SECOND EDITIONWATER POWER ENGINEERING Second Edition MM DANDEKAR Ex-Professor aviya Regional Engineering College, Jaipur KNSHARMA Consultant, Water Resources and Hydre-power Formerly Secretary. International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage New Delhi and Asstt Professor Malaviya Regional Engineering College, Jaipur war VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT LIDE28, Sectors, Neida-201201 {UP} India Phone: +91-120-4078900 © Fax, 491-120407aN9 Registered Office: $76, Masjid Rood, Jangoura, New Delhi-1t0014. India Emi: helpinegivtkaspublshing.com +Visbsie- mun vikaspubllshing.com + Ahmedabad : 308, Grandtfenarch, 100 tbyamad oad, Near Seema Hat ‘Aneneetataa 3¢0051 + Ph, O7O-S50s4ze4, 98582 M4208 «+ Banwaluns Firs Floor, M.S. 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Ina Phong! +01-11 23279601, 23266648 «Fave +91-11-29278509, 5274261 Eval ubspdQubepd.com +Yisbers: wem.gebeokshepping.com ‘Ahmet: 0)-7922160071)2/9. «Bangalura: +0)-10-28780572/ 9 samopat: 491-755-4002199/ 93+ Bhubanewwar:+31-574-221 4446 ‘= Chennal:+91-44-25748252, 25746951 12 + Coimbatore ;+91-422-2490017 ‘Ernakulam: 981-i¢-2053401, 2373801, 2968905 +Guwahatl = 981-361-2461862/5/ 4 sHyderbad :+91-20-4754472/9 + Kakata: 491-93: 22nea47a. 22522910 * Lucknow: 491-522.4025424 94 + Mumbal:o51-22-66576902 '3, 66102089 SNagaur:+91-712-2796010/1 + Patna: 91-4612-2572856. 2673073 Pun: 91-20-2448 1885, 24499078 Water Power Engineering ISBN: 978-99289.6890-1 First Published 1978 Reprinted several times Second Exition 2019 \ikas® is the registered traciemark: of Vikas Publishing House Pv Ltd Copyright @ Authars, 1972, 2013 ‘Airis resend. Mo paral Bispubicaion which is maievial pretectedy his cpyriahnaice may be reproducedo: warcinited ‘runlizeg orsteredin an tomar bp aj means now known arheseinfirinrsed,sactonia cig ormechanes ieluckg Ehsan earigecrangeroyaynammasen aap ioral ian th plo winperinost ome Informatie eereanod i ts book has been publhed by VIEAS? Pub ahing House PviLid ada eon cane ty is Autnors ‘Worn saurees Bellovedto berolabe adare correct io te basta tha nowkxdge. However ihe Pubaahor andi Alor hal rromvert bettie [or am ertore, atiselan or damage ansing auf ure af ie aormalign and epsc:teallf sca ary ‘rpllgg wararti ermorctanisbityartineze fer any paricularuee, Diepute If ary areauyocto Deih Jute ery Prien reaPreface to the Secand Baltion ix Preface to the First Edition x lL. 3. Extracting Energy from Water 1-26 Globat Energy Qverview 1; Sources af Pawer and Renewables 6: Global View of Hydro-pawer Potential 9; Hydre-power: india Scomaria and Prospects It dnterere gion! Imbalances 1S: Transmission of Power 17. SWOT of Hydro-power 20: Estimation of Hydre-potential 24; Place of Hydro inthe Power Mix 22; Mutti-purpase Development 22; Climate Change and Hydoa-pawer 23; India’s Cooperation with Neighbouring Countries 24, Questions 25 Elementary Hydrology 27-42 Definisions 27; Branches of Hydrology 27; Hydrologic Cyele 28 Hydrologic Equation 29> Infiltration 30: Evaporation 33; Streams ainct Stream Flow 36; Suuistical Narare of Hydrology 37; Mlustranive Examples 39 Questions 41 Precipitation 4343 Occurrence and Causes of Precipitation £3: Measurement af Rainfall 44, Intespretation of Rain-gange Dara 5; Graphical Representation of Rainfall S38; Extreme Vittuesaf Precipitation 56: Precipitation Patterns in india $9; tlustrative Examples 60; Questions 63 Runoff and Stream Flow 64-107 Runoff Process 64; Stream Flow Analysis 65: Hydrograph 69; Mass Curve 70; Flow Duration Curve 71; Raiefalt-Runoff Relation 72: Factors affecting Runoff 72: Estimation af the Runof{74; Low Flow Analysic 82; Flood Runoff 83; Unie Hydrograph Method 88; Synthesie Unit Hydragraph 92; Niustrative Examples 95; Questians 106xii | Worer Power Exonccenms 10. Electrical Load on Hydro-turbines 108-118 Load Curve 108; Load Factor Hi; Power Factor 1 Capacity Factor 11; Utilisation Factor 12; Diversity Factor 112; Load Duration Curve 112: Firm Power 115: Secondary Power 114: Prediction of Load 14; Miustrative Examples 115; Questions 18 Low and High Head Plants 119-173 Classification of Plants H9; Run-of-river Plants 123; Valley Bam Planty 130; Diversion Canal Plants 134; High Head Diversion Plants 136. Storage and Pordage 138° Flow- and Power-duratton Curves 143: Sedimentation of Reservoirs Md: tilustrasive Examples 156; Questtons 172 Pumped Storage Power Plants 174-200 Basic Features 174: Historical Development 176; Advantages of Puaped Storage Plams 178; Types of Pumped Storage Plants 179: Reversible Pump-nurbines 183; Advantages/Disadvantages of Reversible Pump-turbines 188; Problems of Operation 19%; Topography 193: Reservoirs and Water Conveyance 193; The Powerhouse 90: Efficiency af PS Plants 197; Jilustrative Examples 198; Questions 200 Dams 201-255 History 201: Functions of Dam 201; Classification of Dams 202. Selection of Site autd Choice of Dams 203; Gravity Dams 205; Embankmens Dams 217; Arch Dams 228; Bussross Dams 237; Roller-compacied Concrete (RCC}Dams 249: Comceete-faced Rockfild Dams 241; Rack-filled Cemerete (RFC} Dams 244; Inflatable Bums 246: Failures and Safety of Dams 247; Rehabilirasion of Danes 249: Multiplier Effect af Dams 249; Mtustvative Exaniples 250: Questions 254 Spillways 256-291 Spidtway Design Flood 256; Types of Spillways 257; Spillway Gates 274: Concrete Fuse Plugs 284; Dam Sluices 286; Energy Dissiparion Betow Spidhoays 286: illustrative Examples 288; Questions 291 Penstocks and Accessories 292-319 Classification of Pemstocks 292; Design Criteria for Penstocks 297; Economical Diameter of Penstocks 299; Anchor Blacks 203; Conduit Valves 307: Bends and Manifolds 316° IMusteative Examples 318: Questions 319Covers | xi i. 12. 13. 14. 16. 17. Water Hammer and Surges Water Hanmer $20; Resonance in Pensiocks 328 Channel Surges 328; Surge Tinks 330; Mlustrative Excunples 3412 Questions 345 Intakes, Canals and Tunnels Intakes 346; Air Entrainment at Intakes 357; Canals 359; Tunnels 366: Questions 384 Turbines Main Types of Turbines 383; Hydraulic Features 386; Turbine Size 392: Conssructionat Features of Turbines 392; Layout Arrangements 408; Hydsanlies of Turbines 40% Velaciey Triangles and Nomenclature 410 Basic Flow Equations 41; Draft Tubes 416; Cavitation in Turbines 418; Abrasion in dydrandic Machinery 421; Governing of Turbines 422: Turbine Model Testing 426: Chavacteristics of Turbines 427, Mlustrative Examples 428; Questions 434 Electrical and Mechanical Equipment Generaiors 435; Transformers 442; Switchgear 443; Mechanical Equipment 446+ Transmission of Electric Power 446: Questions 452 Planning of Powerhouses Powerhouse Straciere 453; History 461; Location of Underarantndt Power Stationc 462; Types of Underground Power Starione-463: Advantages of the Undergraund Pawerhause 464; Components of cat Underground Powerhouse 466; Tepes of Layout 468; Limisations of an Underground Powerhause 470; Structural Design af Pawerdouses 470; Questions 471 Hydro-power From Oceans Energy from Qeeans 472; The Tilal Phenomenon 473; Basie Principles of Tidal Power 477; Historical Developmenss 478; Prominent Sites in the World and in India 479; Modes of Generation 482; Structural Components of Tidal Plants 486; Turbine Assembly and Generation 497: Power Output and Energy from Tide! Barrage 501; Economics af Tidal Pamer 503: Tidat Power Stations of the World 503: Environmental Effects 505; Mustrasive Examptes 511; Questions S12 Small-scale Hydro Historical Development Sia: Sites for Smatl-seale Hydro 515: Potential of Small-scale Hydro 516; Measures of Economy 517: Choice of Turbines 523: Prospects of Small-scale Hydro 528: Questions $29 320-345 346-384 385-434 435-452 453-471 472-512 513-529xiv_ | Warer Power Exonccenms 18. Environmental Impact of Hydel and Multi-purpose Projects Hiydel Projects 530 Dawa to be Caltected/Monitared in a Water Pmject 536; Positive Impact of Wacer Projects 537; Possible Negative Impacts 538: Hydr-power and Greenhouse Gasex S39: Environmental Laws in India $39; Questions $40 19. Some Typical Projects Beas Project S41: Tarbele Dam Project $43; Idukki Arch Dam Project 530; LA Rance Tidal Plant 552; Revin Pumped Storage Plant 558: Santar Saravar (Narmada) Project 537: Tehri Hydro-power Project 56S Appendices 1. General Studies and Investigations Needed for Hydro-electric IL. Recommended Values of Infiltration Loss Rates; ILL, World’ Highest Dams IV, World’s Largest Dams Y. Largest Man-made Lakes/ Reservnirs in the World VI. Load Combinations for Gravity Dams ‘VIL, Some Biggest Turbine Installations VIII. World’s Largest Hydro-power Plants IX, Some Useful Units Bibliography Index 530-540 541-582 583-596 583 580 587 589 590 sol 592 5a 596 597-602 603-610Abrasion 421 Alforestation $34, 536 Allievi etant 32: Alternator 437, 439 Amplifier 5 Anchor black 308 French method of design 304 Swiss method o! sign 304 stability conditions for 305 conditions of design of 305 forces on 306 Apparent power 110, E11 Arch dam 228 Types of 229 constant radius ype 22! constant angle type variable angle, variable radius typs 229 multiple 238 double curvature 232 stresses in 231 ey method 281 preliminary design 252 moder analysis methods 233 Area design curves 131 ‘Area increment method M49 Artificial neural network (ANN) 80 Base flnw 46,65, 90 separation %0 Bearings 437 thrust bearing 436 thrust-cum-guide bearing 437 Bela forenila 115 Bends and manifolds 316 Baek box 28 Boomers $74, 375 Breaching section 257, 268 Brune’s curve 154 Bus bars 441, 443, 446 Butivess dam 237 fat slab of Ambursen type 238 multiple areh type olid-headed type 238 cellular or hollow gravity type 238 Caissons 486, 494, 498, S01, $04 Calame-Gaden curve 340 Canal 359, $62 inlake 447 lining of 361 surges 362 velocity. 362 automation in 363 Capacity factor 111 ‘aichment characteristics 73 3.74 surface 74 location geology 74 topography 74 Cavitation 191,15 2,315,417 in conduit walve 312, 313 in turbines 191, 418 parameter (Thoma’s) 191.316604 | Water Powre NEHRING Churchill's eurve 154, 155 Cireuit breakers 443,444, 446 Climate change and frydropower 23 Colorado sunken pan 34, 35 Computer models 79 Concrete faced rockfill dams(CERD) 241 face slab thickness 242 foundation 243 plinth 243 parapel wall 244 walerstop joints 244 Condensation 43 Conductors 449 spacing of 448 material af 449 Conduit valves 307 types of 308 gates 309 butterfly valves 310 spherical valves 411 plug valves 311 rotary valves 311 needle valves 313 plunger valves 313 Howell-Bunger valves 314 fixed cone valves 314 special problems of 315 Connected Joad 110, 112 Conttol room Aa, 454, 457, 466 Corona 451 Current meters. 67 Cyclones 43 Celone waning radar SI Dams 201-250 clussifieation ef 202 funtion of 201 history of 201 selection of site for 203 safety of 247 intakes 348 sluices 248, 286 rehabilitation of 249 multiplier effect of 249 Deforestation $34 Depression storage 29 Depth-atea duration eurve $6 Detention storage 29 Diversity factor 112 Diversion canal plants 122, 134 components of 136 various arrangements of 134 upstream station layout 135 downstream station layout Dratt tube 397, 416 elbow type 418 Drilling 366 jumbo 371, 372 arthen dam 218 central core of 223, diaphragm type 219 drainage in 220, 223 equipment for construction of 224 failure of 225 low net for 219, 224 height of 222 homagencous section 219 seepage in 220, 224 stability of 225 top width of 222 ws and dis slope in 221, 223 zoned section 219 Echoes 50 ology 536 Blastie water column theory 323 ‘mbankment dam 217 ‘pirical an Energy 1 overview 1 reduction method 149 measurement of 3 sourees of 6 solar 4,7,8,472 from oceans 472 Energy dissipation 286 hydraulic jump 286 roller bucke's 287 ski-jump buckets 288 invironmental $30 mpacts 505, $31 impact assessment (ELA) $31 considerations 23, 24Inoex | 60s impact analy sis. laws in India 339 ranking of energy sources 332 flow 535 positive impacts $37 negative impacts 534 effects of tidal power 505 Ephemeral streams 65 Evuporation 30, 33 equation 3 measures pans 34, 35 Bvapostranspiration 29 Exceedenece probability 52, 61 Eseitation 44] Expansion joint 294, 296, 304 wot 33 Foaversge index 32 Finite element method 234 Firm (primary) power 113 Floating pan 34, 35 Floats 67 Flood 69, 70 probability 84 frequency analysis 84 Flood runotl 83 formulae 83,34 flow-turation curve 7, 143 calendar year method 143 (otal period method. 13 Flow simulation. 77 Flow velocity. 67 Forebay 365 installations in 363 Frontal meeting 43 Fullreservoir level (FRE) 149, 222, 256 66 66 Gange-dischar, curve 66 Gates 256, 258 conduit gates 309 spillway gates 258 radial $00) Generator 435 bus bars it}, 3, 40 constructional feature 435 design features af 439 excitation 441 horizontal shalt 435, 436 lubrication of 442 shafis 439 ventilation, cooling of 442 vertical shaft 436 Governors 422 hydraulic 423 mechanical 423 electronic 425 Gravity dams 208, 205 concrete gravity 206, calculation of forees on 207, 208 conditions of stability 208 elementary profile of 213 limiting eight of 217 middle third rule in. 200 principal and shear stress in 21 structural stability of 207 lypes of 205, 206 ‘Greenhouse gases $35, $37, $39 emissions 535, ‘Groundwater flow 6+ Gumbel's equation $2, 83 HIVDE 18,451 Heading and benching method High head diversion plant 186 components-of 138 Hydracone 418 Hydraulic gradient fine 320 Hydraulie jump 270, 271, 286 Hydrograph G9, 83 of Mood 83, 88 of complex flood 69 Hydrologic cycle 28 Hydrologic equation 29 Hydrology 27 branches of 27 stochastic 37 Hydrometeorology 27 Hydro-power 9, 11 advantages 7, 200606 _| Wore Powe NEHRING prospects 11 place of 22 SWOT of 20 potential estimate 9, 21 and groenhouse gases 359 Hydro-powver plants $30 jassification of 119 Hyetograph 69) Idukki project 950 Infiltration 29, 30 capacity $1 capacity curve 31 index 32 ex 32,33 Inflatable dams 246 Insulators 450 Pin type 450 suspension type 430 shackle 430 composite 451 cggeshoped 451 Intakes 346 tic entrainment in 357 shall 352 tower 350) run-of-river $47 canal 347 losses in 353 types of 347 Iniensity-duration curve 58 Interception 29, 30, 79 Interflow 64 Intermittent streams 65 Involuntary resettlement 333 Isoehranes 74, 239 Isolators 443 Joukowsky equation 327 Kilowatt-hour (unit) 2, 4 Lagoons 494, 495 al 494 nce tidal project 352 Line insulators 443 materials 450 types of 430 Lead 110,112 peak load 108, 110 mean load 108,110 curve 16, LOS, factor 110 prediction of 114 Load-duration curve 112 Lead sharing 114 Locks and fish passages 497 Low flow 75,82, 83 analysis 68, 82 Mass curve $4, 70, 71, 96 of runoff 70, 71 of rainfall $4 Mathematical models 80 Masimum water level (MW) 222, 256 Methods for finding average rainfall $1 arithmetic mean method 52 isohyetal method 53 Thiessen polygon method 52 Middle third rule 209 Moisture adjustment factor 58 Moody"s method 152 Moving average surve $4 Multiple correlation 78 Muli vupose development 22 ‘Nappe flow 271 ‘Ocean 472 energy from 472 ‘ocean thermal energy conversion (O71 ‘Orographic influences 43 ‘Overland flow 64 =) 472 Pan coefficient 34, 35 Penslocks 292 classifications of 292 support 294, 296 economic diameter 299 design criteria for 297 embedded 297 nonmembedded (exposed) 297Ispex | 607 number of 298 resonanee in 328 Perennial stream 65,69, 71 Photographic integration technique $1 Plan position indicator $0, $1 Plant capacity 11, L12 Plant load factor 111, 112 Plant use factor 111, 112 Poles and supports 436, 438, 447 Pondage 112,113, 138 capacity. 140 factor 142 Potential power 21, 22 estimation of 21 Power 1, 108 factor 110, 111 sources of 6 tidal 473 statis of 6 arid 17,18 Powereanals 134, 135, 359 lining of 361 design criteria of 361 Power-duration curve 143, 144 Powsthouse 196, 453. 486 surface 453 underground 461 divisions of 453 dimensions of 4 lighting 2nd ventilation of 4600 arrangement of underground 463 layout of design of 468 machine hall 455 erection bay 455, 457 control bay 435, 437 mechanical ecuipment in 433 Precipitation 37, 3 occurrence and causes of 43 patterns in Indie 59 regional analysis $9 Probability distribution 82, $4 Foster's 84 Gamma 84 Gumbel's extreme value 84, 88 Jog-Pearson [and [ILE 84, 83 Jog normal 84, 83 norinal 84) Probability paper 88 Probable maximum flood (PME) 57, 256, 257 Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) 56, 83, 256,257 Pumpedestorage power plants 120, 17 basi historical development 176 advantage of 178 pes of 179 ellfigieney of 197 problems of operation of 191 topography in 193 es jures 174 reservoir and water conveyance in 193 Radial gates 274, 277, 500 Rainfall 43,44 measurement point value af 31 average value of 31 graphical representation of 33 frequency of 56 Rainfallerunoff 72,75 systems 63 relation 72 historical approach of 75 formulae of 76, 97 curves and lables of 77 hydrologic equation of 77 multiple correlation of 78 computer models for 79 ‘mathematical models far 8th Rain gauge 44 types of 44-47 interpretation of data 31 Reactive power 111 Real power 11] Receiver 45,48, 51 Rehubilitation and resettlement 533, Reservoir 70, 193 storage capacity 70, 138 yield from 71 induced seismicity $35 rap efficioney of 154 Reversible pump-turbines 183 depth of submergence in 192608 | Waree Powre NEHRING runner eeaeking in 192 Revin P-8 project 335 Rigid water column theory 320 Rogk bolting 371, 372 Rock-filled concrete dams. 244 Rockfilldam 225 types of 225, 226 Rock mechanics 381 Rotors 436 poles of 436 op thrust bearing type 436, 437 umbrella type 436, 437 semicumbrella type 436 spiders 436 Roller compacted eoncrete (REC) dams 239 Runaway speed 427 Runoif proves 4 factors aftecting 72 estimation of 75 statistics 74 frequency distribution of 75 formulae 76,77 volune of 68, 83 Run-of-river plants 122, 123 general arrangement of 123 bblock-power plants 125, 126 twin plants 128 pier-head plants 128 submersible plants 129 SHE model 80,81 SARK model 80, 81 S-band radar SL hydrograph 1, 92 dar Sarovar (Narmada) project 337 Sehieer formula 114 Secondary power 1-1 Sedimentation 144 of reservoirs 144 deposition pallens 139, 148 estimation 145, 147 distribution 148 Seismology 536 ervo-mator 423, 425 ‘Skimming low 269,272 Sluice gates 495. Small-scale hydro 313 sites for 315 potential of 516 measure of economy of $17 setting of 518 choice of turbines for 519, 523 prospects af 528 development af 528 bottlenecks 528 Spillyway’ 256-288 design flood 256 overall type 259 ungated Profile 258 side-channel type 262 shaft type 263 siphon type 265 priming of 266 chute of trough type 267 emergency 268 discharge over 267 piano: key weir 261 labyrinth weir 260 stepped 269 Spillway gates 274 Mashboand 274 stoplogs and needies 275 vertical Lif gates 276 rolling gates 277 tilting gates 275 radial gates 277 drum gates 278 eaterpillar 277 fuscgates 279 eonerote fuse plugs 284 Standard project flood 59, 257 Stondand project storm $7, 257 Stanford watershed model 80 1438 model 39, 80 slorage 73.74, 138 chameteristics af 77 live and dead 139. 155 Stream flow 27, 36, 68 analy sis 97, 66 values 87Ixpex | 609 historical sequence 37 data 66 velovity 66 Submergence 192, 333 depth 192 Surge arrestor 443 Surge tanks 330 necessity of 331 types of 332 hydraulic design of 338 model studies of 341 Switches 443, 445 aa Switchgear Switehyard 444 nithetie unit hydrograph 92 TBM 374, 376 Tank model 80 Tarbela project $43 Target 51 Tehri HE project 565 Thermal convection 43 Thoma’s parameter 11, 420 Thyristor convertors 441 Tidal 472 phenomenon 473 fences 494 embimkinenvharrage 491, $01 plants. 486 Tidal power 120, principles 497 location of plant 479 difficulties in generation of Prominent sites 479 components of plants 4% single basin arrangement 482 double basin arrangement 485 cooperating basin arrangement 485 multibasin arrangement 482, 486 advantages and disudvantages 478 economies of 513 stations 503 Tides 472, 478,474 lunar and solar 473 range 472,478,476 spring and neap 475 These series analysis. 82 Tower 447 intakes 350 types of 47 concrete pole 447, 448 single circuit 448 double circuit 448 Transformers 436, 442 twnes of 442 location of 443 maintenance of 443 number of 483 ausiliany 443 ‘Transmission 17, 446 ofpower 17 de. teansmission 18, 451 voltages. 17, 450 parts of teanismisston systers 447 losses in 19 ‘Transpiration 29, 30 ‘Vrash rack 126,136,385 cleaning of 356 velocity through 356 Tunnelling 371 methods 371 equipment 372 sequence 5 rock mechanics in 381 Tunnels 366 Tunetions of 366 classification of 367 geologic exploration 368 Tining of 369, 370, 378 design features of 376 Turbines 383 types of 385 classifieation of 386-391 sizeof 392 Pelton wheel 392, $27 Francis 396, 527 propeller and Kaplan 401, 527 Deriaz 403 ubular 404 bulb 407, 524, $26 slant or 8- 403, strafle (rim generator) 48%610 | Waree Powre NEHRING oithogonal 488 Gurlov helical 488 shrouded 439 cross-flow 491,523 turgo-impulse wheel $25 other types af 490 layout arrang hydraulics of 409 baste flow equations in 411 velocity tangles 410 characteristics of 427 model testing 426 of 408 Underground pumped hydreeleetric energy storage (UPHS) 180 init hydrograph 80, 8% method 8& assumptions 88 applications 88 onfinates 90 limitations $L synthetic 92 ‘SWB Class land pan 34, 36 Utilization factor 112 Valley dam plants 130 ilferent arrangements 131 parts of 134 Valves 307 Velneity measurement 66 Water hammer 320 theory of 321 Water 27,43, 64 conveyance LOY ‘quality $34 weeds 535 wheels 385 Waterlogging 536 Wwe power 306 power fiom wave 310 Wave power devices 507 Archimedes wave swing 507 ‘Wave Dragon 307, 508 wave pump 308 ‘The Pelamis 308 wave energy converter $09 oscillating water columa 510 hinged contour 508 Weather mdar circuit 50 Weather station 47 Wheel capacity 112, 113 ve 316,317