will be 4:59 PM Tuesday. Just like we left it. It works just
fine in the reverse going the other way.
What Are The Applications Of NMR Spectroscopy?
The main applications of NMR stereoscopy are the elucidation of the carbon-hydrogen backbone
of organic compounds and the determination of the relative stereochemistry of the same
molecule.
Tensile strength isn't really calculated; it's measured. It is defined as the point at which a sample
of material fails when subjected to tensile stress. The unit of measure of tensile strength (and
stress) is the Newton per square meter (N/m2), also known as the Pascal (Pa). Tensile strengths
of various building materials, such as steel, are measure in millions of Pa.
Why Does The Pilot Tilt The Outer Wing Of The Airplane Inward While Taking A Turn?
Airplanes have two control surfaces involved when turning, the ailerons are on the trailing edge
of the wings. By moving them in opposite directions, one up one down, the plane tilts, the lift the
wings are generating now causes the plane to turn instead of going up. The rudder which is
vertical at the back turns the plane to the left and right, but the rudder alone can turn the plane
but not change its direction (side slipping) so in order to turn correctly you must use both the
rudder and the ailerons.
Because the electric charge depends on the mass times the radius of a particle and whereas the
mass of the proton is 1836 heavier than the mass of the electron, the radius of the proton is 1836
times smaller. Thus, the product of mass time's radius is in both particles the same and therefore
they have the same charge.
The Pascal is a smaller unit of pressure than the torr. There are 133.32 Pascal per torr. Hence,
divide your pressure measurement in Pascal by 133.32 to convert to torr.
What Is The Difference Between Isolation Transformers And Step Up Or Step Down
Transformer?
Actually an isolation transformer may be physically the same as a Step up/Step Down
transformer. The main difference is in the way they are used.
Another difference is that in a normal transformer there will be capacitance between the 2
windings, between the windings and core, between the core and shell, etc.
These capacitances bring in high frequency noise from outside, which will be transmitted in the
secondary circuit. So [in an isolation transformer] wires are connected between each component,
(not direct contact, but with insulation present). This permits a leakage current and eliminates
unnecessary capacitance.
Around these parts, free fall acceleration is the acceleration due to earth gravity on a body that
is not acted on by an outside force (like air resistance or a bungee tether).
What Is Nucleus?
It is the part of an atom where whole mass of the atom is assume to be concentrated. Or it is
the central part of an atom which contain proton and neutron.
Name The Women Scientist Who Has Played the Pivotal Role in the Development Missile
Technology of India and Nick Named As "missile Woman"?
Tessy Thomas.
In Radioactive Dating We Use Half Life To Determine The Age Of A Sample But Not Average
Life Why?
It is a quantitative measure in which we compare the quantity of a radioactive substance in
the sample to that in the atmosphere/fresh substance.
So, we have a problem: is there a mass value that every observers can relate to? Yes: is the
rest mass that is the mass you could measure in a frame of reference co-moving with the
particle (in which the particle is still), that is the center-of-mass frame and that coincide with
the minimum value measurable for every observers.
What Is Fusion?
It is a nuclear reaction in which two nuclei combine to form a larger (with nearly combined
mass) nuclei.
It releases lot of energy. Sun and stars release energy in this fashion.
For example, a Helium nucleus (called alpha particle) is divided into two 4He (+2) --> 2H (+1) +
2H (+1)
This usually happens in the stars. The energy required to start the fusion comes from
the gravitational force between the particles.
The Velocity Of A Body Was Noted To Be Constant During Five Minutes Of Its Motion. What
Was Acceleration during This Interval Its?
Since velocity of body remains constant during given time period, so diff. of velocity (constant)
with respect to time will be ZERO.
Name Any Two Elementary Particles Which Have Almost Infinite Life Time?
Electron and proton have almost infinite life time.
Due to impact of planets, rocks are escape in the space and became asteroids. In some case
the gaseous material and vapor produced in the supernova are coagulated in the space and
form asteroids.
What Is E= Mc2?
This is mass-energy lesion.
Then What Is The Essence Of Quantum Physics? What Makes It So Different From Classical
Physics?
Quantum physics takes account of the uncertainty present in nature. (By the way, you should
also note, that quantum physics is not a single theory; rather, it is a general framework. More
specifically, one talks about quantum mechanics, quantum thermodynamics, quantum field
theory, etc.) Here the word “uncertainty” is not meant in the sense that we don’t know
something (so that we would be uncertain of something).
Quantum physics claims that reality isn’t something crystal clear; instead, it is somewhat misty.
When we describe the electron’s position in an H-atom by a certain spherical “cloud”, we do
so not because we are not sure where it is (which would be a simple lack of information on the
observer’s side). Rather, the electron itself is not sure about its position (“intrinsic
uncertainty”), and in some sense it is really both here and there and a little bit all around.
It turns out that the statistics emerging from experimental data actually contradicts the
assumption that at each experimental round, all quantities had a value (and that only we did
not know them). On the other hand, the probability theory used in quantum physics does not
make such assumptions and in fact the predictions made by using quantum physics are in
perfect agreement with experimental data. From the point of view of abstract mathematics,
the main difference is that the event-lattice used in classical probability theory is distributive,
whereas the one used by quantum physics isn’t.
I’ve heard that in Quantum Physics A Lot of Fancy Mathematical Objects like Hilbert Spaces
Are Used, And That In Particular, and Measurable Quantities Are Described By Self-adjoint
Operators. Are These Things Related To What You Have Just Explained?
Yes, these are mathematical elements of the “built in” probability theory used by quantum
physics.
Yet to describe its propagation one is forced to talk about waves. (Even if we deal with a single
photon!) Actually, this is true not only for light: it is a general fact regarding every elementary
particle. So from the classical point of view, the situation is rather paradoxical: a particle can
sometimes behave like a wave. From the point of quantum physics, there is no paradox. The
particle is a particle, but its position is uncertain. It can be both here and little bit also there,
so actually even a single particle can produce interference phenomena.
Why Is It That Sound Waves Are Not Normally Considered as Having Particle-like Properties,
Nor Raindrops as Having Wave-like Properties?
The wavelength of a wave is related to its momentum and the Planck constant by the equation
l=h/mv. For sound waves, their wavelength is too long hence the sound particles have too little
momentum to exhibit particulate properties. For raindrops, due to their large mass and hence
momentum, their wavelength is too short for them to undergo significant diffraction.
Diffraction can only be observable if the dimension of the aperture is comparable to the
wavelength of the wave.
Explain Qualitatively The Phenomenon Of Quantum Tunneling Of An Electron Across A
Potential Barrier?
An electron is considered as a wave function. The probability of finding an electron is directly
proportional to the square of the amplitude of the wave function. When the wave function of
an electron encounters a potential barrier, its amplitude decreases exponentially. For a narrow
barrier, the wave amplitude may not become zero after the electron passes through the
barrier. Hence, there is a non-zero probability that the electron will be found beyond the
barrier. This process is called quantum tunneling.
INFERENCE:
When temperature increases, the wavelength decreases.
The total energy emitted at any particular temperature can be found with the help of the area
traced by the curve.
Mention The Applications Of Electron Microscope.
It has a very wide area of applications in the field of biology, metallurgy, physics, chemistry,
medicine, and engineering.
It is used to determine the complicated structures of crystals.
It is used in the study of celluloid.
It is used to study the structure of microorganisms such as virus, bacteria etc.
What Is Meant By Degenerate And Non-degenerate State? Give Examples.
Degenerate state: for various combinations of quantum numbers if we get same Eigen value
(Energy levels) but different Eigen functions, then it is called degenerate state.
Non- degenerate state: for various combinations of quantum numbers if we get same Eigen
values (Energy levels) and same Eigen functions, then it is called Non- Degenerate state.
What Is Physical Significance Of Wave Function?
The probability of finding a particle in space, at any given instant of time is characterized by a
function Ψ(x, y, z) called wave-function.
It relates the particle and the wave statistically.
It gives the information about the particle behavior.
It is a complex quantity.
|Ψ 2| represents the probability density of the particle, which is real and positive.
Explain Planck’s Hypothesis or What the Postulates of Planck’s Quantum Theory? (Or) What
Are The Assumptions Of Quantum Theory Of Black Body Radiation?
The electrons in the black body are assumed as simple harmonic oscillators.
The oscillators will not emit energy continuously. They emit radiation in terms of quanta of
magnitude ‘hγ’, discretely.
E = nhγ where n= 1, 2, 3, 3…