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SQL Commands and Constraints Guide

The document discusses various SQL concepts including commands like CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and DROP. It defines RDBMS as a database system based on the relational model, and NULL as a field with no value. It describes common SQL constraints like NOT NULL, DEFAULT, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, and CHECK. It provides examples of NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, and FOREIGN KEY constraints. It also mentions CREATE and DROP DATABASE statements.

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37 views3 pages

SQL Commands and Constraints Guide

The document discusses various SQL concepts including commands like CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and DROP. It defines RDBMS as a database system based on the relational model, and NULL as a field with no value. It describes common SQL constraints like NOT NULL, DEFAULT, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, and CHECK. It provides examples of NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, and FOREIGN KEY constraints. It also mentions CREATE and DROP DATABASE statements.

Uploaded by

Aqsa Nisar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The standard SQL commands to interact with relational databases are CREATE, SELECT, INSERT,

UPDATE, DELETE and DROP.

DDL - Data Definition Language:

DML - Data Manipulation Language:

DCL - Data Control Language:

DQL - Data Query Language:

What is RDBMS?

A Relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS) that is based
on the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd.

What is NULL value?

A NULL value in a table is a value in a field that appears to be blank, which means a field with a NULL value is a
field with no value.

SQL Constraints: Constraints are the rules enforced on data columns on table. These are used to limit
the type of data that can go into a table. This ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data in the
database.
Following are commonly used constraints available in SQL:

 NOT NULL Constraint: Ensures that a column cannot have NULL value.

 DEFAULT Constraint: Provides a default value for a column when none is specified.

 UNIQUE Constraint: Ensures that all values in a column are different.

 PRIMARY Key: Uniquely identified each rows/records in a database table.

 FOREIGN Key: Uniquely identified a rows/records in any another database table.

 CHECK Constraint: The CHECK constraint ensures that all values in a column satisfy certain conditions.
 INDEX: Use to create and retrieve data from the database very quickly.

NOT NULL Constraint:

By default, a column can hold NULL values. If you do not want a column to have a NULL value, then you
need to define such constraint on this column specifying that NULL is now not allowed for that column.
A NULL is not the same as no data, rather, it represents unknown data

UNIQUE Constraint:

The UNIQUE Constraint prevents two records from having identical values in a particular column.

PRIMARY Key:

A primary key is a field in a table which uniquely identifies each row/record in a database table. Primary
keys must contain unique values. A primary key column cannot have NULL values.

A table can have only one primary key, which may consist of single or multiple fields. When multiple
fields are used as a primary key, they are called a composite key.

FOREIGN Key:

A foreign key is a key used to link two tables together. This is sometimes called a referencing key

CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create new SQL database.


DROP or DELETE Database:

DROP DATABASE statement is used to drop an existing database in SQL schema.

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