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De Moivre's Theorem

De Moivre's theorem states that for any integer n, (cosθ + i sinθ)n = cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ). It can be extended to fractional and negative n as well. The theorem is proved by mathematical induction. It has applications in computing powers of complex numbers, finding roots of equations, and expanding trigonometric functions. An example demonstrates using the theorem to evaluate (1+i)100.

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2K views4 pages

De Moivre's Theorem

De Moivre's theorem states that for any integer n, (cosθ + i sinθ)n = cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ). It can be extended to fractional and negative n as well. The theorem is proved by mathematical induction. It has applications in computing powers of complex numbers, finding roots of equations, and expanding trigonometric functions. An example demonstrates using the theorem to evaluate (1+i)100.

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Trigonometry

De Moivre’s theorem

State and prove De Moivre’s theorem.

Statement: when n is an integer, positive or negative then the value of


n
(cosθ+i sinθ ) is cos nθ+isin nθ . When n is a fraction, positive or negative, the one of the

values of (cosθ+i sinθ )n is cosnθ+isin nθ

Proof: Case1: When n is a positive integer.

1
If n=1, (cosθ+i sinθ ) =cosθ+i sin θ
2 2 2 2
If n=2, (cos θ+i sinθ ) =cos θ+2i sin θ cos θ+i sin θ
2 2
= cos θ +2i sin θ cos θ−sin θ
2 2
= cos θ−sin θ +2i sin θ cosθ

= cos 2 θ+isin 2 θ

The theorem is true for n=1 and n=2

Let us assume that the theorem is true for any particular value n=m,

m
We get (cos θ+i sinθ ) =cosmθ+isin mθ

Now we have to show that the theorem is true for n=m+1

Multiplying the above equation on both sides by (cosθ+i sinθ )

Then we get,

(cosθ+i sinθ )m (cosθ+i sin θ)=(cos mθ+i sin mθ)(cos θ+i sin θ)
m +1
Or (cos θ+i sinθ ) =
(cos mθ cos θ−sin mθsin θ )+i(sin mθ cos θ+cos mθsin θ )

= cos( mθ+θ )+isin (mθ+θ)

= cos( m+1 )θ+i sin(m+1)θ


n
i.e. (cos θ+i sinθ ) =cos nθ+isin nθ .

So that the theorem is true for all positive integral values of n.

Case 2: When n is a negative integer

Let n=-m, where m is a positive integer.

n −m
(cos θ+i sinθ ) =( cos θ+isin θ )
1
m
= (cosθ+i sinθ )

1
= (cosmθ+isin mθ )

cosmθ−i sin mθ
= (cos mθ+isin mθ )(cos mθ−i sin mθ )

= cos mθ−i sin mθ

= cos(−mθ )+isin(−mθ)

= cos nθ+ i sin nθ

i.e. The theorem is true for all negative integer.

Case3: When n is a fraction, positive or negative.

p
Let n= q ,where p is any integer, positive or negative but q is a positive integer.

p p p p
(cos θ+isin θ )q =cos q . θ+i sin q . θ
Now q q q q

= cos pθ+i sin pθ

= (cosθ+i sinθ ) p ,when p is any integer.

Taking qth root on both sides of the above equation, we get


1 p
p p q.
(cos θ+isin θ ) q =(cosθ+i sin θ) q
q q
p
p p
cos θ+i sin θ=(cosθ +isin θ ) q
q q
p
qp p
(cos θ+i sinθ ) =cos θ+ isin θ
q q
n
(cos θ+i sinθ ) =cos nθ+isin nθ
Hence the theorem is proved.

Application of De Moivre’s theorem:

i) Computing power of a complex number .


ii) Computing nth roots of a complex number and roots of an algebraic equation.
iii) Expansion of sinnθ and cosnθ in powers of sinθ and cosθ.

100
Ex: Find the value of (1+i) .

Solution:

Let ,1+i=x+iy

We know z=x+iy=rcosθ+irsinθ

From Complex number in polar form 1=rcosθ,1=rsinθ

Modulus of z:

r= √ x2+ y 2 = √ 12+12 = √2
b
tan θ=
a
b
θ=tan−1
a
1
θ=tan−1
1
π
θ=tan−1 1=tan −1 tan
4
π
θ=
Argument of z: 4

Now 1+i= r(cosθ+isinθ)

π π
√ 2(cos +isin )
= 4 4

π π
(1+i)100={√ 2(cos +isin )} 100
4 4
π π
=( √2 )100 (cos +isin ) 100
4 4
100 π 100 π
¿ 250 (cos +i sin )
4 4 =250 (cos25 π+isin 25 π)

=250 (cos π +i sin π )


50
=2 (−1+0)

=−250 (Ans)

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