06/01/2015 Basic Ba LTE Basic

Kaleem-Ullah
Department: LTE Optimization-CM
PAK Mentor: Zahid Ghani
 Table of Content

1. LTE:.................................................................................................................................................. 2
1.1 LTE Architecture: ........................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Interfaces: ..................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 OFDM: (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing).................................................................. 5
1.2.1 Signal Generation: .................................................................................................................. 5
1.2.2 Generation of SC-FDMA: ........................................................................................................ 5
1.3 LTE Data Calculation:..................................................................................................................... 6
1.4 FDD Frame Structure: .................................................................................................................... 7
1.5 MIMO: (Multi Input and Multi Output) ......................................................................................... 9
1.5.1 Transmission Modes:............................................................................................................ 10
2. LTE RF Optimization Objects ............................................................................................................. 11
2.1 RSRP: (Reference Signal Received Power) ................................................................................... 11
2.2 SINR: (Signal to Interference & Noise Ratio) ............................................................................... 11
2.3 RSRQ: (Reference Signal Received Quality) ................................................................................ 11
2.4 PCI: (Physical Cell Identity) .......................................................................................................... 12
2.5 Power Adjustment Method:........................................................................................................ 12
3. KPI: (keep Performance Indicator) .................................................................................................... 12
3.1 RRC Setup Success Rate:.............................................................................................................. 13
3.2 ERAB Setup Success Rate: ........................................................................................................... 14
3.3 Call Setup Success Rate: .............................................................................................................. 15
3.4 Handover over Success Rate: ...................................................................................................... 15
3.5 CSFB success Rate: ...................................................................................................................... 17
3.6 IRAT PS Redirection Preparation success rate: ............................................................................ 17
3.7 Whole Network Traffic: ............................................................................................................... 18
4. LTE KPI’s Statistical Representation: ................................................................................................. 18
 1. LTE:

LTE (Long Term Evolution) is initiated by 3GPPi to improve the mobile phone standard to cope
with future technology evolutions and needs.

 Higher peak data rates

 Improved spectrum efficiency
 Improved latency.
 Support of scalable bandwidth.
 Support of paired and unpaired spectrum.
 Support for interworking with legacy networks.
 Reduce Cost Efficiency
 Cost-effective migration from legacy networks.

1.1 LTE Architecture:

Figure 1.1 LTE Architecture

eNodeB:

• Inter Cell RRM

• RB Control
• Connection Mobility Control
• Radio Admission Control
• eNodeB Measurement and Configuration
• Dynamic resource Allocation

MME: (Mobile Management Entity)

 • Authentication
• NAS signaling
• GW selection
• Bearer management
• Idle mode tracking
• Paging
• Inter-MME and IRAT mobility
• Idle State mobility Handling

PDN GW: (Packet Data Network Gateway)

• External IP point of interconnect

• IP address allocation
• Packet routing & forwarding
• Lawful intercept
• Policy enforcement
• In home or visited network

S-GW: (Service Gateway)

• In visited network in case of roaming

• Intra-LTE mobility anchor
• Packet routing & forwarding
• Lawful intercept
• LTE idle mode DL buffering
• Charging per UE, PDN and QC.

PCRF: (Policy and Charging Enforcement)

• Provides Service Data Flow gating

• Set QoS for each Service Data Flow
• Define Charging for each Service Data Flow
 • Enables Bearer QoS Control
• Correlation between Application and Bearing Charges
• Notification of bearer events to application Function

HSS: (Home Service Subscription)

• Maintain and provide subscription data

• User Identification handling
• Access Authorization
• Provide Keys for Authentication and Encryption
• User Registration management
• Maintain knowledge of used PDN GW

1.2 Interfaces:

S1-MME: - Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-NodeB and MME.

S1-U: - Reference point between E-NodeB and Serving GW for the per bearer user plane
tunneling and inter eNodeB path switching during handover.

S5: - It provides user plane tunneling and tunnel management between Serving GW and PDN
GW. It is used for Serving GW relocation due to UE mobility and if the Serving GW needs to
connect to a non-collocated PDN GW for the required PDN connectivity.

S8: - Inter-PLMN reference point providing user and control plane between the Serving GW
in the VPLMN and the PDN GW in the HPLMN. S8 is the inter PLMN variant of S5.

S6a: - It enables transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing

user access to the evolved system (AAA interface) between MME and HSS.

S11: - Reference point between MME and Serving GW.

SGi: - It is the reference point between the PDN GW and the packet data network. Packet data
network may be an operator external public or private packet data network or an intra-operator
packet data network, e.g. for provision of IMS services. This reference point corresponds to Gi
for 3GPP accesses.

Gx: - It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from PCRF to Policy and Charging
Enforcement

Rx: - The Rx reference point resides between the AF and the PCRF in the TS 23.203.
1.2 OFDM: (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing)
The E-UTRA downlink is based on OFDMA. As such, it enables multiple devices to receive
information at the same time but on different parts of the radio channel. In most OFDMA systems
this is referred to as a “Sub channel”, i.e. a collection of subcarriers. However, in E-UTRA, the
term sub channel is replaced with the term PRB (Physical Resource Block).
1.2.1 Signal
Generation:

OFDM signal generation is based on Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) operation on
transmitter side

Figure 1.2.1 Signal Generation

1.2.2 Generation of SC-

FDMA:

DFT “pre-coding” is performed on modulated data symbols to transform them into frequency
domain, Sub-carrier mapping allows flexible allocation of signal to available sub-carriers, IFFT and
cyclic prefix (CP) insertion as in OFDM.

Figure 1.2.2 Generation of SC-FDMA

1.3 LTE Data Calculation:
1 Subcarrier = 15 KHz
1 Resource Block (Basic allocation Unit) = 12 Subcarriers, 0.5 ms
20MHz channel = 100 Resource Blocks.

As Figure Shows:

Figure 1.3 LTE Data Rates Calculation

1 Resource Block contains:

7 OFDM Symbol in Time domain
12 subcarriers in frequency domain
1 Resource Block = 7 x 12 = 84 symbols (Bits) in 0.5 ms millisecond
8 Bits are used for reference signal in every resource block so data can be carried on 76 symbols
(Bits)
1 Resource Block = 76 Data symbols (Bits)
100 Resource Blocks = 7600 Bits in 0.5 millisecond (ms)
100 Resource Blocks data rate in 1 second = 7600 * 1000/0.5 = 15.2 Mbits/sec
Now when signal is modulated, in case of 64QAM5/6
100 Resource Block data rate = 15.2 * 6*5/6 = 76Mbps = 75Mbps (Aprox)
In case of MIMO 2X2 = 75 * 2 = 150 Mbps
In case of MIMO 4X4 = 75 * 4 = 300 Mbps
In ZTE 5MHZ band is use.
1 Resource Block = 76 Data symbols (Bits)
25 Resource Blocks = 1900 Bits in 0.5 millisecond (ms)
25 Resource Blocks data rate in 1 second = 1900 * 1000/0.5 = 3.9 Mbits/sec
Now when signal is modulated, in case of 64QAM5/6
25 Resource Block data rate = 3.9 * 6*5/6 = 19Mbps = 20Mbps (Aprox)
In case of MIMO 2X2 = 20 * 2 = 40 Mbps
In case of MIMO 4X4 = 20 * 4 = 80 Mbps

Uplink data rate remains 75Mbps maximum only if 64QAM modulation supported by UE. MIMO
is generally not available on Uplink.

1.4 FDD Frame Structure:

Radio frame structure is used for FDD and is 10ms in duration. It consists of 20 slots, each lasting 0.5ms. Two
adjacent slots form one sub frame of length 1ms. For FDD operation 10 sub frames are available for
downlink transmission and 10 sub frames are available for uplink transmission, with each transmission
separated in the frequency domain.

Figure 1.4 FDD Frame Structure

The concept of a CP (Cyclic Prefix) in OFDM systems. In LTE, it was chosen to have two different
cyclic prefix sizes, namely “Normal” and “Extended”. In order to facilitate these, two different
slot formats are available. Below Figureure shows the 7 and 6 ODFM symbol options. Obviously,
to facilitate a larger cyclic prefix one of the symbols is sacrificed, thus the symbol rate is reduced.
 Figure 1.4 Radio Frame Structure

Figure 1.4 Cyclic Prefix Frame Structure

1.5 MIMO: (Multi Input and Multi
Output)

LTE supports MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), or multi -antenna transmission, with 2
or
4 transmit antennas. The maximum number of code words is two, irrespective of the number of
antennas with fixed mapping between code words to layers .

The most common MIMO category is referred to as SM (Spatial Multiplexing). This allocates
multiple modulation symbol streams to a single UE using the same time/frequency. The
differentiation of signals is achieved by the different Reference Signals which were sent as part
of the PRB (Physical Resource Block). Below figure illustrates the concept of Spatial Multiplexing
using a 2x2 MIMO system.

Figure 1.5 MIMO

The main issue with Spatial Multiplexing in a cellular system is associated with high levels of
interference, especially at the cell edge. Unfortunately, this can affect both spatial streams and,
as such, twice as many errors could be introduced. Hence, SM is typically used close to the eNB,
i.e. not at the cell edge.

This includes two options, i.e. with CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity) and without. CDD (Cyclic Delay
Diversity) is a method whereby a delayed version of the same OFDM symbol is transmitted from
multiple antennas. It provides a method for transforming spatial diversity into frequency
diversity thus avoiding Inter Symbol Interference.
 Figure 1.5 Cyclic Delay Diversity

1.5.1 Transmission Modes:

In the downlink, the method of transmission is sent when a mobile is semi -statically
configured via higher layer signaling to receive PDSCH data. LTE includes the following
Transmission Modes

Mode 1 - Single-Antenna transmission, port 0, no MIMO.

Mode 2 - Transmit diversity.
Mode 3 - Transmit diversity or with Large Delays CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity) is used .
Mode 4 - Transmit diversity or Closed-loop spatial multiplexing.
Mode 5 - Transmit diversity or multi user MIMO (more than one UE is assigned to the same
resource block).
Mode 6 - Transmit diversity or closed loop pre coding for rank=1 (i.e. no spatial multiplexing,
but pre coding is used).
Mode 7 - Single-antenna port, port 5 (beam forming).
2. LTE RF Optimization Objects

2.1 RSRP: (Reference Signal Received Power)

The RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) is

determined for a considered cell as the linear average
Specific power of signal across specified bandwidth.

Range between -44 to -140 dBm

-75 < RSRP (Best)
-95 < RSRP < -75 (Acceptable)
RSRP < -95 (Bad)
RSRP between -102 to -108 throughput falls to zero
In LTE at ZTE project CMPAK -65 to -110 range is used.

2.2 SINR: (Signal to Interference & Noise Ratio)

The SINR - Signal to Interference & Noise Ratio is

determined Power of signal of interest divided by the
sum of interference plus background noise ratio.

Range between -10 to 30 dBm

20 < SINR (Best)
20 < SINR < 10 (Acceptable)
SINR < 10 (Bad)
In LTE at ZTE project CMPAK -10 to 30 range is used.

2.3 RSRQ: (Reference Signal Received Quality)

RSRQ is a measure of signal quality. It is measured by the UE and reported back to the network
to aid in the handover procedure.
Range -3 to -19.5 dB
-9< RSRQ < -3 (Best)
-12< RSRQ < -9 (Acceptable)
RSRQ < -13 (Bad)
2.4 PCI: (Physical Cell Identity)
Identification of cell at physical layer
PCI is determined by PSS and SSS
PSS= 0, 1, 2 (Cell Number)
SSS= 0, 1, 2……167 (Group Number)
PCI= 3*Cell Number*Cell Group Number
Total PCI= 1 to 504

2.5 Power Adjustment Method:

Subcarriers share the transmit power of an eNodeB, and therefore the transmit power of each
subcarrier depends on the configuration system bandwidth (such as 5 MHz and 10 MHz). A larger
bandwidth will result in lower power of each subcarrier .

3. KPI: (keep Performance

Indicator)

Figure 3 Keep Performance Indicator

3.1 RRC Setup Success
Rate:

The RRC setup procedure is trigged by different reasons as identified by the Establishment Cause
field in the RRC Connection Request message, Emergency, High Priority Access, Mt-Access, Mo-
Signaling, Mo-Data, Delay Tolerant Access

This KPI evaluates the RRC setup success rate with service related causes in a cell or cluster.

RRC Setup Success Rate= (RRC Connection Success Rate/RRC Connection

Request)*100

Figure 3.1 RRC Connection Setup Success

Rate

Figure (Graph) 3.1 RRC Connection Setup Success Rate

3.2 ERAB Setup Success Rate:

This KPI can be used to evaluate the ERAB setup success rate of VoIP service (QCI 1 service) in a
cell or cluster.

RRC Setup Success Rate= (RRC Connection Success Rate/RRC Connection Request)*1 00

Figure 3.2 E-RAB Setup Success Rate

Figure (Graph) 3.2 E-RAB Setup Success Rate

3.3 Call Setup Success Rate:

This KPI can be used to evaluate the call setup success rate of all services including the VoIP
service in a cell or a cluster. This KPI mainly includes three phases RRC setup phase, S1 Signaling
connection establishment phase and service E-RAB setup phase

Call Success Rate= {(RRC Connection Success Rate/ Total RRC Connection
Request)*100}*{(S1 signaling Connection Success Rate/ S1 Total signaling Connection
Request)*100}* {E-RAB Success Rate= (E-RAB Success Rate/ E-RAB Total Connection
Request)}*100

Figure 3.3 Call Setup Success Rate

3.4 Handover over Success Rate:

This KPI can be used to evaluate the handover out success rate in a cell or cluster.

HO Success Rate=(HO successful attempt /HO Total Request)*100

 Figure 3.4 S HO Success rate

Figure (Graph) 3.4 HO Success Rate

3.5 CSFB success Rate:

This KPI can be used to evaluate the CSFB success rate of all services including the VoIP service
in a cell or a cluster.

CSFB Success Rate= (CSFB successful attempt /CSFB Total Request)*100

Figure 3.5 CSFB Success Rate

3.6 IRAT PS Redirection Preparation success rate:

This KPI can be used to evaluate the intra-frequency handover out success rate in a cell or cluster.

IRAT Success Rate= (IRAT HO success attempt / IRAT HO success Request)*100

Figure 3.6 IRAT PS Redirection Preparation success rate

3.7 Whole Network Traffic:

This KPI can be used to evaluate the total downlink traffic in GB.

Figure 3.7 Whole Network Traffic

4. LTE KPI’s Statistical Representation:

Figure 4 Stats of LTE Network