Ministry of Higher Education and
Scientific Research
Al Muthanna University
Collage of Engineering / chemical engineering department
Chemical Engineering lab
Name of exp.: Drying.
Objective: To measure the humidity content after drying process and to
measure the rate of drying .
Date: 19/12/2018, Wednesday.
Names of groups:
Karrar Hayder Majeed
Mustafa Falah Kadhim
Mahdi Rudah
Ruqaya Abdulhamza
Um Albaneen Hardan
ABSTRACT
In this experiment, we use thermal drying device to dry the wet sample.
We choose the sand as our sample.
The measurement of the moisture content is based on the weight of the sample
which inversely proportional
with the temperature & time.
Thus, we can determine the drying rate of the sample. Based on the data from the
experiment, the mass and moisture content is decreasing with time, whereas the
drying rate is varying rapidly with time.
NTRODUCTION
Drying is the Adjustment and control of moisture levels in solid materials through
drying is a critical process in the manufacture of many types of chemical
products. ... For example, in the pharmaceutical industry, where drying normally
occurs as a batch process, drying is a key manufacturing step.
Theory:
The nature of drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water
or another solvent by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid. This process is
often used as a final production step before selling or packaging products.
THE MECHANISM OF MOISTURE MOVEMENT
DURING DRYING
1) Liquid diffusion: Diffusion of liquid moisture may result because of
concentration gradients between the depths of the solid, where the
concentration is high, and the surface where it is low.
2) Capillary movement: Unbound moisture in granular and porous solids such
as clays, sands, paint pigments, and the like, move through the capillaries
and interstices of the solids by a mechanism involving surface tension. The
capillaries extend from small reservoirs of moisture in the solid to the
drying surface. As drying proceeds, at first the moisture moves by the
capillary to the surface sufficiently rapidly to maintain uniformly wetted
surface and the rate drying is constant. The water is replaced by air entering
the solid through relatively few opening and cracks. The surface moisture is
eventually drawn to spaces between the granules of the surface, the wetted
area at the surface decreases, and the unsaturated surface drying period The
subsurface reservoirs eventually dry up, the liquid surface recedes into the
capillaries, evaporation occurs below the surface in a zone or plane which
gradually recedes deeper into the solid, and a second falling rate period
results. During this period, diffusion of vapor within the solid will occur
from the place vaporization to the surface.
3) Especially if heat is supplied to one surface of a solid while drying proceeds
from another, the moisture may evaporate beneath the surface and diffuse
outward as a vapor. Moisture particles in granular solids, which have been
isolated from the main portion of the moisture flowing through capillaries,
may also be evaporated below the surface.
4) Pressure: Owing to shrinkage of outside layers of a solid on drying,
moisture may be squeezed to the surface. follows.
Type of dryers
The most common types of industrial dryers are fluidized bed dryers, rotary dryers,
rolling bed dryers, conduction dryers, convection dryers, pharmaceutical dryers,
suspension/paste dryers, and dispersion dryers.
Classification of dryers
Dryers are classified on the basis of the form in which the materials is handled
through the drying process-
1. Materials in sheet or masses carried through on conveyers or trays
a) Batch dryers
(i) Atmospheric compartment
(ii)Vacuum tray
b) Continuous dryers (Tunnel dryer)
2. Granular or loose materials
a) Rotary dryers
(i) Standard rotary
(ii)Roto louvre
b) Turbo dryers
c) Conveyor dryers
d) Filter dryer combination
3. Material in continuous sheets
a) Cylinder dryers
b) Festoon dryers
4. Pastes and sludge od caking crystals(Agitator dryer )
(i) Atmospheric
(ii)Vacuum
5. Materials in solution
a) Drum dryers
(i) Atmospheric
(ii)Vacuum
b) Spray dryers
6. Special methods
a) Infrared radiation
b) Dielectric heating
c) Vaporization from ice
What is difference between drying and evaporation?
Drying is typically the word used to describe the removal of water from a
substance. Evaporation is the changing of phase of liquid water to gaseous water.
Evaporation is a physical phenomenon that may form part of the mechanisms that
effect such a change, but there are others too.
Drying: Removal of moisture from a substance. Drying usually refers the removal
of relatively small amount of water from solid or nearly solid materials.
Evaporation: Removal of relatively large amount of water from solutions.
Difference between drying and evaporation:
In drying process major emphasis on solid products.
Drying involves the removal of water at temperature below boiling point,
whereas evaporation means the removal of water by boiling the solution.
In evaporation the water is removed from the material as practically pure
water vapor, mixed with other gases only because of unavoidable leaks.
In drying water is usually removed by circulating air or some other gas
over the materials.
Procedure
1. Weight 50 gm of sand than added to 20 mil of water to the send to get the
paste
2. Put the paste in drying device
3. After 10 minutes, weight the sample to calculate the percentage of humidity
4. Continue with drying the paste until most of water is removed it
:Discussion