Chapter 7 : SYNTHETIC MATERIALS IN INDUSTRY

Synthetic polymer PROCESS OF MAKING SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

Proses membuat polimer sintetik
• Known as artificial polymer • Polymerisation process : monomers are bound together to form
Dikenali sebagai polimer buatan longer chain of polymer.
• Polymer : compound formed from molecules which combine Proses pempolimeran: monomer digabung bersama membentuk
together chemically into a long chain. rantaian panjang polimer
Polimer : sebatian yang dibentuk dari molekul yang bergabung • Polymerisation reaction:
secara kimia kepada rantaian yang panjang. Tindakbalas pempolimeran
– Molecules which form a long chain : monomer – Addition polymerisation Pempolimeran tambahan
• Monomer are added to produced polymers without
• Polymerisation : process of monomers joining up into a long chain. any by-product.
• Pempolimeran : proses menggabungkan monomer-monomer Monomer ditambah untuk menghasilkan polimer
kepada rantaian yang panjang tanpa bahan buangan
– Condensation polymerisation Pempolimeran kondensasi
• Synthetic polymers • When a small molecules of the by-product such as
• Classified into water produced.
• elastomers Apabila molekul kecil bahan buangan seperti air
• Thermoplastics dihasilkan.
• thermosets The making of synthetic rubber
• Synthetic polymer Pembuatan getah sintetik
• Synthetic rubber • Prepared in industry through the polymerisation of hydrocarbon
• Contain properties similar to a natural rubber. substances.
• Ex: neoprene, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), thiokol Dijalankan di industri melalui proses pempolimeran bahan
dan silicon rubber hidrocarbon
• are used to make ballons, gloves, tyres and engine • Made of butadiene gas (petroleum)and styrene liquid(coal tar or
belts. petroleum).
• Synthetic fibre : • Dibuat dari gas butadiena (petroleum) dan cecair sterina ( arang
• nylon and polyester are used to make fabric. atau petroleum
• Plastics •
• such as PVC, polysterene (foam) and epoxy resins are General properties of synthetic rubber
used to make toys, ,plastic cup, furniture, food Sifat umum getah sintetik
packaging and high strength glue. - Resistant to bad weather and high temperatures
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 Tahan cuaca buruk dan suhu tinggi • PVC (polyvinylchloride)
- Can easily vulcanised to increased the strength • Polystyrene
Mudah divulkan untuk meningkatkan ketahanan • Polythene
- Gas and water do not easily get into it. • Polyamide : known as nylon
• Polyethylene : PET
Gas dan air tidak mudah meresap
• Polyurethane : strong and lightweight
- Good heat and electric insulator
Penebat haba dan elektrik yang baik Types of plastic Jenis-jenis plastik
- Does not burn easily and is heat resistant • Thermoplastics
Tidak mudah terbakar dan tahan haba – Low melt point (soft when heated)
- Has high resistance towards chemical substances such as acid and Takat lebur rendah(lembut apabila dipanaskan)
alkali, oil and organic solvents – Ability to remoulded repeatedly Boleh diacu semula
Tahan terhadap bahan kimia seperti asid dan alkali, minyak dan – Reused by melting and resolidifying into a new things
pelarut organic. Diguna semula dengan melenur dan dibentuk kepada barang yang
Compare and contrast synthetic rubber with natural rubber baru
Perbandingan dan perbezaan getah sintetik dan getah asli – Recyclable Boleh dikitarsemula
– Unbreakable Tidak boleh pecah
Synthetic rubber Properties Natural rubber – Can be stretched and burn easily
yes Elastic yes Boleh diregangkan dan mudah dibakar
– Colourless and transparent Tidak berwarna dan lut sinar
yes Heat resistant yes – Good electric insulator Penebat elektrik yang baik
yes Strong yes – Resistant to most chemical substance such as acid and alkali
Tahan terhadap kebanyakan bahan kimia seperti asid dan alkali
yes Oil resistant yes – Dissolve in organic solvent Larut dalam pelarut organik
yes Water resistant yes Termoplastic molecules do not have cross linkages between their polymer
Molekul termoplastik tidak mempunyai rangkai silang antara polimer
No Chemical resistant yes – When heated, the polymer chain glide easily onto each other
Apabila dipanaskan, rantai polimer bergelongsor antara satu
yes Can be oxidised No
dengan lain
Can be electrical – Easily soften or melt and can be remoulded and recycled to make a
yes yes
insulator new things
Mudah lembut atau lebur dan boleh diacusemula dan dikitar
Plastics semula untuk membuat benda baru.
• Plastic is a synthetic polymer Contoh termoplastik
Plastik ialah polimer sintetik
– Polystyrene polistirena
• Examples of plastic
– Polypropylene polipropilena
Contoh-contoh plastik
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 – Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polivinil klorida – Melamine
– Perspex perspek – Epoxy resin
– Polythene politena
Potential uses of plastic
Potensi penggunaan plastic
• Plastic is widely used in medical field
• Thermosetting plastics plastik digunakan dengan meluas di bidang perubatan
– High melting point a. To replace faulty heart arteries and heart valve
takat lebur yang tinggi Menggantikan arteri dan injap jantung
– Does not bend or burn easily b. To replaced damaged bones such as as waist, hip, knee and finger
tidak boleh dibengkokkan atau dibakar dengan mudah joint.
– Can be moulded only once and thus cannot be recycled Menggantikan tulang yang rosak seperti sendi pinggang, pinggul,
dapat diacu sekali sahaja dan ini menyebabkannya tidak boleh lutut dan sendi jari
dikitar semula c. Plastic that degrades in the body is used to make thread to stitch
– Does not dissolve in any organic solvent wound and to make medicines capsules
Tidak larut dalam sebarang pelarut organik Plastik yang degradasi dalam badan digunakan untuk menjahit
– Resistant to most chemicql substances luka dan kapsul ubat
Tahan terhadap sebarang bahan kimia d. To rebuild facial structure damaged by accident
– Harder, more shock and heat-resistant Membina semula struktur muka yang musnah
lebih keras, lebih tahan renjatan dan haba e. To make camera pills that are specially designed to snap pictures of
• Thermoset plastic molecules have cross-linkage between their polymers internal organs
Molekul plastik termoset mempunyai rangkai silang antara polimernya. Membuat pil kamera yang direka khusus untuk menangkap
– Cross-links prevent polymers chain from gliding onto each other gambar organ-organ dalam.
when heated.
Rangkai silang ini menghalang rantai-rantai polimer bergelongsor
antara satu sama lain apabila dipanaskan Effects of plastic waste disposal
Kesan pembuangan plastic
• Burning of plastic product
Pembakaran bahan plastik
 Releases pollutant that treaten health
Membebaskan bahan pencemar yang membahayakan kesihatan
 Black smoke Asap hitam
 Smelly and poisonous gases, corrosive gases :
Gas berbau dan beracun dan mengkakis
• Examples of termoset:  hydrogen kloride hidrogen klorida
 Carbon monoxide Carbon monoksida
– Bakelit  .hydrogen cyanide Hidrogen sianida
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 • Disposal of plastic product
Pembuangan bahan plastik
 cause flash flood during heavy rain
boleh menyebabkan banjir kilat apabila hujan lebat
 Plastic bags that are thrown into the sea will cause
pollution. Sea creature will die when they swallow plastic
beg plastik yang dibuang ke laut akan menyebabkan pencemaran.
Hidupan laut akan mati apabila tertelan plastik.

Ways to control plastic waste disposal

Cara pengawalan pembuangan bahan plastic

• Use biodegrable plastic

Gunakan plastik jenis terbiodegradasi(bolehurai)
• Recycling plastic waste products
Kitar semula barangan plastik
• Burnt in incinerators that have air cleaning system.
Bakar dalam insinerator yang mempunyai sistem pembersihan udara
• Using photodegradable plastic
Guna plastik jenis fotodegrable
• Collected, crushed and buried in a special dumping ground.
Dikumpul, dihancurkan dan ditanam di tapak pembuangan khas
• Burnt to produce heat energy for the purpose of heating up or generating
electrical energy.
Bakar untuk mendapatkan tenaga untuk tujuan pemanasan dan penjanaan
tenaga elektrik

untuk anak-anak didik

Pn Hus
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