Turbulent Flow
Lars Davidson
Chalmers, 2011
MSc course Mechanics of Fluids
http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/~lada/MoF/
Lars Davidson
http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/~lada/
Flow in a Channel
uτ δ Ub 2δ
◮Reτ = = 1 000 ⇒ ReD = ≃ 40 000
ν ν
flow direction 2δ
y
x L
Movie :y-zplane
Movie :x-yplane ◮Colors show, Q
◮Colors show w ′ ∂2p ∂ui ∂uj
+ Q = 0, Q =
∂xj ∂xj ∂xj ∂xi
◮Right-click on blue arrow to start movie
http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/˜lada/ Turbulent flow 2/7
Flow in a Channel
uτ δ Ub 2δ
◮Reτ = = 1 000 ⇒ ReD = ≃ 40 000
ν ν
flow direction 2δ
y
x L
◮The flow is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations
∂ui ∂(ui uj ) 1 ∂p ∂ 2 ui
+ =− +ν
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj
http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/˜lada/ Turbulent flow 2/7
The Navier-Stokes equations
◮The Navier-Stokes equations
∂ui ∂(ui uj ) 1 ∂p ∂ 2 ui
+ =− +ν
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj
http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/˜lada/ Turbulent flow 3/7
The Navier-Stokes equations
◮The Navier-Stokes equations
∂ui ∂(ui uj ) 1 ∂p ∂ 2 ui
+ = − + ν
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂x ∂xj ∂xj
| {z } | {z }i | {z }
acceleration Pressure force Friction force
◮A body is moving on the floor
http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/˜lada/ Turbulent flow 3/7
The Navier-Stokes equations
◮The Navier-Stokes equations
∂ui ∂(ui uj ) 1 ∂p ∂ 2 ui
+ = − + ν
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂x ∂xj ∂xj
| {z } | {z }i | {z }
acceleration Pressure force Friction force
◮The floor exerts a friction force per unit area, Fτ = τ · L · W
Fτ
http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/˜lada/ Turbulent flow 3/7
The Navier-Stokes equations
◮The Navier-Stokes equations
∂ui ∂(ui uj ) 1 ∂p ∂ 2 ui
+ = − + ν
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂x ∂xj ∂xj
| {z } | {z }i | {z }
acceleration Pressure force Friction force
◮The floor exerts a friction force per unit area, Fτ = τ · L · W
Fτ
◮Newton’s 2nd law gives
dU
m = F − Fτ
dt}
| {z
|{z} |{z}
Driving force Friction force
Acceleration
http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/˜lada/ Turbulent flow 3/7
The Navier-Stokes equations
◮The Navier-Stokes in 3D
∂ui ∂(ui uj ) 1 ∂p ∂ 2 ui
+ = − + ν
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂x ∂xj ∂xj
| {z } | {z }i | {z }
acceleration Pressure force Friction force
http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/˜lada/ Turbulent flow 4/7
The Navier-Stokes equations
◮The Navier-Stokes in 3D
∂ui ∂(ui uj ) 1 ∂p ∂ 2 ui
+ = − + ν
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂x ∂xj ∂xj
| {z } | {z }i | {z }
acceleration Pressure force Friction force
◮The steady Navier-Stokes in 1D
dU 1 ∂P ∂τ dU
ρ =− + , τ =ν − u′v ′, u = U + u′
dt ρ ∂x ∂y dy
http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/˜lada/ Turbulent flow 4/7
The Navier-Stokes equations
◮The Navier-Stokes in 3D
∂ui ∂(ui uj ) 1 ∂p ∂ 2 ui
+ = − + ν
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂x ∂xj ∂xj
| {z } | {z }i | {z }
acceleration Pressure force Friction force
Movie :x-yplane
◮The steady Navier-Stokes in 1D
dU 1 ∂P ∂τ dU
ρ =− + , τ =ν − u′v ′, u = U + u′
dt ρ ∂x ∂y dy
0
0.1
0
1.4 1.6 1.8
X
http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/˜lada/ Turbulent flow 4/7
The Navier-Stokes equations
dU 1 ∂P ∂τ dU
◮ρ =− + , τ =ν − u′v ′
dt ρ ∂x ∂y dy
http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/˜lada/ Turbulent flow 5/7
The Navier-Stokes equations
dU 1 ∂P ∂τ dU
◮ρ =− + , τ =ν − u′v ′
dt ρ ∂x ∂y dy
τn
0
0.1 Pw Pe
∆y
0
1.4 1.6 1.8
X
τs
∆x
http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/˜lada/ Turbulent flow 5/7
The Navier-Stokes equations
dU 1 ∂P ∂τ dU
◮ρ =− + , τ =ν − u′v ′
dt ρ ∂x ∂y dy
τn
0
0.1 Pw Pe
∆y
0
1.4 1.6 1.8
X
τs
∆x
dU Pe − Pw τn − τs
◮ρ =− +
dt ρ∆x ∆y
http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/˜lada/ Turbulent flow 5/7
Turbulence Model
dU 1 ∂P ∂τ dU
◮ρ =− + , τ =ν − u′v ′
dt ρ ∂x ∂y dy
τn
Pw Pe
∆y
τs
∆x
http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/˜lada/ Turbulent flow 6/7
Turbulence Model
dU 1 ∂P ∂τ dU
◮ρ =− + , τ =ν − u′v ′
dt ρ ∂x ∂y dy
u′
v′
Fluctuations u ′ and v ′ →
a shear stress u ′ v ′
u′ u ′ v ′ is modelled by a
turbulence model
τs
http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/˜lada/ Turbulent flow 6/7
Summary: Turbulence Modelling in Channel
Flow
∂ui ∂(ui uj ) 1 ∂p ∂ 2 ui
Navier-Stokes: + =− +ν
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj
dU 1 ∂P ∂ dU
Time averaging: ρ =− + ν −u v ,′ ′ u = U + u′
dt ρ ∂x ∂y dy
New unknown: u ′ v ′ is modelled with a turbulence model
In General there are six unknowns: ui′ uj′
ui′ uj′ = u ′ u ′ , v ′ v ′ , w ′ w ′ , u ′ v ′ , u ′ w ′ , v ′ w ′
http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/˜lada/ Turbulent flow 7/7
