54 CHAPTER 3 VECTORS direction of Hin the three situations shown in Fig.3-24 when con- stant is (a) positive and (b) negative? 2 Fig. 3-24 Question 9, A 35M Wokedout oltonavalblein Stier Scans Manual sm Nombat of siecats lvl of protien tty 10 Figure 3.25 shows vector A and four other vectors that have the same ‘magnitude but differ in orientation. (a) Which of those other four vectors have the same dot product with A? (b) Which have a negative dot product with Fig. 3-25 Question 10. “tong problem malate atnstetere cretion n Wy PLUS and Websesgn Se cer es oe tomers “AS dost rtomatonavalalein The Fling Cicus of Physics art hngcteactphycs.com sec. 3-4 Components of Vectors “1 $8 What are (a) the x component and (b) the y component of a vector 7 in the xy plan if its direction is 250” counterclockwise from the positive direction of the x axis andits magnitude is 73 m? in the ay 9 12 A displacement vector 7 plane is 15m long and directed at angle = 30° in Fig. 3-26. Determine (a) the x ‘component and (b) the y component of the é vector. a = +3. 98M The x component of vector A is Problem 2. =25.0m and the y component is +40.0 m, (a) What is the magnitude of A? (b) What isthe angle between the direction of A and the positive direetion of? s4 Express the following angles in radians: (a) 200°, (b) $0.0°,(c) 100°. Convert the following angles to degrees: (4) 0.330 rad, (e) 2.10 ad, (9 7.70 ra. *5 A ship sets out to sail to a point 120 km due north. An unex: pected storm blows the ship to a point 100 km due east of its star ing point. (a) How far and (b) in what ditection must it now sail to reach its original destination’ 6 In Fig, 327, a heavy piece of machinery is raised by sliding it a distance d= 125m along a plank oriented at angle @ = 20.0° to the horizontal. How far is it moved (a) vertically and (b) horizontally? “<7 ssw www A room has di- ‘mensions 300m (height) X 370m x 430m. A fly starting at one ‘corner fies around, ending up atthe diagonally opposite corner. (8) ‘What isthe magnitude ofits displacement? (b) Could the length of its path be less than this magnitude? (c) Greater? (d) Equal? (e) ‘Choose a suitable coordinate system and express the components of the displacement vector in that system in unit-vector notation. (0) I the fly walks, what is the length of the shortest path? (Hint This ean be answered without calculus The room is like a box. ‘Unfold its walls to fatten them into a plane.) Fig. 3-27 Problem6 ‘sec.3:6 Adding Vectors by Components #8 A person walks inthe following pattern:3.1 km north, then 2.4 km west, and finally 5.2 km south, (a) Sketch the vector diagram that represents this motion. (b) How far and (e) in what direction would bird fy in a straight line from the same starting point to the same final point? +8 ‘Tworvectors are given by @ = (40m) ~ GOmj + .Ome and B= (1.0m) + (.0mj + GOmé B.(b) @ — B, and (¢) a third In wnit-vector notation, find (a) 7 vector @ such that d ~ 6 + ¢=0. “10 Find the (a) x, (b) », and (c) 2 components of the sum 7 of the displacements ¢ and d whose components in meters are G = TG, = ~38.¢, = ~6.l:d, = 44,4, = ~20,d, = 33, 211 sm. (a) In unit-vector notation, what isthe sum a +B if G = (40m + Om) and B= (-130m)i + (20m)j? What fre the (b) magnitude and (c) direction of d +B? 12 A caris driven east fora distance of $0 km, then north for 30 ‘km, and then in a dicection 30° east of north for 25 km, Sketch the ‘vector diagram and determine (a) the magnitude and (b) the angle ‘ofthe car's total displacement from its starting poim, s13. A person desires to reach a point that is 340 km from her present location and in a ditection that is 35.0° north of east. However, she must travel along streets that are oriented either north-south or east-west. What is the minimum distance she ‘could travel to each er destination? +14 You are to make four straight-line moves over a flat desert floor, starting atthe origin of an xy coordinate system and ending ‘atthe xy coordinates (—140 m, 30 m). The x component and y com- ponent of your moves are the following, respectively in meters: (20 ‘and 60), then (b, and ~70),then (~20 and c,), then (~60 and ~70). ‘What are (a) component b, and (b) component c,? What are (c) ‘the magnitude and (d) the angle (relative to the positive direction ‘of the x axis) of the overall displacement? “15 8M MLW. WWW The two vectors @ and B in Fig. 328 have equal magnitudes of 10.0 m and the angles are 0 = 30° and 0; =105" Find the (a) x and (b) y com- ponents of their vector sum 7, (e) the magnitude of 7, and (4) the an- gle 7 makes withthe positive direc- tion ofthe x axis 16 For the displacement vectors 7=GOmj+G0mj and 5 = (Som + (-20mj.ghed + Bin (@) unitvector notation, and as (b) a magnitude and (e) an angle (relax tive toi), Now give Bin (8) tunit-vector notation, and as (@) a ‘magnitude and (Damangle. 17 @ W Three vectors @, b, and ¢ each have a magnitude of ‘50 mand ic in an sy plane. Their directions relative o the postive direction ofthe x axis are 30,195", and 315, respectively, What are (a) the magnitude and (b) the ange ofthe vector @ + + Zand (©) the magnitude and (A) the angle of @ — B + 2? What are the {e) magnitude and ({) angle of a fourth vector d such that G@+B)-@+d=0 +18 In the sum A + B = @, vector A has @ magnitude of 12.0: and is angled 40.0” counterclockwise from the + direction, and vee- tor C has a magnitude of 15.0 m and is angled 200° counterclock- wise from the x direction, What are (a) the magnitude and (b) the angle (relative wo +2) of B? Fig. 3-28 Problem 15. +19 Ina game of lawn chess, where pieces are moved between the centers of squares that are each 1.00_m on edge, a knight is moved in the following way: (1) two squares forward, one square right- ward; (2) two squares leftward, onc square forward; (3) two squares forward, one square leftward. What are (a) the magnitude and (b) the angle (relative to“forward’) of the knight's overall dis- placement for the series of three moves? 20 <9 An explorer is caught in a whiteout (in which the snowfall is so thick that the ground cannot be distinguished from the sky) while returning to base camp. He was supposed to travel ‘due north for 5,6 km, but when the snow clears, he discovers that he actually traveled 7.8 km at 50° north of due east. (a) How far and (b) in what direction must he now travel to reach base camp? #21 © Anant, crazed by the Sun on a hot Texas afternoon, darts, ‘vera plane scratched in the dirt The x and y components of four consecutive darts are the following. all n centimeters: (300, 400), (e700), (200, 6), (800, -700). Te overall displacement of {the four darts has the xy components (140, ~20.0). What are (a) by and (b)c:? What ae the (e) magnitude and (a) angle (relative to the positive direction ofthe raxis) ofthe overall displacement? 22. (a) What isthe sum of the following four vectors in unit- ‘vector notation? For that sum, what are (b) the magnitude, (c) the Angle in degrees and (A) the angle in radians? F:600mat +0900rad —F:5.00 mat ~75.0" G:4.00mat +120rad —H4:6,00mat ~210° +23. WBisadded to = 305 postive direction ofthe y axis ‘Whats the magnitude of B 224 Vector A. which s directed slong an x axis tobe added 10 ‘ecto B which has a magnitude of 70 m, The sum sa tied vector thats divected along the y axis witha magnitude that i 3.0 mes that ofA What that magnitude of A? 4.6), the result isa vector in the tha magnitude equal to that of €. am PROBLEMS ss "25 © Oasis B is 25 km due east of oasis A. Starting from oasis ‘A,a camel walks 24 km in a direction 15° south of east and then ‘walks 8.0 km due north, How far isthe camel then from oasis 8? 28 What i the sum of the following four vectors in (a) unit-vec- {or notation, and as (b) a magnitude and (e) an angle’? A= 2.00mi +G.00mj ——B:400m,ar +650" T= 4.00mi + (600m) B:5.00m,at -235° 27 @ id,+ a, = Sd,,d, ~ d, = 3d,, and d, = 2i + 4), then ‘what are,in unit-vector notation, (a) d; and (b) d;? 28 Two beetles run across flat sand, starting at the same point. Beetle 1 runs 0:50 m due east, then 0.80 m at 30° north of due east. Beetle 2 also makes two runs; the fist is 1.6 m at 40° east of duc north, What must be (a) the magnitude and (b) the direction ofits second run if itis to end up atthe new location of beetle 1 29 <3} Typical backyard ants often create a network of ‘chemical trails for guidance. Extending outward from the nest, a ‘tail branches (bifurcates) repeatedly, with 60° between the branches. Ifa roaming ant chances upon a trail it can tell the way tothe nest at any branch point: Ifit is moving away from the nest, it hhas two choices of path requiring a small turn in its travel direc- tion, either 30° leftward or 30° rightward. Ifitis moving toward the rest, it has only one such choice. Figure 3-29 shows a typical ant ‘rail, with lettered straight sections of 2.0 em length and symmetric bifurcation of 60°, Path vis parallel to the y axis What are the (a) magnitude and (b) angle (relative to the positive direction of the superimposed x axis) of an ant’s displacement from the nest find it inthe figure) ifthe ant enters the trail at point A? What are the (c) magnitude and (4) angle ifit enters at point B? Fig. 3-20 Problem 29 30. Here aretwo vectors: = Gomi - Gm and = Gomi + @Om)j What are (a) the magnitude and (b) the angle (relative tof) of @? ‘What are (c) the magnitude and (4) the angle of b? What are (c) the ‘magnitude and (f) the angle of d+ 8; : (p) the magnitude and (h) the angle of 2} ~ a and (j) the magnitude and ()) the angle of @ — B? (k) What is the an- gle between the directions of B = a andd ~ B? s31 In Fig. 3-30, a cube of edge length a sits with one corner at the ori- F¥8- 3-90 Problem 3156 CHAPTER 3 VECTORS 4 of an.xyz coordinate system. body diagonal sa line that ex- tends from one corner to another through the center. In unit-vee- tor notation, what is the body diagonal that extends from the cor- ner at (a) coordinates (0, 0, 0), (b) coordinates (a, 0, 0), (6) coordinates (0, a,0),and (d) coordinates (a, a, 0)? (e) Determine the angles that the body diagonals make with the adjacent edges (0) Determine the length of the body diagonals in terms of a s0c.3-7 Vectors and the Laws of Physics 192 In Fig. 331, a vector @ with a magnitude of 17.0m is directed at angle = 56,0° counterclockwise from the + axis, What are the components (a) a, and (b) a, of the vector? A sec- ‘ond coordinate system is inclined by angle @” ~ 18.0° with respect to the first. What are the components (c) a and (4) a; in this primed coordinate system? Fig. 3-31 Problem32, 2ec.3-8 Multiplying Vectors 483 For the vectors in Fig. 332, with a= 4,b = 3,and c = 5, what are (a) the magnitude and (b) the direction of x B, (6) the magnitude and (d) the di- tection of @ X ¢, and (e) the magnitude and (0) the direction of B x 2? (Ihe z axis isnot shown.) 124 ‘Two vectors are_presented as d= 301 +30) and ~ 208 < 49) Find (a) 7 x B.(b) @-B, (6) (Z + B)-B, and (d) the component of @ along the dircetion of B. (Hint: For (4), consider Eq. 320 and Fig 3-18) +85 Two vector 7 and 5 ei the xy plane."Mheir magnitudes are 44.50 and 7.30 units, respectively, and their directions are 320° and 85.0" respectively, as measured counterclockwise from the postive axis, What are the values of (a) F- and (b) # x $? ~ fe then what is Fig. 3-32 Problems 33 and 54 301 + 3.6 ~ 2.08 =IGh~ 40) £20k and = 201 + 20) + 10k. Find (a) BB x Eb) a-(6 + 2),and (0) x (B + 2), 938 @ Forthe following three vectors whats 3@-(2A x By? A = 2.005 + 3.005 ~ 4.00% fi ~ ~3.001 + 4.00} + 2.00k C= 7.00 — 8.00} 39 Vector A has a magnitude of 600 units, vector H has mag- nitude of 7.00 units and A = has a value of 14.0. What isthe angle between the directions of A and B? 40 Displacement d sin the yz plane 630° from the postive di ction of the y axis has a positive z component, and has a magi tude of 4.50 m. Displacement isin the x2 plane 300° from the postive direction ofthe + axis has a positive z component and has magnitude 140m. What are (a) dys, (b) dy x dnd (c) the an- fe between dy and d:? 41 8m. WWW WW! Use the definition of scalar product 3-8 = abcos and the fact that B-B = 4,0, + a,b, + a,b ocak ulate the angle between the, two vectors given by d= 30h + 40) + 3okand Bb = 204 + 1.0) + 30k ‘42. Ina meeting of mimes, mime 1 goes through a displacement 4) om +m) and mime pos neh dssement 4, = (30m) + 40m}. What are (a) di x ds. (6) dieds, (©) G, + a)-d. and (4) the component of dy along the direction of 443) (Hn: For (d), see Eg 5-20and Fig. 18.) ss43 sm MM The three vectors , in Fig 333 have magnitudes a =300 m, 6 400m, and ¢~ 100m and angle @ = 300°, What are (a) the x component and (b) the y compo- nent of 7 (6) the x component and (4) the y component of Bi and (e) the x component and (f) they com- ponent of 2? If 2 — pa + qb, what are the values of (g) p and (h) q? 44 @ Inthe produat F = gv x B.takeg = 201 +40) + 60k and F= 404 ~ 29) + 128 ‘What then isin unit-vector notation i B, ‘Additional Problems 45 Vectors A and tie in an sy plane, A has. magnitude 8.00 and angle 130°: B has components B, = ~7.72 and B, = ~920. (a) What is SA-B? What is 44 x 38 in (©) unit-vector notation and (©) magnitude-angle notation with spherical coordinates (see Fig 3-4)? (@) What isthe an- tle between the directions of A and 4A x 38 (Zing Think a bit before you resort toa calculation.) What is A + 3.00k in (e) uni vector notation and (0) magnitude-angle notation with spherical coordinates? 48 Vector a has a magnitude of $0 m andis directed east Vector B has a magnitude of 40 m and is directed 35° west of due north What are (a) the magnitude and (b) the direction of d + 6? What are (6) the magnitude and (A) the drcetion of b — 3 (e) Draw a vector diagram for cach combination 47 Vectors A and B lie in an xy plane. A has magnitude 8.00 and angle 130%; has components 8, ~ —7.72 and B, = ~9.20, What ar th anes between the negative ieton ofthe» and (a) the direction of A, (b) the direction of the product A x Band (c) the direction of A x (B + 3.008)? 18 Two vectors ]@ and B have the components in meters a, = 32, 50,6, = 45.(a) Find the angle between the diree- ind B. There are two vectors im the xy plane that are Fig. 3-33 Problem 43 Fig. 3-34 Problem 4sperpendicular to 7 and have a magnitude of 50m. One, vector 2, has a postive x component and the other, vector d, a negative x component. What are (b) the x eomponent and (c) the y eompo- nent of vector Z,and (4) the x component and (e) the yeomponent otvector d? 49 $86, A sailboat sets out from the US. side of Lake Erie fora Point on the Canadian sid, 90.0 km due north The silo, how- ver, ends up 500 km due east of the starting point (a) How far and (b) in what direction must the sailor now sil to reach the org- inal destination? 50 Vector dis in the negative direction ofa y axis and vector ds isin the postive direction of an x axis, What ae the directions of (3) dys and (b) dil(—4)" What are the magnitudes of products (c) d=, and (d)dy-(da/4)? Whats the direction of the vector result- ing rom (e)d, x d;and (0 d, & d,? What is the magnitude of the weetor product in () part (e) and (h) part (0? What are the () magnitude and @) direction of dy x (dy4)? 51 Rock faults are ruptures along which opposite faces of rook have slid past each other, In Fig 3-35, points A and B coincided be- fore the rock inthe foreground slid down to the right. The net dis- placement Adi along the plane of the fault The horizontal compo- ent of AB? is the strike-slip AC. The component of AB that is Glrected down the plane ofthe faults the dip-sip AD. (a) Whats the ‘magnitude of the net displacement AB ifthe strike-slip is 720 mand the dipslp is 170m? (b) Ifthe plane of the fault is inclined at an (6 ~ $207 to the horizontal, what is the vertical component of AB’? Suikestip Dipatip aul plane Fig. 3-35. ProblemSI. 52 Here are three displacements, cach measured in meters d= 40 60k, dy 14 + 20) +30, and d= 440% = 36) + 20k (a) What is 7 ~ dy ~ dy + dy? (b) What isthe Angle between 7 and the postive zaxin?(e) What is the compo- nent of d; along the direction of di? (@) What isthe component of 2, thats perpendicular to the direction of dz and inthe plane of dy and dy (Hine For (6) consider Eg. 5-20and Fig 3-18; f0r()con- Sider Eq,327) 58 SoM A vector 7 of magnitude 10 units and another vector B Of magnitude 60 units differ in directions by 6". Find (a) the scalar product ofthe two vectors and (b) the magnitude of the vee- torproduct@ 54. Forthe vectorsin Fig.332,with « late (a) 4-B.(b) @¢.and () Be. 85 A particle undergoes three successive displacements in & plane, as follows: dh, 400 m southwest; then dy finaly 4, 6:0'm in a decton 60.0" north of east. Choose a coo dinate system with the y ais pointing north andthe axis posating fst, What are (a the ¥ component snd (b) the component of 4? What are (6) the x component and (8) the y component of .b = 3,ande = S,caleu- am. PROBLEMS = “d,? What are (e) the x component and (f) the y component of d,? Next, consider the net displacement of the particle for the three successive displacements. What arc (a) the x component, (h) the y component, (i) the magnitude, and (j) the direction of the net dis- placement? If the particle isto return directly to the starting point, (how far and (I) in what direction should it move? ‘56. Find the sum of the following four vectors in (a) unit-vector notation, and as (b) a magnitude and (c) an angle relative to +x. B: 100m, 225.0 counterclockwise fom +" © 12.0m,at 100 counterclockwise from +y F: $00 m, at 200° clockwise from ~y 8; 9.00 m, a 400" counterclockwise from —y 57 su 16s added 10 A, the resutis 60% + 10). 1FBis subtracted from A, the results ~405 + 70), Whats the magnitude of A? 58 A vcctor d has a magnitude of 25 m and points north. What, are (a) the magnitude and (b) the direction of 4.04? What are (c) the magnitude and (@) the direction of ~3.0d? 159 A has the magnitude 120m and is angled 60.0" counterclock- ‘wise from the positive direction ofthe « axis of an xy coordinate ys- tem. Also, B = (12.0m)i + (8.00/m)j on that same coordinate 9)3- tem, We now rotate the system counterclockwise about the origin by 2007 to frm an xy system. On this new syter, what are (a) A and (©) B bothin unit-vector notation? 60 a ~ B= 24,4 + B= 42, and Z =H + 4}, then what are (a) @and(b) B? 61 (a) In unit-vector notation, what is 7=a-B + if = 501 ~ 40) ~ 60k, 6 = 205 + 20) + 30k, and 2 40 + 3.) + 2.08? (b) Calculate the angle between 7 and the postive z axis (€) What i the component of @aloag the dreeton of B? (A) ‘What isthe component of @ perpendicular tothe direction of but inthe plane of @ and B? (Hint: For (€), see Eq. +20 and Fig. +18; for (d),see Eq.3-27) {62 A golfer takes three putts to get the bal into the hole. The frst put displaces the ball 3.66 m north, the second 1.83 m south- ‘ast, and the thied 091 m southwest. What are (a) the magnitude and (b) the direction of the displacement needed to get the ball into the hole onthe fist putt? 63. Here are three vectors in meters i = 304 +30) + 20k = ~204 ~ 405 + 24 y= 201 + 36 + 108, What results from (a) dy-(d;+ dy, (6) di-(@ xd), and dx d, + dy? 64 Consider two displacements, one of magnitude 3m and an- other of magnitude 4m. Show how the displacement vectors may bbe combine to get a resultant displacement of magnitude (a) 7 m, (b) 1. m,and (c) 5m. {65 A protester carries his sign of protest, starting from the origin of ‘an xyz coordinate sytem, wth the xy plane horizontal. He moves 40 min the negative direction ofthe + axis. then 20 m along aperpendic- ‘lar path to his et, and then 25 m up a water tower (a) In unitevector ‘notation, what isthe displacement of the sin from start to end? (b) ‘The sign then falls to the foot ofthe tower. What is the magnitude of the displacement ofthe sign from start to this new end?