Name:___________________
VC.10: Surface Measurements
Literacy
1. Give the formula for the divergence, divField[x, y, z], of a three-dimensional vector field
Field [ x, y, z] m[ x, y, z], n[ x, y, z], p[ x, y, z]. Say how the sign (positive or negative) of
divField[x,y,z] tells you whether {x, y, z} is a source or a sink of the three-dimensional flow
represented by F[x, y, z].
2. How do you know that Field [ x, y, z] y z x, Sin[ z] 2 y, Cos[ xy ] 5z 3 has sinks at every point
{x, y, z}?
How do you know that the new flow of this vector field across the skin of any solid surface is from
outside to inside?
3. Determine the sources and sinks of Field [ x, y, z] 3z 3x 2 , 3z 2 y, 4 z .
Eyeball your answer and then respond quickly to the following questions.
If C1 is the sphere of radius 2 centered at {4, 0, 0}, is the net flow of this vector field across C1 from
outside to inside, or is it from inside to outside?
If C 2 is the sphere of radius 2 centered at {-3, 0, 0}, is the net flow of this vector field across C 2 from
outside to inside, or is it from inside to outside?
4. Here’s a vector field:
Clear[x,y,z,m,n,p,Field];
{m[x_,y_,z_],n[x_,y_,z_],p[x_,y_,z_]}={x2+E-y,y2,x-2 y z2};
Field[x_,y_,z_]={m[x,y,z],n[x,y,z],p[x,y,z]}
Output =
Use Gauss’s formula to help come up with a measurement of the flow of this vector field across the
surface of the three dimensional box consisting of all points {x, y, z} with 0 x 2 , 1 y 3 , and
0 z 3 . Is the new flow of this vector field across the skin from inside to outside, from outside to
inside, or zero?
5. Suppose C is the skin of a solid region in three dimensions. Suppose Field[x, y, z] is a given vector
field with divField[x, y, z] = 0 at all points {x, y, z}, and suppose this vector field has no singularities
inside C. Explain how you know that the net flow of this vector field across C is 0.
6. Suppose C is the skin of a solid region in three dimensions. Suppose Field[x, y, z] is a given vector
field with divField[x, y, z] > 0 at all points {x, y, z} inside and on C, and suppose this vector field has
no singularities inside C. Explain how you know that the net flow of this vector field across C is from
inside to outside.
7. Suppose you are going with a function f [x, y, z], and you know that its Laplacian
2 f [ x, y, z ] 2 f [ x, y, z ] 2 f [ x, y, z ]
f [ x, y, z ] 0 no matter what x, y , and z you go with.
x2 y2 z2
Suppose also that f [x, y, z] has no singularities. Say how you know that the net flow of gradf[x, y, z]
across the skin C of the surface of any given 3D solid is 0.
8. Suppose you are going with a function f [x, y, z], and you know that its Laplacian
2 f [ x, y, z ] 2 f [ x, y, z ] 2 f [ x, y, z ]
f [ x, y, z ] 0 no matter what x, y, and z you go with.
x2 y2 z2
Suppose also that f [x, y, z] has no singularities. Explain why it is impossible to find a point
{x0 , y0 , z 0 } with the property that f [ x0 , y0 , z 0 ] f [ x, y, z] for all points {x, y, z} nearby {x0 , y0 , z 0 } ,
but not the same as {x0 , y0 , z 0 } .
9. You are given the formula for a vector field Field[x, y, z]. The first thing you notice is that this
vector field has a singularity at {0, 0, 0}. The second thing you do is calculate divField[x, y, z], and
you are happy to learn that Field[x, y, z] has no sources or sinks other than at the singularity {0, 0, 0}.
Your ultimate goal is to measure the flow of this vector field across the skin plotted below:
x 0.5
0.0
The point {0, 0, 0} is inside the skin, but the exact 0.5
parametrization of this skin is disgustingly tedious. 0.4
Outline the steps you would take to measure the flow 0.2
of the given vector field across the skin.
z 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.0
y
0.5
10. You are given the formula for a vector field Field[x, y, z]. The first thing you notice is that this
vector field has a singularity at {0.8, -0.5, 1.0}. The second thing you do is calculate divField[x, y, z],
and you are happy to learn that Field[x, y, z] has no sources or sinks other than at the singularity
{0.8, -0.5, 1.0}. Your ultimate goal is to measure the flow of this vector field across the skin plotted
below: x
0.5
0.0
0.5
This is the skin of a solid region and the point {0.8, -0.5, 1.0} 1.0
0.8 , 0.5 ,1.0
is outside the skin, but the exact parametrization of this skin is
disgustingly tedious. Outline the steps you would take to
measure the flow of the given vector field across the skin. 0.5
z
0.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
y 0.5
11. When you place an electrical charge of strength q at a point {a, b, c}, and you center a small sphere
at {a, b, c}, then the flux (= flow) of the resulting electric field across the skin of the sphere is 4πq.
Look at this skin of a solid region: x
0
1
Place an electrical charge of strength q at a point {a, b, c} 1
inside this skin and measure the flux of the resulting
electric field across the skin. z
0
y
1
12. When you place an electrical charge of strength q at a point {a, b, c}, and you center a small
sphere at {a, b, c}, then the flux (= flow) of the resulting electric field across the skin of the sphere is
4πq. Look at this skin of a solid region: x
0
1
Place an electrical charge of strength q at a point {a, b, c}
1
outside this skin and measure the flux of the resulting
electric field across the skin.
z
0
y
1
13. C1 is the top half of a distorted ellipsoid centered at the origin parametrized as indicated:
Clear[x1,y1,z1,s,t];
x1[s_,t_]=3 Sin[s] Cos[t];
y1[s_,t_]=2 Sin[s] Sin[t];
z1[s_,t_]=(2-Sin[6 s ]) Cos[s];
C1plot=ParametricPlot3D[{x1[s,t],y1[s,t],z1[s,t]},{s,0,\[Pi]/2},{t,0,2 \[Pi]},PlotPoints-
{30,30},AxesLabel->{"x","y","z"},ViewPoint-CMView,Boxed->False]
C 2 is just a plain elliptical disk in the xy-plane parametrized as indicated:
Clear[x2,y2,z2,r,t];
x2[r_,t_]=3 r Cos[t];
y2[r_,t_]=2 r Sin[t];
z2[r_,t_]=0;
C2plot=ParametricPlot3D[{x2[r,t],y2[r,t],z2[r,t]},{r,0,1},{t,0,2 \[Pi]},PlotPoints->{2,30},AxesLabel-
{"x","y","z"},ViewPoint-CMView,Boxed->False]
Note that C1 and C 2 have the same boundary curve:
Explain how you know that when you go with a vector field Field[x, y, z]
with divField[x, y, z] = 0 throughout the solid region whose top skin is C1
and whose bottom skin is C 2 , then
C1
Field .upperunitn ormal dA =
C2
Field .upperunitn ormal dA ; so
that the flow of this vector field across both surfaces is the same. YOU MUST WRITE UP A
COMPLETE JUSTIFICATION ON WHY THE TWO INTEGRALS ARE EQUAL. Then answer…
what calculational nightmare does this help you avoid?
14. Given a surface in parametric form {x[u, v], y[u, v], z[u, v]}, the two vectors
x[u, v] y[u, v] z[u, v]
tan1[u, v] D[{x[u, v], y[u, v], z[u, v], u ] , , , and
u u u
x[u, v] y[u, v] z[u, v]
tan 2[u, v] D[{x[u, v], y[u, v], z[u, v], u ] , , are both tangent to the
v v v
surface when the tails are put at the point {x[u, v], y[u, v], z[u, v]}. As a result, the cross product
normal[u, v] = tan1[u, v] x tan2[u, v] is perpendicular to the surface when its tail is put at the point
{x[u, v], y[u, v], z[u, v]}. What does the length of normal[u, v] measure?
15. Given numbers a, b, and c, you can parametrize the plane z = ax + by + c by going with
{x[u, v], y[u, v], z[u, v]} = {u, v, au + bv + c}. Calculate the area conversion factor SAxyz [u, v] by
hand, and use it to give a formula for the area of the part of the plane z = ax + by + c that sits directly
above (or below) the disk x 2 y 2 r 2 in the xy-plane.
Gauss’s 3D Formula Problem
Evaluate F dS where F x, y, z y, x, z and S is the boundary of the solid region enclosed by
S
the paraboloid z 1 x 2 y 2 and the plane z = 0.
f.y.i
S
F dS F n dS F normal dudv (The surface integral of a vector field over S is equal
S D
to the surface integral of its normal component over S) This is the flux of F across S.
Method 1: Use a triple integral with divfield.
Method 2: Use a double integral and calculate a surface integral
