Number System
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Comparison Between Unsigned and Signed 2's Complement
Binary Number Arithmetic (for n=5 bits).
BINARY DECIMAL EQUIVALENT
UNSIGNED SIGNED 2's
Range: 00000 -> 01111 0 -> 15 0 -> +15
10000 -> 11111 16 -> 31 -16 -> -1
N1=00100 N1=4 N1=+4
Example N2=01001 N2=9 N2=+9
Numbers: N3=01110 N3=14 N3=+14
N4=10010 N4=18 N4=-14
N5=10100 N5=20 N5=-12
N6=11101 N6=29 N6=-3
Addition
Examples
1) N1: 00100 4 + 4
N2: + 01001 + 9 + + 9
----- ----- -----
0] 01101 13 +13
2) N2: 01001 9 + 9
N3: + 01110 + 14 + +14
----- ----- -----
0] 10111 23 - 9 .
3) N2: 01001 9 + 9
N4: + 10010 + 18 + -14
----- ----- -----
0] 11011 27 - 5
4) N3: 01110 14 +14
N5: + 10100 + 20 + -12
----- ----- -----
1] 00010 2 . + 2
5) N4: 10010 18 -14
N5: + 10100 + 20 + -12
----- ----- -----
1] 00110 6 . + 6 .
6) N5: 10100 20 -12
N6: + 11101 + 29 + - 3
----- ----- -----
1] 10001 17 . -15
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Number System
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DECIMAL EQUIVALENT
BINARY UNSIGNED SIGNED 2's
Subtract
Examples:
7) N2: 01001 01001 9 + 9
N1: - 00100 -> + 11100 - 4 - + 4
----- ----- ----- -----
1] 00101 1] 00101 5 + 5
8) N1: 00100 00100 4 + 4
N2: - 01001 -> + 10111 - 9 - + 9
----- ----- ----- -----
0] 11011 0] 11011 27 . - 5
9) N4: 10010 10010 18 -14
N3: - 01110 -> + 10010 - 14 - +14
----- ----- ----- -----
1] 00100 1] 00100 4 + 4 .
10) N3: 01110 01110 14 +14
N4: - 10010 -> + 01110 - 18 - -14
----- ----- ----- -----
0] 11100 0] 11100 28 . - 4 .
11) N5: 10100 10100 20 -12
N6: - 11101 -> + 00011 - 29 - - 3
----- ----- ----- -----
0] 10111 0] 10111 23 . - 9
12) N6: 11101 11101 29 - 3
N5: - 10100 -> + 01100 - 20 - -12
----- ----- ----- -----
1] 01001 1] 01001 9 + 9
13) N6: 11101 11101 29 - 3
N1: - 00100 -> + 11100 - 4 - + 4
----- ----- ----- -----
1] 11001 1] 11001 25 - 7
13) N1: 00100 00100 4 + 4
N6: - 11101 + 00011 - 29 - - 3
----- ----- ----- -----
0] 00111 0] 00111 7 . + 7
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Number System
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CONCLUSIONS
When adding or subtracting binary numbers, there is no difference in the binary result between
unsigned and signed. The only distinction between the two systems is the decimal
interpretation of the result. Binary addition is simply carried out as usual. Binary subtraction is
accomplished by taking the two's complement of the subtrahend and adding it to the minuend.
The interpretation of the results are shown below:
Unsigned Binary Numbers.
1. Only positive numbers exist; therefore the most significant bit is not an indication of
sign.
2. When adding, the answer is correct if there is no carry bit generated (ex. 1,2), if a
carry is generated, there is an overflow and more bits are needed to represent the
result (ex. 4,5).
3. When subtracting, the answer is correct only when a carry bit is generated (ex.
7,12). If the carry bit is cleared, the subtrahend is greater than the minuend which
generates a negative result, which is invalid in an unsigned system (ex. 8,10).
Signed 2's Complement Binary Numbers.
1. Positive numbers are identified by a most significant bit equal to 0, while
negative numbers have most significant bits (MSBs) equal to 1 and with the
negative quantity expressed in its 2's complement. The carry bit has no meaning
in a signed 2's complement system.
2. When adding, the answer is always correct if the MSBs of the added numbers
are different (ex. 3,4). "Adding a positive and negative number can never
produce an overflow." If the MSBs are the same and the MSB of the result is
different, an overflow has occurred (ex. 2,5). "Adding two positive numbers can
not produce a negative result or adding two negative numbers can not produce a
positive."
3. When subtracting, the answer is always correct if the MSBs of the subtracted
numbers are the same (ex. 8,12). "Subtracting numbers of the same sign can
never produce an overflow." If the MSBs are different, and the MSB of the
result is different than the minuend, an overflow has occurred (ex. 9,10).
"Subtracting a number of different sign from the minuend is like adding a
number of the same sign to the minuend, the result must have the same sign as
the minuend."
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