International Journal of Research in Wireless Systems (IJRWS), Volume 1, Issue 1, November (2012)

The Effects of Tilting Antennae on Ping-Pong

Handover in Inter eNBs Handover

Kinan Ghanem, PhD student Haysam Alradwan, Associate professor

Department of Electronics and Communications Department of Electronics and Communications
Tishreen University Tishreen University
Lattakia, Syria Lattakia, Syria
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract The handover (HO) procedure in LTE belongs to break- Node-B (eNB). The Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
before-make type of handover; which can increase the probability Network (E-UTRAN) consists of eNBs which provide the E-
of ping-pong HO. One of the most crucial problems in LTE is the UTRA user plane with control plane protocol terminations
ping-pong type of movement; it can reduce the handover
towards the User Equipment (UE). The eNBs are connected
performance. The aim of this work is to study the effects of tilting
with each other by means of the X2 interface. The eNBs are
antennae on ping-pong HO in LTE networks. The impact of tilting
antennae on the overlapping areas between the neighboring eNBs also connected by S1 interface to the MME/SGW (Mobility
in LTE networks has also been investigated. The analysis shows Management Entity /Serving Gateway). On the other hand,
that tilting the eNBs antennae can reduce the number of ping-pong the changes on the core network side are mainly driven by
HOs and reduce the probability of dropped and blocked occurring. the evolution toward having all services based on IP and the
Our simulation recommends that the optimal up/down-tilting convergence of multiple access technologies under the same
antennae angles that achieve the best value of the KPIs are 1 to 3 core network [3-4].
degrees. LTE aims to provide seamless access to voice and
multimedia services with strict delay requirements which is
Keywords- Tilting antennae , Ping-Pong, Handover, dropped achieved by a supporting handover. The HO process is very
calls rate. crucial to a mobile network, as it tries to keep a user
connected to the best base station so that the Quality of
I. INTRODUCTION Service (QoS) of the connection is achieved. Inter eNBs
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is beyond 3rd generation mobility is the most fundamental, vital, and frequent scenario
technology which is standardized in the Release 8 in LTE, and it reaches up to 80% of the total movement in the
specifications by the 3GPP. It is designed to provide high data network. HO in LTE is a break -before- make which belongs
rates (at least 100 Mbps in downlink and 50 Mbps in uplink) to the hard handover category. E-UTRA should support good
low latency, better coverage and capacity, improved mobility mobility even when the radio environment changes suddenly;
as well as support high speed mobility. Unlike its predecessor for example advent of UE in a tunnel or in a picocell scenario
UMTS, LTE has a fully packet switched core network [4]. The operator should provide a special mechanism to cope
architecture that is capable to support both the Circuit with such sudden changes in the radio environment such as
Switched (CS) and Packet Switched (PS) core networks. The ping-pong effect and minimize its side effects. Hard
network architecture called the Evolved Packet System (EPS) Handovers in LTE networks suffer from ping-pong type of
has a flat IP based architecture and is divided into the Evolved movement which means two subsequent HOs result between
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) and the source and the target eNB and vice versa in a short period
Evolved Packet Core (EPC). [1,2]. of time.
Long Term Evolution (LTE) developed entirely a new The ping-pong HO is a common phenomenon in 2G
radio interface and radio network architecture based on base and 4G mobile networks which may cause inefficiency, call
stations known as evolved Node_Bs (eNBs). Many aspects of dropping and degrading of the network performance.
the LTE system have been changed such as architecture, Coverage parameters, user location area and its movement
mobility and related operations as against that of 3G mobile and speed are the main factors that can cause the ping-pong
networks. In a new radio interface based on Orthogonal [4]. Since the ping-pong HO disperses the resources between
Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) technology, a releasing and reserving it decreases the QoS, therefore, it is
substantially different Radio Access Networks (RAN) essential for network operators to reduce this undesirable
architecture and Radio control are applied in the evolved effect.

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 International Journal of Research in Wireless Systems (IJRWS), Volume 1, Issue 1, November (2012)

Different research approaches studied the Ping-Pong source eNB. The source eNB generates the HO command
HO effects in LTE networks [4-16]. These approaches vary (RRC message) with the necessary parameters towards the
from statistical analysis [5-9] to handover preparation based UE. After receiving the HO command, the UE synchronizes
on cross-layer optimization [10, 11] and complex pattern with the target eNB and accesses the target cell via Random
detection algorithms [12-14]. Also some papers have shown Access Channel (RACH) [7]. After UE accession, it sends the
that LTE can achieve a good handover performance in terms HO confirmation message (Cell Radio Network Temporary
of user throughput, handover delay, and handover failure Identifier (C-RNTI)) to the target eNB to indicate that the HO
rate [15, 16]. Antenna down tilting has been identified as an procedure is completed for the UE [9]. The target eNB verifies
effective means to reduce the inter-cell interference in both the C-RNTI sent in the HO confirm message. It has to be
the uplink and downlink. Consequently this increases the cell mentioned that all the received packets in the source eNB
capacity [18-21]. Furthermore, antenna tilt as a tool for from the SGW should be forwarded to the target eNB which
capacity and coverage optimisation has been widely studied in turn begins sending them to the UE. By the end of this
in the radio engineering literature [22-24]. The use and stage the HO preparation and execution are performed as
impact of antenna tilting in LTE networks with different shown in figure 2 [1, 2].
emphasis - such as the difference between electrical and
mechanical tilt on system capacity, architecture and
performance of a tilt based Self-Organizing Network for LTE, - UE1. Measurements Source Target MME/SGW
eNB eNB
are discussed in [25,26]. However, the previous mobility control
techniques do not consider the effects of tilting antennae on 2. Measurements 3. HO
the ping-pong HO. It is noteworthy that previous studies have report Request Handover
not comprehensively examined the impact of tilting antennae 4. HO Request preparation
on the mobility management mainly in ping-pong HO. In this 5. HO command and
Acknowledgement
work we will mainly discuss the effects of ping-pong on E- execution
UTRA HO and will implement a new technique that can
decrease the side effects of the ping-pong HO. 6. HO Confirm 6. HO Confirm
An overview about intra E-UTRA HO procedure message message
according to the 3GPP specification is demonstrated in 7. Path switch
section 2. Section 3 explains the proposed scheme that shows
the effects of tilting antenna on the ping-pong type of
movement. Simulation results of the tilting antennae Handover
technique are performed in section 4. The conclusions and completion 8. Path switch
future work are presented in section 5. 9. Release Acknowledgement
resource
II. LTE INTRA-EUTRA HANDOVER PROCEDURE
In LTE, the eNB is responsible for accomplishing the Figure 1: Summary of the different steps of preparation, execution and
HO decisions without connecting to the MME. The required completion HO process which performs by eNBs. 1) Downlink HO
HO information is exchanged between the eNBs via the X2 measurements, 2) processing of downlink measurements, 3) uplink reporting
interface. The HO procedure is divided into two main steps and HO request, 4) HO request acknowledgement, 5) HO command HO
preparation and execution via x2 interface, 6) HO confirm message,7) path
mainly HO preparation and execution and HO completion. switch request, , 8) Path switch acknowledgement, 9) Release resources[1,4].
Figure 2 shows the intra-EUTRA HO steps. A summary of the
HO procedure is summarized below [4]. In this study the HO B. Handover completion
procedure is divided into two main parts: Handover The rest of the HO procedure is to inform the MME
preparation and execution and the Handover completion. via the S1 interface about the new changes in the wireless
A. Handover preparation and execution link. This will enable the MME to forward the packets to the
When the UE approaches the cell boundary it sends target eNB and send a release resource message to the eNB.
a measurement report to the source eNB, which decides to After receiving a HO confirm message from the UE, the target
hand off the UE based on the measurement report and Radio eNB sends a path switch message to the MME to inform that
Resource Management (RRM) information. The source eNB the UE has changed its cell, then the MME sends a user plane
issues a HO request message to the target eNB passing update request message to the SGW. The SGW switches the
necessary information to prepare the HO at the target side. downlink data path to the target eNB and sends end marker
The target eNB performs admission control to increase the packets on the old path (MME/SGW- source eNB) to the
possibility of a successful HO and to check if the resources source eNB so that it can then release any U-plane resources
can be approved. Then, the target eNB prepares HO with towards the source eNB. SGW sends a user plane update
L1/L2 and sends the HO request acknowledgment to the response message to MME which confirms the path switch

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 International Journal of Research in Wireless Systems (IJRWS), Volume 1, Issue 1, November (2012)

message with the path switch acknowledgement message.

The target eNB sends release resource message to source
eNB which then can release the radio and the C-plane related MME/SGW
resources associated to with the UE context. By the end of
this step the HO is totally completed and the target eNB can
start sending the packets received on the new direct
(MME/SGW-target eNB). However, the target eNB should
first deliver all forwarded packets to the UE from the X2
interface before delivering any packets from the S1 interface
(MME/SGW-target eNB).

III. ANTENNA TILT OPTIMIZATION FOR PING-PONG HO

REDUCTION eNBServing eNBTarget
In the LTE system, multi-element antenna arrays
have been adopted for reliable communications and higher
data rates compared to Single Input Single Output (SISO)
systems used in 2G and 3G mobile networks. The major
disadvantage in the deployment of the Multiple Input
Multiple Output (MIMO) systems used in the LTE is the
increased hardware complexity and cost. On the other hand,
the increasing demand for higher data rates and the reducing
capital expenditures (CAPEX) make MIMO technology more
attractive from the operator’s point of view [26].
In an LTE mobile network, the selection of antenna
parameters and techniques for antennae play a significant Wide overlapping Narrow overlapping
role in capacity and coverage area. Mobile network area (Up tilting) area (Down tilting)
performance can be affected by suboptimal network planning Figure 2 shows the effects of tilting antennae on the overlapping area: Gray
and the dynamic radio environment. Therefore, antenna colour denotes to normal case, green colours show the downward tilting
parameters should be adjusted adaptively. Both antenna where is the red one shows the upward tilting.
parameter selection and optimization are essential to A. Mathematical analysis of the antenna tilting effects
maximize capacity and coverage performance in LTE. For the adjustment of upward/downward tilt angle
Any changes in the (up/down) tilt have an of an antenna, an electrical downward/upward tilting is used
immediate effect on the coverage boundary. Figure 2 in our simulation. Fig. 3 depicts the method of electrical
demonstrates the effects of tilting antennae on the antenna Downward/Upward-tilting of two neighbouring eNBs
overlapping area. As shown in figure2, tilting the eNBs’ and cell radii .The eNB antenna height used here is h=32 m
antennae downwards reduces the overlapping area and and all UE is set at a height of 1.5 meters. The
tilting the eNBs’ antennae upwards increases the overlapping upward/downward-tilt angle is varied between (1) and (12)
area. Reducing the overlapping area between neighbouring degrees. As it can be seen from figure 3, the distance
cells can reduce the mobility area which in turn reduces the between the eNB and the UE can be calculated as follows:
number of users in the new overlapping area (narrow
overlapping area-green colour in the figure-). A graphical d  r1cos (1)
representation of the effect of tilting changes on overlapping
area is shown in Figure 2. D  r 2 cos1 (2)
As shown in figure 3, the changes in the overlapping Okumura-Hata model is approved by 3GPP and it is
area are dependent on the ratio between the height of the also considered in this study. The model is described in detail
eNB mast and the distance to the edge of cell. In addition the in [27, 28], the path loss can be expressed as:
primary topology can affect the overlapping area. It should,
however, be noted that a simple change in electrical tilt has a PL  128 .1  37 .6 * log 10 (d ) [dB] (3)
similar effect on the cell boundary of each sector. Therefore,
Where d is the distance between the UE and the eNB.
incorrect upward/downward antenna tilt can lead to areas
with bad coverage or high interference and traffic.
Downward/upward-tilting antennae need to be done
carefully so that coverage problem would not become
interference and a traffic problem or vice versa.

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 International Journal of Research in Wireless Systems (IJRWS), Volume 1, Issue 1, November (2012)

Up tilt
Figure 4 shows the changes of the overlapping area
between 2 neighbouring cells according to the changes in the
Down tilt antenna tilt (both upward and downward). Downward tilt
r2 antennae decreases the overlapping area between the
h r1 neighbouring cells; this reduces the number of mobile users
in the overlapping areas due to the new narrow overlapping
α β area.
eNB1 α1 eNB2
IV. SYSTEM AND SIMULATION MODEL
d A. KPIs (Key Performance indicators):
In this study, the probability of dropped calls, blocked
calls and ping-pong HOs are selected to be the main KPIs for
D the HO procedure.
The rate of ping-pong HOs is defined as the number of
Figure 3: Antenna Down/up tilting of 2 neighbouring eNBs and cell radii ping-pong HOs per total number of HOs.
For inter site distance equal to 800 m, and antenna
tilt ±(1 to 12 degree), and the angle α = 40 Degree, the N ( ping  pong )
mathematical results of the changes in the overlapping areas P( ping  pong )HO  HO
(4)
for different antenna tilt angles are shown in table 1. N HOtotal
TABLE I Parameters settings
Up/down tilt Increasing in Decreasing in
Where N( ping  pong ) and N HO total
are the number of ping-
HO
values overlapping area overlapping area pong HOs and the total number of HOs, respectively.
( degrees) (up tilt) (Down tilt)
The probability of dropped calls is defined as the number of
0 0 0
dropped calls per the number of total calls.
1 9.089488681 8.594742128
N Dropped  calls
PDrop 
2 18.70445012 16.72335526
3 28.87785117 24.41247906 (5)
4 39.64502952 31.68690271
Ntotal calls
5 51.04381748 38.56968734 The probability of blocked calls is defined as the number of
6 63.11465335 45.08228274 blocked calls per the number of total calls.
7 75.90067182 51.24463778
N Blocked calls
8 89.44776176 57.07530414 P( Block )  (6)
9 103.8045758 62.59153358 N total calls
10 119.0224702 67.8093685
Equations 4, 5 and 6 denote the main Key
11 135.1553465 72.74372631
Performance Indicators’ (KPIs) we are going to use in our
12 152.2593564 77.40847762
work. Reducing the overlapping area will reduce the total
Table 1: Changes in the overlapping area in meters for different up/down
antenna tilt angles number of HOs which will reduce the probability of ping-pong
HOs as it is seen from equation (4). However, reducing the
Change in overlapping reas vs antenna tilt overlapping areas should also keep the coverage holes as less
as possible. As a result adjusting the tilting angles to meet the
Change in (meters)

200 optimal Key performance Indicators’ (KPIs) should be

150 achieved carefully.
100
The HO quality indicator can be defined as:
50
N HO total  N ( ping  pong )
0 PHQI  HO
(7)
0 3 6 9 12 N HOtotal  N Block  N Drop
Up/Down tilt (degrees)
Where N( ping  pong ) , N HOtotal , N Block and N Drop are the
HO
Increasing in overlapping area (up tilt) number of ping-pong HOs , the total number of HOs, the
Decreasing in overlapping area (Down tilt) number of HO calls blocked and number of HO calls dropped
Figure 4: Effect of applying up/down tilt for 2 neighbouring cells (eNBs) on respectively.
overlapping areas between them

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 International Journal of Research in Wireless Systems (IJRWS), Volume 1, Issue 1, November (2012)

B. SIMULATION RESULTS The probability of blocked calls stay stable until antenna
In this work, three key performance indicators are used to down tilt equal to 6, after that the probability increases.
evaluate the performance of the up/down tilting eNBs Increasing the probability of dropped calls can be explained
antennae. They are the probability of dropped calls, the by increasing coverage holes due to the downward tilting
probability of blocked calls and the probability of ping-pong antennae.
handover. TRIAS supported with NS2 simulator is used to KPIs VS Antenna down tilt
evaluate the performance of the proposed technique. The
simulations have been accomplished in a campus with size 0.5

Probability of KPIs
3500m×3500m = 12.25 km2 -served by 7 eNB (7*3= 21
0.4
sectors)-. The eNB antenna height is 25 meters; all UE is set at
a height of 1.5 m., when the system behaviour with different 0.3
antenna downward/upward tilt angles will be investigated. 0.2
Other major simulation parameters’ values are listed in Table
0.1
2.
TABLE II Parameters settings 0
Inter site distance 800 m 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
System bandwidth 5 MHz
Antenna tilt in Degrees
Sub-frame/TTI duration 1 ms
Number of PRBs for data transmission 48
Probability of dropped calls Probability of Ping-Pong HO
Number of PRBs for control transmission 2
Users multiplexed per TTI 8 Probability of Blocked calls rate
Number of UEs 10 users/cell Figure 5: Effect of applying downward tilt for 2 neighbouring cells (eNBs) on
Carrier frequency 2100 MHz the probability of KPIs
Electrical tilt Adjustable: 0o to 12o with interval of 1 degree Results show that coverage problems may occur
Tx Power 43 dBm
UE Height 1.5 m, eNB Height 32 m
when too many downward tilts are used leading to low call
UE speed 30 kmph, quality at cell borders. Previous effects can degrade the
Distance dependent path loss 128.1 + 37.6 log10(r) distant in KM system performance such as call drops rate, radio link failures
Log-normal shadowing standard deviation = 8 dB and handover failures. Coverage problem can be enhanced by
UE direction randomly chosen within [0, 360] degree upward tilting antennae in the cells concerned. Balancing the
User arrival rate 1-6 users/cell/s
antenna tilts in an optimal position plays a significant role in
Traffic model full buffer
eNode-B antenna gain 14 dBi optimising the eNBs and directly enhances the performance
UE noise equal to 9 dB (-124 dBm/sub-carrier) of the user mobility in an LTE system. The optimal values of
Minimum UE to eNB Distance 35 m Key Performance Identifiers (KPIs) can be achieved for the
Table 2: Simulation settings and Assumptions antennae downward tilt that equals 3 degree.
In this work an upward/downward-tilting procedure
is applied to the eNBs in the suggested model. The level of KPIs vs antenna up tilt
the upward/downward tilting is chosen to be an
increasing/decreasing in a 1 degree up to 12 degrees. The 0.6
Probability of KPIs

0.5
result in figures 5 shows the effects of downward tilting
0.4
antennae on the probability of KPIs; the optimal results can
values

0.3
be achieved for the downward tilt angle of 1 to 3 degrees. 0.2
The probability of dropped calls increases sharply after the 0.1
antenna downward tilting reaches a value higher than 7 0
degrees. The probability of blocked calls stays at an 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
acceptable levels because the simulation in this model is Antenna up tilt in Degrees
running in a moderate load (not in a heavy load).
Figure 5 shows the effects of antenna downward tilt Probability of dropped calls Probability of Ping-Pong HO

on the probability of ping-pong HO, the probability of Probability of Blocked calls rate

dropped calls and the probability of blocked calls. As it Figure 6: Effect of applying upward tilt for 2 neighbouring cells (eNBs) on
appears in figure 5 the probability of dropped calls increases probability of KPIs
sharply when the value of the antenna tilt exceeds 7 degrees. Figure 6 shows the effects of upward tilt on the
According to the 3GPP specifications, the accepted values of probabilities of dropped and blocked calls and the probability
the probability of dropped calls should be less than 4 degrees of the ping-pong HO. As it appears in figure 6 the probability
in the antenna downward tilt. Here, the probability of ping- of dropped calls increases sharply when the value of the
pong HO decreases for antenna tilt in the range (2-4) degrees. upward tilt reaches 9 degrees. The accepted values of the

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 International Journal of Research in Wireless Systems (IJRWS), Volume 1, Issue 1, November (2012)

probability of dropped calls should be taken less than 5 redistributed between the off loaded cells in the network.
degrees in an upward tilt. The probability of ping-pong HO Coverage problems in rural and offloaded areas necessitate
decreases for an antenna tilt in the range (1-4) degrees. The antennas antennae require an upward-tilt, which increases
probability of blocked calls stay stable until that antenna the overlapping areas between the neighboring eNBs.
downward tilt is equals 3 degrees, after that the probability Therefore, the coverage holes can disappear and the
of blocked calls increases. This can be explained by the probability of dropped calls rate can be decreased. Small (up
increase in the overlapping area. to 3 degrees) upward/downward-tilting antennae angles can
Moreover, the rise in the probability of dropped increase the handover quality indicator. As a result, KPIs used
calls can be interpreted by increasing the traffic caused by the in this simulation (mainly the probability of dropped calls, and
upward tilting antennae. The optimal values of Key ping-pong HOs) reduces efficiently. Optimal KPIs factors are
Performance Identifiers (KPIs) can be achieved for the achieved in the simulation for upward/downward tilt angles
antennae upward tilt equaling 2 degrees. equaling to (2 - 3) degrees. The optimal upward/downward-
Simulations results strongly recommend using the tilting angle should be selected carefully after taking the
upward-tilting antennae when there is a coverage problem, traffic distribution, cell size and the percentage of covered
while downward-tilting antennae are better suited when the area into consideration.
eNB traffic is a concern.
Probability of dropped calls vs antenna tilt
Probability of ping-pong HOs

Probability of dropped
0.5
0.5
Probability of ping-

0.4
0.4
pong HOs

0.3

calls
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Antenna tilts in Degrees
Antenna tilts in Degrees
The Best
value Probability of Ping-Pong HO (down tilt) Probability of dropped calls (up tilt)
Probability of Ping-Pong HO (UP tilt Probability of dropped calls (down tilt)

Figure 7: Effect of applying upward/downward-tilting antennae for 2 Figure 8: Effect of applying upward tilt/downward tilt for 2 neighbouring cells
neighbouring cells (eNBs) on probability of ping-pong HO (eNBs) on probability of dropped calls HO
Figure 7 summarises the effects of It is very important to mention that it is not
upward/downward-tilting antennae changes on the necessary to execute an upward/downward-tilt in the same
probability of ping-pong HOs. As shown in Fig. 7, the optimal angles of the neighbouring eNBs. System topology, cell
ping-pong HO value can be reached when the antenna tilt planning and users mobility select the required angle of the
angle equals to 3 degrees. Tilting antennae in angles more antenna tilt. Operators should perform an antenna
than 4 degrees can increase the probability of ping-pong HOs. optimization to improve the HQI and reduce the KPIs.
The probability of ping-pong HOs can reach a higher value
when the upward tilt angle exceeds 10 degrees. V. CONCLUSIONS
As analyzed from graph 8, the probability of dropped In this paper, the HO in inter eNBs and the effects of
calls is less than 1% for the upward/downward-tilting ping-pong phenomenon in LTE networks were investigated.
antennae. At the same time, the probability of ping-pong HOs Antenna tilting has a large impact on key performance
decreases to 1.9%. Simulation results shows that the indicators and should be considered when performing such
antennae tilting procedure should be selected carefully and evaluations. Coverage map and network topology and traffic
should be set to reduce the of probability ping-pong HO and are the key elements in selecting the tilting direction (i.e., up
at the same time keep the dropped calls and blocked rates at or down). The performance evaluation showed that the tilting
the lowest levels. The previous idea can be achieved for the antennae directly change the overlapping area, which in turn
tilting angles that are in the range of (1 to 3 degrees). affects the KPIs. Results shows that tilting the eNBs
Selection of the upward or downward direction of antennae can effectively reduce the number of ping-pong
the tilt angles depends on the network structure and HOs and keep the probability of dropped and blocked calls at
topology. Busy and loaded eNBs in urban active areas require lowest rates. The optimal antennae angle tilt should be
antennae downward-tilts, which reduce the overlapping area chosen carefully to determine the best value of the KPIs.
between the neighboring eNBs. Consequently the load can be Optimal KPIs factors are achieved for upward/downward tilt

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 International Journal of Research in Wireless Systems (IJRWS), Volume 1, Issue 1, November (2012)

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 International Journal of Research in Wireless Systems (IJRWS), Volume 1, Issue 1, November (2012)

BIOGRAPHY

Kinan Ghanem received the B.S and Haysam Alradwan got his Bsc in
M.Eng degrees in electrical electronic Engineering from Damascus
engineering from Tishreen University, University, Damascus, Syria, in
Lattakia, Syria,in , in 2000 and 2004, 1983.He received the Ph.D. degree
respectively. In 2006 Kinan was from the Institute of
granted MRes Electromagnetics Telecommunication, Moscow, Russia,
analysis and design of 1992. He has been lecturing
communications and high speed Communication systems and
system from the University of electronic Measurements and
Nottingham, Nottingham, United Measuring Instruments for over 5
Kingdom. He is currently a PhD years. He is currently an associate
student in the Department of professor in the department of
Electronics and Communications electronics and communications,
Engineering, Tishreen University Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.
Lattakia, Syria. His current interest is He has lots of Masters and PhD
NGMN mainly, the mobility students. His main interest are
management in beyond 3rd algorithms, and future mobile
Generation mobile networks. networks. .

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