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Research: Ost-Darwin

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection synthesized developments from embryology and paleontology. In 1859, Darwin provided evidence that organic evolution had occurred and placed the theory on a new scientific basis by discovering the process of natural selection. This reconstruction classified animals based on their genealogy and led to new investigations in development and genetics. The modern synthesis in the 1930s combined population genetics and natural selection to create the field of evolutionary biology.

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63 views2 pages

Research: Ost-Darwin

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection synthesized developments from embryology and paleontology. In 1859, Darwin provided evidence that organic evolution had occurred and placed the theory on a new scientific basis by discovering the process of natural selection. This reconstruction classified animals based on their genealogy and led to new investigations in development and genetics. The modern synthesis in the 1930s combined population genetics and natural selection to create the field of evolutionary biology.

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muhammadismail
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ost-Darwin

Main article: History of zoology (since 1859)

These developments, as well as the results from embryology and paleontology, were synthesized
in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. In 1859, Darwin placed the theory
of organic evolution on a new footing, by his discovery of a process by which organic evolution
can occur, and provided observational evidence that it had done so.[8]

Darwin gave a new direction to morphology and physiology, by uniting them in a common
biological theory: the theory of organic evolution. The result was a reconstruction of the
classification of animals upon a genealogical basis, fresh investigation of the development of
animals, and early attempts to determine their genetic relationships. The end of the 19th century
saw the fall of spontaneous generation and the rise of the germ theory of disease, though the
mechanism of inheritance remained a mystery. In the early 20th century, the rediscovery of
Mendel's work led to the rapid development of genetics, and by the 1930s the combination of
population genetics and natural selection in the modern synthesis created evolutionary biology.[9]

Research
Structural

Cell biology studies the structural and physiological properties of cells, including their behavior,
interactions, and environment. This is done on both the microscopic and molecular levels, for
single-celled organisms such as bacteria as well as the specialized cells in multicellular
organisms such as humans. Understanding the structure and function of cells is fundamental to
all of the biological sciences. The similarities and differences between cell types are particularly
relevant to molecular biology.

Anatomy considers the forms of macroscopic structures such as organs and organ systems.[10] It
focuses on how organs and organ systems work together in the bodies of humans and animals, in
addition to how they work independently. Anatomy and cell biology are two studies that are
closely related, and can be categorized under "structural" studies.

Physiological
Animal anatomical engraving from Handbuch der Anatomie der Tiere für Künstler.

Physiology studies the mechanical, physical, and biochemical processes of living organisms by
attempting to understand how all of the structures function as a whole. The theme of "structure to
function" is central to biology. Physiological studies have traditionally been divided into plant
physiology and animal physiology, but some principles of physiology are universal, no matter
what particular organism is being studied. For example, what is learned about the physiology of
yeast cells can also apply to human cells. The field of animal physiology extends the tools and
methods of human physiology to non-human species. Physiology studies how for example
nervous, immune, endocrine, respiratory, and circulatory systems, function and interact.

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