Edge Protection Federation

Code of Practice 2014

Edge Protection Federation
Code of Practice 2014

A Guide to the Selection and Use of

Temporary Edge Protection Systems

Edge Protection Federation members at the time of publishing:

Access Knowledge & Training Ltd

Brand Energy & Infrastructure Services Ltd
C.J.O’Shea (Plant Hire) Ltd
Combisafe International Ltd
easi-edge Ltd
Heyrod Construction Ltd
Ischebeck Titan Ltd
KGUARD Ltd
MKE Services Ltd
Rapid EPS Ltd
Safe Edge Ltd
Severfield Plc

Our thanks also to the Construction Industry Training Board and the
Health and Safety Executive for their valued contributions.

This Code of Practice has been produced to provide helpful advice and
information to those concerned with edge protection during construction
operations, but should not be used as a substitute for supplier guidance
or legal advice. It remains the responsibility of the user to carry out risk
assessments and follow safe procedures.The Edge Protection Federation
accepts no liability in relation to any use or reliance made of any
information in this publication.

www.epf-uk.org

Issue no. 2
Edge Protection Federation
Code of Practice 2014

Contents:
1.0 Introduction 03
2.0 Design and Client Issues 04
3.0 Scope 05
4.0 Definitions 07
5.0 BS EN 13374: The Standard for Temporary Edge Protection Systems 09
6.0 Typical Product Types 12
7.0 Design 13
8.0 Edge Protection Systems and product types 14
8.1 Mesh Barrier Systems 14
8.2 Edge Protection for Industrial Steel Frame Buildings 16
8.3 Extended Height Containment 19
8.4 Compression / Friction Posts 20
8.5 Staircase Edge Protection 22
8.6 Excavation Protection 23
8.7 Free Standing Systems 23
8.8 Tubular Guardrail Solutions 25
8.9 Edge Protection Methods for Steel Frames 27
8.10 Edge Protection Methods for Timber Frames 28
8.11 Falls from Vehicles 28
9.0 Climbing Screen Protection systems 30
10.0 Net Barrier Systems 32
11.0 Installation Guidance: 33
11.1 Safe System of Work 33
11.2 Typical Method Statement Issues 34
11.3 Concrete Frame 36
11.4 Steel Frame including Mobile Elevating Work Platforms (MEWPs) 41
11.5 Free Standing Systems 45
11.6 Mobile Anchors 45
11.7 Tubular Guardrails 46
12.0 Safety Requirements 48
13.0 Hierarchy of Hazard Management 49
1 Introduction

We have taken the step of revising the EPF Code of Practice due to the need
to reflect even more developments in our industry since our first well
received publication.
Edge Protection Systems are still a relatively new aspect of the Work at
Height industry, yet we are still undergoing relatively fast changes in the
methods and products employed. This 2014 version of the EPF CoP
includes the very latest changes.

The EPF are consulted by contractors on Leading Suppliers

edge protection solutions proposed by This guidance has been written by the
suppliers, and whilst we welcome such leading suppliers and contractors within the
approaches, they often leave us concerned industry, working together within the EPF,
at some of the questionable methods being and is intended to provide guidance on the
offered into the market. use of the various alternative product types
that provide safe edge protection in a large
All of the many different system types now number of different applications.
available should still meet the one common
standard - BSEN 13374: 2013 (referred to It is important to recognise that edge
simply as BS EN 13374 from hereon in). protection performance is dependent on
the structure to which it is attached, the
Background method of attachment and consideration of
Temporary edge protection is used in the loads and forces that need to be taken
construction work, primarily to prevent into account.
persons and objects from falling to a lower
level from working surfaces (sloped or flat). Importantly, this guidance also advises on
the aspects to be considered when
In the UK the Work at Height Regulations selecting the safest method of installation
2005 govern the requirements for of these products
prevention of falls and the hierarchy for
solution selection. These Regulations
require the selection of collective passive
measures such as edge protection in
preference to personal measures such as
Personal Fall Protection Equipment.

Classes specified within the European

Standard BS EN 13374 are used throughout
this guidance and reference should be
made to this standard. They are intended to
cater for the varied requirements
appropriate for different uses

03
2 Design and Client Issues

Within this Code of Practice there are a large number of application solutions,
with varying products, but a common approach to safety standards.
However, it is found that many of these systems can be compromised by
circumstances found on sites on a daily basis.

Traditionally, edge protection would have There is an urgent need for designers
always been by means of tubular and contractors to consider the problems
scaffolding and, therefore, usually installed posed by a myriad of designs, with
by scaffolders. It has now become more insufficient consideration for access and
common for purpose-designed edge temporary edge protection either prior or
protection systems to be used on many subsequent to the building construction.
sites, for which more specific training is This is a requirement under Regulation
essential. Tubular guardrails, of varying 11 of the Construction (Design and
materials and designs may also increasingly Management) Regulations 2007.
be installed by non-scaffolders.
Examples of this include steel framed
It is important that clients seek evidence of industrial buildings with steel column
appropriate training and qualifications for centres set at 8m and 9m centres, with no
what is clearly one of the more hazardous intermediate structural supports for edge
construction related tasks. protection, as many lack rigidity or are
made of cold rolled section. Compliance
The EPF training programme, which with BS EN 13374 has become very
incorporates each of the main difficult due to the lack of rigid fixing points.
proprietary suppliers’ products, is an
ideal way of providing such evidence. Installation on steel framed buildings is
increasingly required to be installed by
The EPF course is primarily for installers telescopic boom, to avoid working at
and is linked with a product specific module height, yet the ground driving conditions are
of the main proprietary systems used. On often extremely hazardous at critical times
its own it would not be sufficient to install for access as pouring the ground slab is a
edge protection. later priority, and there are many materials
obstructions inhibiting the path of MEWPs.
Within the Work at Height Regulations
there are clearly stated requirements to When the guardrail systems are safely
consider working at height issues so as to bolted or clamped for the duration of the
minimise the risk of a fall from height of project, the industry is now faced with the
persons and materials (and their increasing problem of component removal
consequences) from the very inception of a once all the cladding elements are in place.
project, and to properly plan and organise The elements are effectively trapped unless
work of this nature. However, on a daily removed from lower floor levels by a variety
basis, risks are faced which would be of movable access platforms. The original
greatly reduced if the requirements from installation may well have reduced the risk
the Regulations were followed. of working at height, but the removal
stages could present fresh risks.

These and other issues are highlighted in

order to appeal to the industry to assist the
suppliers of edge protection systems to
reduce the risks of working at height through
better organisation, design and planning.

04
3 Scope

This guidance covers existing best practice for design, selection, safe
installation, dismantling, inspection and maintenance of temporary edge
protection systems used in both concrete steel and structural timber
construction, as well as in many building, and civil engineering applications.
This will include potential falls from working areas, e.g. slabs, roofs, lift
shafts, pits or voids, plus staircases and similar parts of building structures.

Requirements for scaffold platforms are not Operatives working without an

covered in this Code of Practice and edge protection system designed to
reference in this area should be made to BS EN 13374
BSEN 12811: Temporary Works Equipment.
Some edge protection with scaffolding
components are covered in SG27: 09:
Temporary Edge Protection on Open
Steelwork, produced by the National
Access & Scaffolding Confederation, but
this will not cover all applications –those
will be catered for through supplier
adaptations and proprietary products which
include tube and fittings.

This guidance specifically excludes

edge protection to surfaces intended to
protect against:

• impact by plant, falling objects or vehicles

• falls into personnel protection fans
• containment of bulk loose material
(including snow)
• access by the general public and their
protection from falling

05 06
Typical Edge Protection Systems designed to BS EN 13374

06
4 Definitions

Anchor sleeve: Debris Containment:

component of drilled anchor system which a system designed to prevent debris from
is inserted into concrete and expanded to falling from the working area
support heavy duty loads
Dynamic Loads:
Beam Bracket: suddenly applied impact or dynamic loads
System socket components on formwork
beams which support posts of edge Exclusion Zones:
protection systems area where access is prevented due to
hazardous activity within or above the
Bolted Frame Connection: zoned area
component bolted into steel framework of
building, either prior to construction, or Extended Height:
assembled after initial construction barrier heights greater than the standard of
1.0m, but not necessarily full height
Cantilever:
a projecting structure, such as a beam, that Falsework:
is supported at one end a temporary structure used to support a
permanent structure, or the concrete
Clamps: formwork, until it is self-supporting
system components for the fixing of
handrails and guardrails which are Formwork:
clamped horizontally or vertically to the section of temporary works that
structural members gives the required shape and support to
poured concrete
Climbing Screen Systems:
large panel systems, typically for multi-storey Free Standing Systems:
applications that give protection for several systems which are not fixed or clamped
storeys at once and are lifted in situ by
crane or by hydraulic methods Friction / Compression Posts:
a system that is not anchored or bolted,
Concrete frame: but relies on friction or compression
building framework constructed primarily of fixings between the floor and soffit
in-situ poured concrete
Full Height Protection:
Containment Systems: edge protection installed to fill the entire
also known as Extended Height or Full gap between floor and soffit
Height Protection Systems, that go beyond
the minimum standard of BS EN 13374 Leading Edge:
height and containment specifications edges or open edges of buildings /
structures where potential fall risks exist
Core Protection Products:
systems or components that are designed Mesh Barriers:
specifically for lift shaft and core apertures system protective barriers with mesh infill

Counterweighted Systems: Metal Decking:

system components which are not profiled steel permanent formwork
fixed or clamped, but rely on ballast/ constructed prior to concrete pouring
counterweights for stability

07
MEWP’s: System Classifications:
Mobile Elevated Work Platforms telescopic edge protection Classes as defined within
booms and scissors lifts BS EN 13374: 2013

Mobile Anchor: Timber Frame/ Structural Timber

deadweight / counterweight anchors Frame System:
manufactured to BS EN 795: 2012: Edge protection components designed
Personal Fall Protection Equipment; Anchor to suit timber frame applications
Devices; Class E, for the attachment of
personal fall protection equipment Toeboard:
solid horizontal barrier provided level with
Nets: the working surface specifically to prevent
safety nets compliant to BS EN 1263-1- the fall of materials or people
Safety Nets- safety requirements and
test methods Tubular Handrails:
guardrails constructed from tube and fitting
PFPE: components, and proprietary systems that
Personal Fall Protection Equipment such include other types of guardrails.
as full body harnesses, lanyards, energy
absorbers etc.

Posts:
principal vertical supports of edge
protection systems to which guardrails,
mesh barriers and toeboards may
be attached

Slab Edge:
concrete floor edges

Socket Bases:
system base components which are
typically anchored into concrete slab

Staircase Systems:
edge protection systems designed and
installed using standard or variations of
edge protection components on
staircases of various materials

Static Loads:
gradually applied horizontal and vertical
loads without any impact force

Steel frame:
building constructed primarily of a
steel framework

08
5 BS EN 13374: 2013
Temporary Edge Protection Systems.
The Standard for Temporary Edge Protection Systems.

Since its original publication in 2003, this Standard for edge protection has led
to the introduction of a significant number of purpose-designed systems for
improving edge protection safety.
The Standard was the result of many years of work by specialists from several
European countries, including the UK. It has recently been reviewed, 10 years
since its inception, and the changes are featured in the following pages.

5.1 Edge Protection Edge Protection Classifications

within BS EN 13374: 2013
Classifications within
BS EN 13374: 2013 Falling Roof
Height inclination
Edge Protection systems are selected 45˚
primarily based on the gradient of the
surface for which they are to provide
protection. The performance requirements
for the various Classes are detailed within 60˚
the Standard BS EN 13374 thus: 5m
CLASS C
Class A
30˚
Provides protection to flat surfaces and
slopes generally up to 10º. It provides
resistance to static loads and is based
on the requirements to support a person
leaning against, walking beside, and 2m CLASS B
possibly stumbling against the
10˚
edge protection.
Class B CLASS A
Provides protection to flat surfaces and
slopes generally up to 30º, and to even
steeper slopes with short slope lengths. The above graph indicates the normal
It provides resistance to both static and expected application range for the different
low dynamic loads and is based on the classes of edge protection. It appears in an
requirements to support a person leaning informative annex to BS EN 13374: 2013
against, walking beside, possibly stumbling and as such, compliance with the graph
against, and sliding down a sloping surface is not a requirement of the standard.
towards the edge protection. There is therefore a degree of freedom left
Class C to select classes and systems for more
Provides protection to steeply sloping shallow slopes than those indicated within
surfaces generally up to 45º, and up to 60º the graph, where the specific hazard
for 5m slopes. It provides resistance to high identification and risk assessment might
dynamic loads only and is based on the suggest the use of a Class with a steeper
requirements to contain a person sliding gradient capacity.
down a steeply sloping surface. Further clarification of the detailed
classification requirements can be found
within the Standard, BS EN 13374: 2013.

09
5.2 Loading Requirements
for Class A Systems from
BS EN 13374: 2013

Extracts from BS EN 13374:

FD 0.2 kN

FT1

FD
FH1
FT1

FD

FH2
FT2
Loads parallel to the guardrail
The edge protection system and any of its
FD = 1,25kN components, except the toeboard, shall
FT1 = 0,3kN (maximum deflection 55mm) be able to withstand a horizontal load of
FT2 = 0,2kN (maximum deflection 55mm) 0,2 kN in its worst position.
FH1 = 03kN
FH2 = 03kN

Loads perpendicular, horizontal and

vertical, to the system
FD Load FD shall act downwards within an
angle of +/- 100 to the face of the edge
protection system, anywhere along the
top edge of the guardrails and toeboards.
FT1 Force applied to meet deflection
requirement (applied to guardrails
and posts perpendicular to the edge
protection system in the outward
direction and downwards parallel
to the edge protection system)
FT2 Force applied to meet deflection
requirements (applied to toeboards)
FH1 Ultimate Limit State point load force
applied to meet strength requirements,
and shall act perpendicular to the edge
protection system in the outward direction
FH2 Ultimate Limit State point load force
applied to toeboard
10
5 BS EN 13374: The Standard for
Temporary Edge Protection Systems (Cont)

5.3 Revisions to 5.1.1 Basic requirements

BSEN 13374: 2013 An edge protection system shall consist
of a principal guardrail and either an
We highlight below some of the more intermediate guardrail or an intermediate
notable changes in the revision of BS EN protection. It shall also be possible to
13374, which was published in 2013. attach a toeboard. All components in the
The most significant of these is shown in system shall be designed to avoid
Section 5.1.1, which refers to the accidental removal or displacement of
requirement for all components to be any component in any direction during
designed to avoid accidental removal of any use” (BS EN 13374: 2013)
component in any direction during use as This paragraph is capable of interpretation
extracted below: in different ways, but in our view it may
question the current common practice of
casting a sleeve (plastic / steel) into the
Extracts from BS EN 13374:
concrete slab and subsequently inserting a
vertical tube as the main guardrail post.
Dimensions in millimetres
As this method, unlike most of the
250 120
proprietary systems, has no specific
locking method to prevent uplift of the
Post, it may be considered to be
470 vulnerable to such accidental uplift.
Therefore, re-consideration of such
1000 1000
designs may be required.
470
A specific maximum gap of 120mm in the
guardrail has also been introduced for the
150 150
first time. This refers to the horizontal gaps
between post / panels longitudinally and
the extract from BS EN 13374: 2013 is to
the left.
Dimensional height and spacing of
edge protection components
5.1.3 Principal guardrail
The distance between the uppermost part
of the principal guardrail and the working
surface shall be at least 1000mm measured
perpendicular to the working surface…
The principal guardrails shall be continuous
and any gaps shall be less than 120mm”
(BS EN 13374: 2013)
The application of Limit State design
methods may also require alternative
calculation assessments of some existing
systems, although it is not expected to
result in any change in the performance
of those products.

11
6 Typical Product Types

With the publication of BS EN 13374 a number of new products and methods

were introduced, and innovation continues to be a feature of the industry.

There are several different types, which can The fixing methods for the types of
be classified as follows: edge protection will vary dependent on
• mesh Barrier Systems the application:
• net Barrier Systems CLASS CLASS CLASS
APPLICATIONS FIXING METHOD
• flat Roofing Counterweighted Systems A B C

• climbing Screen Systems Bridge decks Drilled Socket / clamped

Drilled Socket / clamped

• tubular Guardrail Solutions. Concrete frames
Compression / friction posts
Bolted / clamped
Steel frames Compression / friction posts
More information on these types is shown
Formwork decks Clamped
in Section 8.0.
Timber frame Special

Stairways Bolted / clamped / inserted

Flat roofs
(up to 10°) Counterweighted / bolted

Sloping surfaces Bolted / clamped

(up to 30°)
Steeply sloping Bolted / clamped
surfaces (over 30°)

12
7 Design

Class A systems 7.1 Environmental Factors

For flat and sloping surfaces up to 10º
Must resist a horizontal force of 0.3kN
anywhere on the top of the Guardrail Wind
arrangement, whilst maintaining elastic The normal wind velocity pressure within
deflection within 55mm. They must also BS EN 13374 is 0.6N/m2, which covers
accept a vertical force of 1.25kN applied as most wind conditions in Europe. However,
an accidental loading. Type A systems may each application should be considered on
take their support from clamping, drilled its own merits and advice should be sought
anchors, counterweighted methods, from the supplier on the appropriate factor
or compression (friction) posts. to apply. Variations will include the physical
location, the height of the structure and the
Class B systems duration that the edge protection will stay
Generally for sloping surfaces up to 30º. in place.
Must resist the same static loading
requirements for Class A, and additionally BS EN 13374 assumes a wind velocity
must pass a low dynamic test using a based on 40m height.
swing bag. This test applies horizontal
impact energy of 0.5kJ to the top rail and Snow
1.1kJ to the lower areas. The effects of snow on certain edge
protection products should be considered
Class C systems as potentially adding both static and
For more steeply sloping applications and dynamic loadings. Where there is a build-up
are required to only resist a high dynamic of snow, the use of barriers or Class C
test using a rolling cylinder. This test applies netting may capture a large drift of snow if
impact energy of 2.2kJ to the system. in an exposed location. The impact of high
The prime consideration is to prevent the winds on such applications, particularly
person falling, irrespective of the initial where it is an inclined application, may
damage sustained by the barrier system. impose unexpected forces which should be
identified as a potential design issue along
with the wind.
Extracts from BS EN 13374:
In addition, there is a general warning about
Table 1 - overview of design requirements avoiding working on surfaces that may
become icy, as there is risk of slips and
TYPE OF LOAD falls, plus the more worrying effect of a
CLASS sudden impact onto the protection in the
Static Load Dynamic Load event of a loss of footing.

Class A X --

Class B X X

Class C -- X

13
8 Edge Protection Systems
and Product Types

Never, in any circumstances, mix the components of different manufacturers,

as they may have varying specifications and dimensions, and could result in
unsafe conditions. The resultant configuration may not be acknowledged for
responsibility by any individual supplier and such installations may not comply
with BSEN 13374.

8.1 Mesh Barrier Systems Typical mesh barrier components

for concrete slabs
(Classes A & B)
Mesh barrier edge protection systems are
Mesh Barrier
fall prevention systems that offer a high
level of protection through a full mesh-
infilled guardrail and a performance-tested
design to BS EN 13374. The mesh infill is
typically heavy-duty mesh, and therefore
superior to similar products previously used
just for materials retention. Toeboards are Post
typically integral to each Panel.
Socket
Mesh Barrier assembly base

Formwork
beam

Applications & Surfaces Slab clamp Beam clamp

These types of systems are suitable for use
on a wide variety of applications, as there
are accessories for fixing to concrete slabs, Range of Adjustment: Slab Clamp
upstand beams, steel girders, vertical walls, Clamping components will generally
staircases, formwork beams and to many adjust within a range of 100 to 600mm,
other surfaces including timber. In addition but sizes beyond this may be available
these systems are also used for site for special requirements. Steel joist/ girder
pedestrian segregation. In many cases clamping components may operate
the fixing component is specific for the within a smaller range as these are
purpose, however the Mesh Barriers and cantilevered applications, and therefore
Posts tend to be used more generally. may have to sustain more onerous forces.
Clamping components may be capable
Flat Concrete Slabs: Components of being used both horizontally and
• Mesh Barriers vertically, (slabs and upstands) with
• Vertical Posts minor adjustments.
• Socket Bases
• Clamps (to slabs, upstands, etc)
• Beam Brackets.
14
8 Edge Protection Systems
and Product Types (Cont)

Slab Camp arrangement Anchor Loadings: Socket Bases

Typical socket base situations may impose a
tensile load on the anchor of approximately
6kN, and a shear load of at least 0.3kN for a
Safety post
1m long post. For longer post applications,
Safety barrier the supplier will provide information and
guidance. It is extremely important that
anchors are selected, positioned and set,
strictly in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.

Components from different suppliers/

manufacturers should not be mixed (see
section 8.0) as they may not be compatible
and may be of differing specifications.

Socket Base assembly

System clamped
to slab edge
Safety barrier
Safety post

Upstand Beam Slab Clamp

arrangement

Safety post
Socket
Safety post
Safety barrier

Profile of
permanent Distance subject
barrier to manufacturers
recommendations

System clamped to
concrete upstand

15
8.2 Edge Protection Structural Integrity
Edge protection on steel framed industrial
for Industrial Steel buildings often relies on the vertical
Frame Buildings columns for its support, and these have in
recent years become more and more widely
Edge protection for steel frame buildings
spaced as the design of the other elements
has usually been problematical for the
have been optimised. The other
installation task, as there is no flat concrete
components of the building may lack the
slab to work from until the flooring has been
structural integrity to support the forces
laid. It is important that protection is in place
arising from BS EN 13374.
at the earliest stage. Equipment is available
which can be clamped, bolted or welded
In considering the building structure, it is
to the horizontal steelwork. The fixing of
likely that hot rolled sections will have
these components can be done beforehand
sufficient strength but cold rolled sections
on structural elements prior to installation
should be carefully considered. Where other
or by the use of a suitable MEWP to
building components are employed e.g.
avoid operatives working in more
purlins, it is important to determine that
exposed conditions.
their strength and deflection characteristics
will enable the guardrail components to
Installation and Removal by MEWP
comply with BS EN 13374.
Increasingly, installation in conjunction
with MEWPs has become more favoured,
Over spans of 7, 8 or even 9 metres, it
although new safety procedures and
may be difficult to meet the deflection
techniques need to become established.
requirements of Class A systems without
The removal of the installed components
specially designed building or product
at a later stage is also a matter that requires
solutions, due to the lack of adequate
close attention to avoid other access risks
strength of structural members.
from working at height during the internal
This may be a matter for the permanent
fit-out stage.
works designer to consider under the
CDM Regulations.
Installation by Trained Operatives
The installation of tubular type equipment
Tube and fitting components combined
for industrial steel frame applications has in
with aluminium scaffold beams and
the past been the province of scaffolders,
netting which are regularly used over these
but there are now methods combined with
longer spans may not at times meet the
netting, hybrid combinations of varying
requirements of BS EN 13374, and
tubular members and proprietary
furthermore may not provide a reasonable
components. These may often now be
level of guardrail rigidity in order to protect
installed by trained operatives who are not
and give reassurance to the users.
scaffolders, so clients do need to reassure
These should be the subject of design
themselves that a suitable training process
assessments, calculations and / or testing.
has been undertaken.
Steel scaffold tube and aluminium trussed
scaffold beams will have different properties
and should be considered separately for BS
EN 13374 compliance.

16
8 Edge Protection Systems
and Product Types (Cont)
It is important to be aware that Class B also Examples of poor practice
has to meet the Class A (eg ‘Flat’ ) static
load requirements of the Standard, and
specific test or calculation evidence may be
appropriate.

Class B solutions apply to applications up to

30 degrees of inclination. Such systems
must meet Class A fall protection
requirements e.g. 55mm deflection The
hierarchy requirements of the WAH
Regulations must be remembered, and fall
protection should take precedence over fall
arrest methods.

FASET (Fall Arrest Safety Equipment

Training) have made the following statement The guardrail above has been joined in a
about the attachment of safety nets to poor manner, which could result in a
aluminium beam guardrails, as on their weakness and movement which would
website it states: not comply with the BS EN 13374.

“Safety nets must

never be attached
to handrails unless
they have been
designed to take a
minimum 6kN load
at 45 degrees to
the vertical.”
The guardrail above is on a Class A
application, and safety netting will not
meet the static loading requirements of
BS EN 13374. The Work at Height
Regulations also require a maximum gap
of 470mm between guardrails, which
this would fail to comply with.

17
Typical Examples of Steel Frame
Edge Protection

Connecting to vertical steel columns

Clamping to horizontal beams Bolting to horizontal beams

Purlin clamps

18
8 Edge Protection Systems
and Product Types (Cont)
8.3 Extended Height Loadings
The loading capability of the specific
Containment installation should be determined by
The term ‘Containment’ refers to the consultation with the Supplier.
containing of both persons and materials from
falling out of the leading edge. This does not Design Issues
include Climbing Screen Systems. Clients In the EPF guidance document
need to clearly state their requirements, ‘Containment Systems for Extended Height
which may be beyond BS EN 13374, and Edge Protection’ it is proposed that the area
may sometimes be more difficult to achieve between floor and soffit should be defined
except as a specially designed solution. as three different areas that can be covered
with different types of containment
These applications are now covered beyond systems. These are:
BS EN 13374 by the EPF document which is • from floor to minimum 1m above floor
based on earlier Combisafe design guidance • from 1m to 2m above floor, assuming that
titled “Containment Systems for Extended personnel remain standing on the floor
Height Edge Protection”.
• from 2m to soffit. This area is normally
only covered when work has to be done to
Such configurations or systems will typically
columns or work on the soffit.
fill the edge protection space including and
above 1.0m, at varying heights up to the
In addition, containment porosity may vary
soffit. These arrangements are different
with each application, and may be defined by
from standard BS EN 13374 installations
the size of a theoretical sphere that would be
due to the increased forces (mainly wind
retained. The degree of porosity can range
loadings) that result.
from as little as 5mm up to 250mm in size.
A variety of different mesh apertures or the
The performance expectation of the
use of debris netting may be applied to these
containment system should be based on the
applications, which require careful
assessment of the likelihood of persons
engineering assessment. The use of solid
falling from above floor level, and / or the
monarflex sheeting should be treated with
nature of the materials to be contained.
particular caution, as these will impose
significant wind loadings and should only be
Wind loadings should be based on
used if a competent Temporary Works
BS EN 13374 and individually assessed
Designer or equivalent has approved of the
for the location and specific containment
installation of such materials.
protection employed.
The securing of these applications will vary
Typical example of full height edge
from product to product, and include base
protection
anchors, soffit anchors, and friction /
compression posts. Special panels have
been developed in some cases to ease
the increased manual handling risks and
risks arising from higher wind loadings.

Applications
The typical applications encountered will
be where there is an increased hazard
affecting pedestrian traffic, for high rise /
multi-storey buildings, and generally
where a safety policy applies to a client /
contractor / project.

19
8.4 Compression
/ Friction Posts
These components are used to provide
similar edge protection to the anchored or
bolted methods described elsewhere in this
document, but employing a different, faster,
fixing principle. They are mainly applied to
concrete frame applications, but fixing to
some steel frames can also be provided.

Friction post systems fix between concrete

floors and soffits without anchors to provide a
more rapid installation process. The key
element within this type of product is the
design and operation of the post, which is
located and locked securely into position from
a standing position using compression
between floor and soffit e.g. via a lever
concept or other method.

Panels are secured to the posts when in it’s

locked position and visual methods should
identify the fact that it is secure. Either single
height or multiple height panels may be Specification
installed with this method or alternatively a Friction Posts should be tested to
lower panel with additional soft netting to BS EN 13374.
the soffit.
Application
Anchor Plate
Principally concrete frame projects within
Force Check
Flag
concrete floors, but also some steel frames.
Inner Post

Loadings
Grab Plate
Vertical and horizontal loadings must
comply with BS EN 13374.
Hole For
Anti Tamper Applications
Device
Friction Post systems are generally limited
Safety Latch to concrete frame applications with level
Release Button
floors where the post can be adequately
Locking Ring
secured and restrained within pre-cured
floor levels. Some Friction Posts can also
be used steel to steel.

Lower Post

Anchor Plate

20
8 Edge Protection Systems
and Product Types (Cont)
Safety issues
Installation of these systems will often be
necessary on a leading edge, and therefore
adequate PFPE from a firm anchoring point
will be required for safe fixing of
components. It is recommended that the
operative should work out from one
direction and wherever possible work
behind a pre-installed section.

As the Posts are not physically anchored or

bolted like other edge protection products,
care should be taken to ensure that the
locking action is securely in place to prevent
movement. In certain situations it may be
advisable that these posts are anchored at
the base, for example, tall floor to soffit
heights, or where wind loading is likely
to be increased such as when using
debris netting.

The weight of components should be as

light and easy to secure as possible to
limit any possibility of falls of persons or Design Issues
materials and for ease of installation at the Temporary works designers must satisfy
leading edge. Exclusion zones should be themselves of the capability of the slab to
applied during installation. sustain the force imposed on them by the
operation of the securing mechanism.

21
8.5 Staircase Edge
Protection
Safe access and egress by staircases
within construction projects has been
traditionally protected by tubular
components or by limited guardrailing
methods. The industries development of
either specific clamping devices or through
the inclusion of cast-in sockets at staircase
production stage has greatly improved the
quality and safety of such methods.

Specification
In order to apply edge protection system
panels to staircases, in most cases, a series
of specially profiled panels have been
developed by suppliers. These products will
allow for the variations in staircase rise and
going dimensions, and provide a smooth,
snag-free termination to each flight.

Application
Concrete, timber and steel staircases.

Loadings
Staircase protection panels and posts
should comply with BS EN 13374.

Limitations
The fixing to some designs of concrete
stairs may be restricted by the specific
details of the method chosen, the availability
of sockets, and the width may be restricted
with some methods, so each application
should be considered on an individual basis
with suppliers.

Safety Issues
As with the installation of all EP systems,
the installation on staircases may present
fall risks, in which case fall protection for
the installers will be required. In some cases
now the edge protection is pre-installed
and can then be craned into position.

22
8 Edge Protection Systems
and Product Types (Cont)
8.6 Excavation 8.7 Free Standing Systems
Protection (Class A)
There is a need to prevent falls into Free standing weighted edge protection
trenches and excavations as there is to systems are designed to comply with the
prevent falls from structures and other Class A requirements of BS EN 13374 but
leading edges. The fixings and type of are based on different supporting principles
protection differ from standard floor slabs to fixed mesh barrier systems.
and steel beams as they are required to
secure onto steel trench sheeting and These systems derive their support from
steel sheet piling members. In other weighted components fixed to lever arms
respects they may be similar in form connected in turn to barrier frames
and performance to other Class A positioned at, or near the edge of the building
BS EN 13374 products.
. Examples of Free Standing Systems

Applications and Surfaces

Flat roofs are defined as having slopes of
10̊° or less, but may have a variety of
surfaces, including concrete, roofing felt,
bitumen, solar coatings or similar.
Free standing edge protection systems may
be installed to provide protection for
inspection, access to plant, or for
maintenance, or new roof covering work.

This type of system is not generally suitable

for profiled industrial roofs, although special
adaptations may be available. In addition,
some types of surface may present
particular problems e.g. pebbles, granular
loose materials, and those that lack frictional
resistance. Wet or icy conditions are
particular hazards, and some Class A tests
attempt to simulate wet surfaces.

The test requirements in the 2013 version

of BS EN 13374 require manufacturers to
conduct them at the maximum inclination
and on typical base materials, both wet and
dry, and without an upstand.

23
Applications will vary considerably, by When roof covering is taking place, edge
virtue of: protection can interfere with production,
• Edge upstands / parapets therefore in most cases the weights can be
temporarily removed. It is very important to
• Roof falls
closely follow the manufacturer’s
• Gutters instructions concerning the removal of
• Rooftop Plant weights to prevent compromising the
• Different Levels system’s ability to perform safely. In some
• Roof access cases the counterweights have arms that
can be lifted to raise the weight clear of
• Shape. the surface.
Design Features The moving of ballast weights has manual
The weighted systems all have one handling Regulations implications, so the
important feature in common: they avoid movement of them should be minimised.
penetrating the roof surface in order to
resist movement. This avoids the likelihood Proprietary handrail fixings may be
of roof leakage. The Barrier designs have incorporated into projects in order to add
elements which allow them to fit any flexibility to systems.
rectangular shape. Curves can also be
catered for in some instances. Performance
These product types should satisfy the
requirements of Class A, to BS EN 13374,
however due to the need to resist
dynamic loads, they are unlikely to
satisfy Classes B or C.
Design Features
Wind
The weighted systems all have one
These systems are generally designed to
important feature in common: they avoid
be freestanding and capable of resisting
penetrating the roof surface in order to
moderate wind loadings (eg 40 to 50mph)
resist movement. This avoids the likelihood
but the wind profile will be adversely
of roof leakage. The barrier designs have
affected when toeboards are incorporated.
elements which allow them to fit any
A toeboard would be a legal requirement
rectangular shape. Curves can also be
for maintenance tasks or new work, but for
catered for in some instances.
long term use they have been known to be
omitted if not a working area. In some
Components instances a wind calculation report may be
• Frames required to demonstrate the performance
• Horizontal Linking tubes of the system. Additional ballast or
• Weights additional fixings may then be required.
• Tubular lever arms
Proximity
• Bases The free standing edge protection systems
• Toeboards may be employed at the leading edge of
the roof, as a visual barrier, or walkway
The amount of ballast may vary from arrangements between roof plant. The safe
product to product, but would typically be distance from the roof edge will vary from
in the 20 to 50kg range. The length of lever product to product, and advice should be
arms will also vary. The ballast material sought from suppliers to determine
used should be solid, (ie not sand or water) whether they recommend a safe
and be capable of being positively secured minimum distance from the roof edge.
against displacement.

24
8 Edge Protection Systems
and Product Types (Cont)
8.8 Tubular Guardrail Traditional Scaffold Tube and
Fittings: Components
Solutions (Class A) Scaffold tube and fittings are the traditional
Edge protection using standard tube and components for constructing slab edge
fittings or proprietary tubular type systems protection. Short length tubes are used for
components are not standard scaffolding the support posts, ties, and bracing
applications and require more specific members whilst tubes up to 6.4m in length
application consideration. are used for the handrails. The tubes are
connected together by means of fittings,
These methods/ systems comprise of two and the support posts may include a base
basic types plate. The toeboard is normally a 3.9m
scaffold board which should be fixed to the
1. Purpose-designed tubular components support post by means of a toeboard clip.
of varying dimensions and / or varying If used as a free standing edge protection
fixing components. Proprietary methods system, concrete blocks may be required
that have been calculated and tested. to stabilise this arrangement, although
many free-standing tubular guardrails are
2. Purpose-designed traditional scaffold employed primarily as a visual barrier only
tube and fittings applied to edge e.g. on flat roofs)
protection. Calculations / testing is still
required under the WAH Regulations. Example of a Tubular Scaffolding
application
Installations using these methods may be
based on a specific supplier / contractor,
who needs to be able to verify their
particular proposition.

For some tubular scaffolding materials in

edge protection, we recommend that
guidance is also sought from the NASC
document SG27:09- Temporary Edge
Protection on Open Steelwork, which
covers a number of issues arising from
the installation of traditional tube and
fitting guardrails.

Proprietary edge protection systems and

purpose-designed equipment, in
conjunction with tubular components will
not be covered in the NASC documents,
and the contractor / supplier will have their
own specifications.

25
Applications and Surfaces Tube and fitting guardrails can be suitable
Whilst virtually all of the purpose-designed for many edge protection requirements,
edge protection systems will meet the and their performance to Class A can
performance requirements of BS EN readily be shown by calculation or testing.
13374, the situation with tubular guardrails This would be a requirement under the
and traditional scaffolding components Work at Height Regulations.
requires confirmation. The reason for this is
that, whilst systems are modular, and Design Features - Tube & Fittings
usually at pre-determined centres, tubular Tube and fitting components are flexible
guardrail posts are variable in location. and are capable of adaptation to virtually
any shape. The slip loads of 6.1kN or
On concrete frames, individual socket 9.1kN per fitting (Class A or Class B) in
bases are often used in conjunction with accordance with BS EN 74: 2005 need to
tubular scaffolding to reduce the need for be accommodated.
clamping steel tubes to the slab edge. If
this is not part of a recognised proprietary Traditional free standing systems in an ‘A’
system, evidence of their capability should type frame arrangement are recommended
be sought. to be designated only as a visual barrier
and set back from the edge. This type of
Importantly, the revision to BS EN 13374 arrangement is not considered to be
Standard requires a resistance to accidental adequate for fall prevention at an edge.
loadings (see below), that will be
challenging for this method. Containment nets and sheets are
frequently used to infill the guardrail
Extract from BS EN 13374: 2013 and increase the level of containment.
However the increased wind load must be
considered and accommodated within the
“ 5.1.1 Basic requirements calculated design.
An edge protection system
Lightweight steel mesh panels
shall consist of a principal (brickguards) can be used to contain
guardrail and either an materials, however these need to be
closely controlled as they are easily moved
intermediate guardrail or an out of position. A toeboard is used to
intermediate protection. further contain small items, and is normally
a scaffold board fitted on edge.
It shall also be possible to
attach a toeboard. All Components
• Scaffold Tubes (typically various
components in the system set lengths)
shall be designed to avoid • Scaffold Fittings (fixed, swivelling, and
various specials for particular applications)
accidental removal or • Scaffold Boards (used as toe boards)
displacement of any • Base Plates
component in any direction
during use.”
(BS EN 13374: 2013).

26
8 Edge Protection Systems
and Product Types (Cont)
8.9 Edge Protection Methods
for Steel Frames
Purpose designed clamp on systems for
edge protection to profiled steel roofs
Purpose designed clamp on systems must
meet the criteria laid out in BS EN 13374.
They are specifically designed for clamping
to steelwork sections usually at full height
roof level but can also be used at
intermediate floor levels.

They would normally incorporate

aluminium or steel tube / lattice beams to
form a guardrail that must comply with the
dimensions specified in the WAH
Regulations.

Safety nets and / or debris nets can be

attached to the system to give additional
protection for roof workers and to prevent
objects falling from the roof but the system Wind Forces
must be tested for this purpose. Wherever mesh, sheets, or infill’s are
installed, it is important to assess the
If the netting is to be used for fall arrest impact on wind forces, as these could add
purposes, safety netting which is compliant considerably to wind pressures that need
to BS E 1263-2: 2002 must be specified. to be resisted.
Debris netting should be assessed for wind
loading on the guardrail structure. Wind pressure is based on a structure with
a maximum height of 40m in accordance
with criteria set out in BS EN 13374.
Where wind is shown to be the
governing force the supplier should supply
calculations to show the system is capable
of withstanding the loads generated.

27
8.10 Edge Protection Methods 8.11 Falls from Vehicles
for Timber Frames This application is not commonly
It is now possible to apply the associated with the edge protection
BS EN 13374 standard of edge protection industry, but it is directly relevant to the
to structural timber frame applications. EPF market sector.
With application-specific fixings, special
adaptation plates, and standard mesh The need for loading, unloading and
barrier components, the same quality of maintenance of vehicles, where no
protection can be provided for a number of alternative safer methods exist, may give
applications. Ground pre-fixing is also rise to falls from 1.3m up to 4m or more.
achievable, and desirable, to minimise A fall from a typical height vehicle bed
work at height risks. (eg 1.8m) can result in a serious injury.
According to the HSE, 75% of falls occur
during loading and unloading.

Falls from vehicles are now a more

important safety issue as the high number
of incidents were recognised by the HSE
and became a focus of interest and a major
campaign topic. The HSE website contains
valuable advice on this subject.

The potential for falls from vehicles has

now begun to be addressed in a large
variety of ways:
• Avoidance of mounting vehicles by load
planning and improved vehicle selection
e.g. mechanical handling.
• On site drive-in gantries
• Bolted guardrail systems
• Chain-link and similar flexible systems
• Adaption of proprietary edge
protection systems
• Special components for perimeter
edge platforms
• Large vehicle soft landing bags
• Counterweighted ‘hangman’ systems
(tested to BS EN 795: 2012 Class B)
• Fall arrest / PFPE fixings solutions

A number of these, as collective methods

to prevent falls, come under the auspices
of BS EN 13374: 2013.

28
8 Edge Protection Systems
and Product Types (Cont)
Specification
Whilst there are a large number of
alternatives, the majority should meet the
requirements of a BS EN 13374 Class A
system. The deflection requirements in
particular seem to be overlooked by some
of the proposed solutions, which can be
very unsatisfactory.

Application
HGV vehicles, articulated or rigid, trailers,
curtain sided, vans, excavators,etc.
Loading, unloading, electrical connections,
repairs, air hose connections.

Limitations and Design Issues

The difficulty for these applications is that
the vehicle designs are so varied due to
lack of standardisation of trailer bed design,
including the rave (the steel section which
runs along the sides of the trailer bed) and
the cross and longitudinal beams providing
the structure under the floor.

Therefore there are likely to remain a large

number of potential solutions to provide
protection for falls from vehicles.

Safety
The WAH hierarchy should be remembered
when determining the preferred method of
fall prevention, as avoidance and collective
fall protection should take precedence over
personal fall arrest solutions. NB: also refer to the BCSA Guide to Work
at Height during the Loading and Unloading
of Steelwork

Fall Arrest Option

29
9 Climbing Screen
Protection Systems
Screens are large edge protection panels that typically give protection
over several stories at the same time, providing protection for workers at
casting, erecting and striking levels as well as follow on trades. They require
considerable design input, and remain a hybrid edge protection solution
as they go well beyond the scope of BS EN 13374.
Application Screen panel sizes are designed to suit
The most typical applications are for multi- maximum crane capacity, relevant wind
storey, high-rise projects. Developments loadings and the number of levels requiring
with lower heights of about 7-8 storeys protection. A typical overall panel size
have also been successfully managed. would be in the region of 4.8m wide by
11.5m high and this would normally give
Future Standard protection to 3½ floors in height.
At present there is no specific British or EN
Standard that specifically applies to Climbing The self- weight of a panel this size would
Screens, as they are a recent development. be in the region of 2.5 tonnes with working
Designers may apply BSEN 12811, BS EN platforms and 1.9 tonnes without platforms,
13374 and/ or TG20 or other Euro codes. but some may be even heavier.
Every application is designed individually,
and applied to different proprietary systems. Panels are usually designed to go around
In the EPF’s view there is a need for a new the full perimeter of the building. To enable
Standard to be developed, and the Edge safe lifting, gaps of approximately 100mm
Protection Federation has invited the are left between panels but these are
specialist suppliers to formulate a new closed off by means of vertical flexible
Code of Practice under our banner, as rubber ''skirts'' that do not interfere with the
we feel a closer affinity to such products. lifting operations. Gaps between the edge
of the concrete slab and screen panel are
Specification closed by means of plywood flaps.
The screens are usually manufactured out
of substantial steel sections, varying from Needle supports are anchored to the cured
supplier to supplier, and can be faced with slab by means of propriety anchors or
steel mesh, perforated steel sheets or solid through ties with removable anchor cones.
ply sheets. The screen panels themselves The load on the anchors will depend on the
are connected to vertical tracks that are screen design, and care should be taken to
supported by means of propriety needles ensure the slab is not overloaded.
that are anchored to the cured slabs. Tracks
and panels can be lifted by crane, electric With solid screen panels extra care needs to
chain hoists or if required hydraulically. be taken in the design stages due to the wind
load acting on a solid surface. Mesh and
Screens can also be designed to incorporate perforated sheeting will offer less resistance
working platforms for post tensioning operations. to wind, but these loads should be taken into
consideration by the temporary works
Screens are almost certainly the ultimate in designer when designing the screen layout.
edge protection for concrete frame high rise
structures, creating an environment that Screens can be partially assembled off site
instils such levels of confidence in the work and assembly then completed on site. The
force that productivity can be enhanced. width of load being transported and number
of panels per truck needs to be taken into
Design and Weight consideration if this method is adopted.

Each project will be individually

designed and configured.

30
9 Climbing Screen
Protection Systems (Cont)
Loadings • Screens may be erected in a suitable
As stated above, the applied loads will assembly area on site or off site for part
depend on the screen design, but may also pre-assembled delivery
comply with BSEN13374 or BS EN 12811 / • Due to the self-weight of components,
TG20 . Wind loadings will be assessed for provision should be made for mechanical
the specific location. handling during on site or off site
assembly. This would also apply when
Safety dismantling a system at the completion
Screens provide a high level of safety and of the project
security, as they screen the full floor height, • Only suitably trained personnel should be
and for some subsequent lifts above. The used for screen assembly and dismantling
fixings are substantial, and movement takes • The lifting sequence must be carefully
place within the protected area. When the planned and carried out in accordance with
programmed screened areas move on to the the supplier’s instructions. Care must be
next level, other more conventional types of taken to ensure screen weights are within
edge protection may be installed for other the lifting capacity of the crane
stages of the contract, and this should be • LOLER regulations apply during all lifting
undertaken within the screened area operations.
wherever practical. • At all times, the user must follow the
suppliers Method Statement for the safe
Screen suppliers should provide a site use of the system
specific Method Statement and Risk
Assessment as well as a Safety Checklist Examples of Climbing Screen
that will allow for the safe assembly and protection Systems
installation of the screen system being used.

In order to minimise the risk of falls of

materials, gaps may be largely sealed by
rubber gaskets/ skirts, as movement of
the units may require a degree of
tolerance that could otherwise make it
difficult to eliminate gaps.

In order to reduce some of the tasks and

risks involved with assembling the large
Screens on site, they may be fabricated off-
site, transported to the location and craned
straight into position. The width of the load
being transported and the number of panels
per lorry needs to be taken into
consideration if this method is adopted.

Typical Installation Guidance:

Climbing Screens
• Consult the design drawings
• During assembly and dismantling of
system, operatives must wear the
appropriate PPE at all times
• Needles are anchored to the slab once
the concrete has acquired sufficient
strength to carry imposed loads

31
10 Net Barrier Systems
(Classes B & C)
Net Barrier Systems are fall arrest systems made using BS EN 1263 energy
absorbing safety nets, to combine fall prevention and a high degree of
containment. They comprise of a safety net spanning between intermediate
support posts that can be set at significant support centres. They have
specific corner assemblies and access routes into the protected area.
If net barrier systems and ladder beams are can be designed to combine the edge
to be used on roofs where a supporting protection with an eaves overhang fall arrest
guardrail is required along with full fall solution, linking into the building or the
protection, this should be assessed by the internal under-slung safety nets. Nets should
Temporary Works Designer in view of the generally not be supported by guardrails
potential loadings on the structure.
They are typically set at a high level relative
Applications and surfaces to the working surface, to ensure full
Net barrier systems are typically used with containment in spite of their flexibility in the
steep or curving roofs as well as large bay event of a high dynamic fall. In view of their
sized industrial roofs, where the ability to high level, access points need to be made
meet the static test deflection criteria of through the net to provide access to the
Class A and B is complicated by the bay size. working area.

Net Barrier Systems are also used extensively The intermediate support arrangements
in stadia building and in other applications . normally secure to the primary structure at
bay centres, and have a high degree of
Example of a net barrier system adjustability to accommodate various eave
and verge details. The corner arrangements
take much of the impact load, and so are
stiffened with bracing etc.

Components
• Safety Net (combining overhang)
• Top rope / cable
• Intermediate support arrangement
• Corner arrangement
• Access point

Performance
Large bay sizes can be accommodated, with
intermediate supports up to 10m apart.
Eave and verge overhang limits will depend
on the structure, the system chosen, and its
method of attachment to the building. As
Design Features - Net Barrier Systems the overhang increases, the attachment
Net barrier systems are typically Class C point can move from the column to other
systems with no requirement to satisfy the suitable secondary anchor points.
static test within BS EN 13374. The test
does, however, require a minimum deflection Wind loading is an important performance
criterion to be achieved in order that the and capacity issue, which also affects the
system absorbs the applied dynamic loading. maximum intermediate support spacing.
This can have a bearing on the maximum
They are formed using a safety net, height at which the system may be used,
sometimes supported on a top rope or and can also limit the use of fine mesh
cable, to provide an energy absorbing edge overlays for a higher level of small
protection system for steep slopes. Systems material containment.

32
11 Installation Guidance

11.1 Safe Systems of Work Points for consideration are:

• Involvement with the design team to
All edge protection activities, in common
minimise the need for special components
with most other construction activities,
to overcome building obstructions.
should be undertaken in accordance with a
Facilitate pre-drilling of steelwork for
safe system of work. A safe system of
ground based assembly
work is a formal procedure that results from
a systematic examination of a task to • Formation of well compacted surfaces
identify all of the hazards and assess the and roadways
consequent risks. It is a means of ensuring • Operators of MEWPs to be suitable trained
that wherever possible hazards are and familiar with the equipment they are to
eliminated or otherwise minimised by the be using
application of appropriate control measures. • Co-ordination of crane lifts
• Exclusion zones to be established
It has been estimated that at least a during installation
quarter of all accidents at work involve
failures in systems of work. Therefore it is • Weekly inspection regime
essential that the entire process of edge • No interference with installed
protection erection and dismantling, components, except by suitably trained
including all peripheral activities such as and nominated persons
storage and material handling, is covered • Access to building frame to facilitate
by a comprehensive system of work. dismantling, which may require scaffolding,
mobile towers or MEWPs
Use of Site Facilities / Main Client Duties • Storage during stage by stage dismantling
In order to safely install edge protection to avoid loss of or damage to equipment
systems there are a number of areas that
installers will benefit from the support and Risk Assessments
co-operation of the main contractor. It is in In the development of safe systems of
these areas that there is a need to clearly work, the decision process should be
communicate the aspects of site activity that led by hazard identification and the
will aid the safe, speedy installation and assessment of associated risks which,
removal of such systems. if they cannot be eliminated, must then
be effectively controlled.

Significant hazards relating to edge

protection include:
• Falls from height
• Falling materials
• Manual handling
• Inadequate working space
• Inadequate access to height
• Lifting and lowering of loads
• Plant and machinery operator competence
• Structural integrity
• Ground conditions
• Access methods

33
11.2 Typical Method Planning
Detailed planning of the work can alleviate
Statement Issues the need to work at height, through pre-
The following items identify many of the installation of systems. Examples are
issues that typically are required to be indicated later within this guidance.
considered during the installation and
removal of edge protection. When working on the edge, installers may
need to wear a safety harness. When the
Site Induction method of work requires the specification
All personnel working on or visiting the site of a harness, both the lanyard and the
on a regular basis should report to the main attachment point must be included within
contractor to attend a site induction. This the method statement. Consideration
induction should be held on first day of should also be given to the need for a
operating on site. rescue plan and the necessary equipment
required, as well as adequate and
Site Labour appropriate training in the equipment
All operatives are required to be competent being used.
in the erection and dismantling of edge
protection systems, and familiar with site Competence
procedures. All operatives should carry Having established a safety system of work,
evidence of competence to install the only those competent to carry out the work
system concerned, evidence to use any should be employed, and they should follow
access or lifting equipment, and general the method statement.
site safety awareness by way of a CSCS
card or similar. Adjustment / Temporary Removal
If the system needs to be temporarily removed
Accidents to allow other work to be undertaken, the
Any accident, however slight, to be reported unprotected area should be immediately
immediately to the main site agent and secured by other compensatory methods, and
entered into the site accident book. If the the system should be re-instated as soon as
accident or injury falls within the requirements practical by those competent to reinstate it.
of RIDDOR regulations, it shall be reported.
Setting Out
Access requirements / Site Conditions The system should be set out in accordance
Suitable roadways and access routes are to with the system supplier’s instructions, and
be provided and maintained to allow in accordance with the relevant Class
transport to gain access from the public requirements from within the standard
highway to the working area. The ground BS EN 13374. The minimum height
conditions within the working area shall be requirements of 1m and the maximum
established and maintained in a suitable gaps required by the relevant Class should
condition to support the access (e.g. all be satisfied.
MEWP’s) and lifting equipment.
Handover
Working Areas On completion of an area, the installer should
Once the start point and gridline have been complete a handover certificate and leave a
determined, the main contractors shall copy with the main contractor’s site agent.
ensure that no other personnel work either Following handover the installed system will
under or in fall risk areas. These areas require a daily inspection by the user who
should be monitored closely by the main should be familiar with the equipment and
contractor and adjusted to suit progress. the inspection required.

Where work is being undertaken that may

cause materials to fall onto persons passing
below, adequate means of isolating the areas
below the work activity must be installed.
34
11 Installation Guidance (Cont)

Installation Options The materials being used must always be

This table indicates the most common checked for damage with damaged items
installation options by type: being replaced immediately. The same
system must always be used and system
components must not be mixed and
matched, as all systems have different
Concrete

Sloping
Timber
Frame

Frame

Frame
specifications. Edge protection systems
Steel

Roof

Roof
Flat
should not be adapted or altered in any way,
other than by a competent person, and in
Drilled line with the manufacturer’s approval.
anchors
Edge protection systems are not designed
Cast-in
for the attachment of fall arrest devices, nor
anchors are they designed to provide support to
building materials.

Clamps Ensure type or class of edge protection

meets the specifications that are required
on site for the specific applications.
Formwork
Beams Edge Protection Systems should not be
adapted or altered in any way, other than
by a competent person, and in line with
Vertical
Surfaces the manufacturer’s approval.

GAPS
MEWPS In general, gaps in edge protection should
be kept to a minimum. Below the protective
barriers, toeboards or debris nets, the gaps
Column should be no more than 20mm. If there are
secured practical limitations e.g. profiled surfaces
it should be as close as practicable to
20mm, to capture loose materials from
Free sliding underneath. Side gaps in the edge
Standing
protection should be sufficiently small
(120mm) that a person cannot fall through.
Bolted

35
11.3 Installation Guidance: Anchors
Anchors used in the support of edge
Concrete Frames protection are frequently heavily loaded, and
all key anchorage performance areas need
to be carefully considered:
Drilled Anchors
The selection of a suitable anchor will be • anchor edge distance
dependent on both the system being • anchor spacing
installed, and on the base material available. • depth of embedment
The system supplier can advise on suitable • the base material itself
anchors and can confirm the load imparted
• the load on the anchor is influenced by
to the anchor with the various socket bases
the geometry of the system and the
and configurations.
attachments, as well as by the thickness
of the slab and application geometry
The strength, thickness, age, and type of
concrete all have a bearing on performance, • Additionally wind loading and combination
as do the edge distance, depth of loading must be considered.
embedment, and the proximity to other
fixings. In all cases the anchor Effective anchorage solutions might include
manufacturer’ instructions must be closely the use of cast in channels or other fixings
followed to achieve the desired capacity. that are placed for the permanent works,
but that can be utilised for the temporary
Do not mix base components of different works in supporting the edge protection.
manufacturers, as they may have varying Their ability to accommodate the loads
specifications and dimensions. In particular, imposed by the edge protection system
the stud components, which may be must be confirmed.
subject to replacement, must be to the
manufacturer’s specification otherwise Having selected an attachment point on
hazardous conditions could be created. the slab face or wall surface, it is equally
important to consider the impact such a
location has on the effectiveness of the
toe board containment. Panel type systems
will frequently lose effective toe board
height, within the depth of the slab, or by
positioning the attachments down the
wall face below the wall top. The EN
requirements for minimum toeboard height
must be maintained, and equally the need
to contain the 20mm sphere must also
be considered.

The other consideration in selecting such

an attachment position is the overall
effective height of the edge protection.
The minimum height of 1m in accordance
with BS EN 13374) must be maintained at
all stages of the construction process.
This may result in the need to “top up”
the height of the edge protection system
post and panels.

36
11 Installation Guidance (Cont)

Slab Socket Base Anchor installation

When working at an edge, the operative
must wear suitable personal fall protection
equipment, which has been inspected and
for which they are trained to use and should
be anchored to a suitable point in the
structure in accordance with the safe use of
the fall arrest system. Socket base installation
Before installing the anchors, the location
for each socket base must be measured
and identified. They can then be installed
into sufficiently cured concrete slabs.

It is normal practise to install an Socket base Socket base installed Socket base
expanding sleeve type anchor. The hole proud of surface out of plumb correctly installed
diameter and depth should be to the
manufacturer’s instructions. Typical spacing and gaps for floor slabs
It is normal practice that the hole is drilled
no less than 200mm+/ 50mm in from the
slab edge. However at all times reference
must be made to both the system
installation instructions and those of the
anchor manufacturer.

The anchor sleeve must sit flush with the

slab surface and not above. If the anchor
sits proud of the surface, check the hole for
debris and depth and then re-locate.

The anchor can then be set using the

setting tool and a hammer until solid
resistance is encountered. It must be
ensured that the thread on the socket base
is free from defects and / or damage, at
which point the socket base can be
threaded into the surface and tightened
according to supplier’s recommendations.

Socket base centres and edge distances

should at all times be set out in accordance
with the system manufacturers requirements

37
Vertical Surfaces It is also important to consider the changes
in working surface level, at the various
Where edge protection systems need to be stages of the construction process.
fastened to vertical surfaces such as slab The overall height requirements within
edges or walls, consideration at the design BS EN 13374 must be maintained, as
stage should be given to the type of anchor must the containment limits.
and its suitability to the loading application.
The anchor will be subject to combined When planning and installing edge
loading from both shear and tensile forces protection for pre-cast unit placement,
resulting from self weight and other consideration should be given to the
superimposed loads as well as moments due location of the anchors for the edge
to handrail and wind loading. The strength of protection relative to the floor layout.
the surface into which the anchor is fixed is a
major consideration and where any doubts Effect of Concrete Topping
exist, the strength should be confirmed by The edge protection may also need to be
pull out tests or other approved means. lifted to maintain its minimum height for
the topping pour. The principle being to
Reference should always be made to the minimise movement and change to the
anchor manufacturer. edge protection, whilst maintaining both
height and toe board containment
Gaps between the vertical surface and the
handrail / toeboard must be controlled and
kept to the minimum as required by BS EN Clamps
13374. The installation should be carried Various clamps and attachments can be
out by trained personnel wearing suitable effectively used to maximise flexibility and to
personal fall protection equipment and in avoid drilling or penetrating the structural
turn anchored to a suitable point in the element. Clamp systems, fitted in accordance
structure in accordance with the safe use with the manufacturer’s instructions, require
of the restraining system. Alternatively more space to provide adequate support, and
MEWP’s may be a suitable alternative for care must be taken to avoid conflict with
access installation. other trades such as cladding.

Before installation, the design should

Cast In Anchors and Cast be carefully checked to ensure that the
In Sockets structural element will have sufficient
If proprietary anchors are to be inserted into strength to accept the loads from the clamps.
floors prior to pouring, the manufacturer’s Where the finish may be sensitive, care
recommendation must be closely followed. should be taken to minimise the impact of
It is important to properly secure anchors, to the clamp on finishes.
prevent movement, and ensure that the
resulting anchor is both vertical and flush Where possible Clamps should be secured
with the finished slab. against inadvertent release during the
installation process. Use of lanyards or ties
Cast in sockets are mostly used in should be considered.
composite type construction, either with pre-
cast units or with metal decking. The setting The location for each clamp and post should
out and positioning of the sockets must be be measured and the approximate depth of
carefully planned, and must follow the the slab determined before adjusting the
system manufacturer’s recommendations. clamp to within 100mm of this figure depth.
Best practice would include, where possible, The clamp can then be hooked over the slab
the opportunity to pre-install the complete and positioned to obtain full contact against
system prior to lifting into position. the edge.

38
11 Installation Guidance (Cont)

Finally the clamp can be adjusted to fit by

turning the handle firmly so it clamps rigidly
into place on the slab floor. Test for
movement and if necessary, re-tighten.

Formwork Beams
Proprietary brackets are available that lock
onto the upper or lower surfaces of
aluminium or proprietary timber formwork
beams to provide a socket or other means
of clamping a vertical handrail post.
These brackets can be pre-fixed onto the
formwork beams during the initial formwork
erection procedure and can remain in place
during formwork or table movement thus
providing a handrail facility at all stages of
the formwork use.

The brackets must be fitted in accordance Cantilevers

with the manufacturer’s instructions at Cantilever applications, whilst in common
centres that are adequate to sustain the use, need further design considerations
forces exerted onto the posts, via mesh with particular regard to stability, loading
barriers or handrails, due to wind and and deflection criteria both during the initial
handrail loading. erection and in the intended final
application. Formwork beam brackets can
When working at an edge the operative again be utilised on these applications but
must wear a suitable safety harness and the deflection on the beams due to the
lanyard, which has been inspected and in combined loading from concrete and the
turn should be anchored to a suitable point additional moments from the handrail
in the structure in accordance with the safe loading need to be considered by the
use of the restraining system. Temporary Works Designer.

Before installation the beams should be The brackets must be fitted in accordance
inspected for damage or distortion of the with the manufacturer’s instructions at
web and at the ends. Once it has been centres that are adequate to sustain the
checked that the beams are securely fixed forces exerted onto the posts, via mesh
to the falsework / formwork structure the barriers or handrails, due to wind and
brackets can be fixed to the manufacturer’s handrail loading.
instructions. The centres of the brackets
should be at least 150mm in from the end
of the beam.

The horizontal spacing of brackets should

follow the system manufacturer’s
recommendations and the brackets should
only be fixed to beams that are at right
angles to the mesh barrier direction.
A supplier may be able to provide a solution
to this limitation that is specific to their own
products- in which case the guidance must
be closely followed, but should not be
assumed to apply to any other formwork
beams without specific supplier approval.

39
 It is recommended that the
direction of the panels should be
at right angles to the secondary
1.0m Min.
beams to which they are fixed.

Suppliers instructions should

be followed if panels are fixed
parallel to the secondary beams.

'X'

To suit

'X'

'X' 'X' 'X' = Maximum spacing between

slab bracket/posts as per the
Secondary Beam suppliers instructions.
Primary Beam

If possible mesh guard should be flush If falsework is erected as a tableform then the formwork beams,
with edge of plywood but if there is a plywood and edge protection can be fixed at ground level and
gap it should not exceed 20mm lifted complete into position on top of the falsework.

FORMWORK BEAMS - Typical dimensions for spacings and gaps

Upper edge of toeboard
should be at least 150mm 1.0m Min.
above plywood surface Recommended

20mm 150mm min

max toeboard

Per suppliers
instructions Falsework Leg

Where work is being undertaken that may cause materials to fall onto persons working/passing below,
then install adequate means of isolating the areas below the work activity.

Class A Edge Protection Extension

1.0m Min.

1.0m
0.30m
Max.

1.0m Min.
1.0m Min.

150mm
Toeboard 150mm
Toeboard

PRIMARY BEAM PRIMARY BEAM

Falsework Leg Falsework Leg

SLABS UP TO 0.3m THICK SLABS OVER 0.3m THICK

The above cantilevers, toeboard heights etc. are required to maintain the integrity of Class A edge protection systems.
On slabs over 0.3m thick the edge protection will have to be extended in height, (1.0m Min. above slab level) in accordance
with the manufacturers/suppliers instructions. Extensions are only a visible barrier on slabs over 0.5m.
Alternatively the system may have to be designed to suit the requirements of Class B/C Edge Protection.
Wider cantilevers may necessitate the need for extended edge protection on deeper slabs but consideration will have to
be given to the falsework/formwork design.

40
11 Installation Guidance (Cont)

11.4 Installation Guidance:

Steel Frames
In accordance with the Work at Height
legislation, hierarchal controls must be
employed to reduce or preferably eliminate
the need to work at height. It is therefore
recommended that where site conditions
allow, ground level, pre-determined
installation of edge protection systems
is utilised.

Planning
In order to build the edge protection at ground
level, it is important to determine:
• whether clamping or bolting components
will be selected
• that the steel sections have the
appropriate properties to resist the loads
• if components are to be pre-bolted, the
section size will be compatible with the
size of the component
• that there is a reliable process for any
pre-drilling during manufacture
• the craneage facility will maintain the
balance of the beams to avoid rotation
• ensure adequate knowledge of the
system has been gained prior to any
installations, including fixing operations
and component sizes
• prior to any craning or manual handling
activity, consideration should be given to
identifying each component weight
• all appropriate site risk assessments
should be developed and communicated Sacrificial socket
to all relevant parties
• implement the necessary exclusion zones
• where appropriate, netting should be utilised
• for MEWP equipment, the site ground
conditions should consist of a suitable hard
core surface which has been consolidated
and levelled

41
Weather Pre-attaching systems to steelwork:
Consideration should be given to weather The steel sections should be checked to
conditions that could have an adverse effect ensure that the pre-drilled holes are to the
on the craning and installation of the edge correct spacings before securely fixing the
protection. (Refer to the BCSA guide, erecting components to the manufacturer’s
steel in windy conditions) instructions. All components to be lifted in a
MEWP must have a reliable securing
method to ensure that they cannot
accidentally be dislodged during lifting or
during fixing operations.

Positional (i.e. vertical) adjustments can be

made prior to attachment to the steel frame.

Ensuring that minimum gaps would be left

between the final working surface levels
and the underside of the barriers, removing
where possible the need to re-position the
system at a later stage.

Ensure that component positioning will

preclude the need for operatives to lean
through the edge protection.

Measures should be taken to ensure the

necessary working clearances are provided
for the fixing of edge trims etc. before the
guardrail posts are inserted and the mesh
panels attached according to the
manufacturers’ instructions. Finally it should
be checked that the guardrail height meets
regulatory requirements.

42
11 Installation Guidance (Cont)

Cantilevers • the ground conditions within the whole

MEWP’s can be used for access to install working area should be established and
edge protection systems in a large range of maintained in a suitable condition to
applications. They can be used to install support the MEWP and any lifting
tubular guardrail solutions or other separate equipment required. Specific attention
component systems when all the work is is frequently required around the
carried out at height as well as completing a building perimeter.
mesh barrier type system that has been partly • care must be taken to ensure that the
installed to the structural elements prior to combined weight of the operative, the
lifting. They are also most commonly used to tools, and any equipment at no time
install net barrier systems, where the exceeds the capacity of the MEWP
intermediate support points are typically being used
installed on the column heads and then the • long or large components may require the
safety netting is strung between the supports specification of alternative MEWP’s or the
to complete the system. use of lifting equipment
• the area around and below the MEWP
should be access restricted to limit the
hazard of falling materials and tools
• all hand tools and other accessories
should be secured against falling, as they
present a hazard to those passing below

Installing clamping components from

a MEWP
It should be ensured that the steel sections
are suitable for the edge protection system
being installed and the capacity of the
MEWP relative to weight of individual
components checked. All components to be
lifted in a MEWP must have a reliable
securing method to ensure that they cannot
accidentally be dislodged during lifting or
during fixing operations.
Before starting installation, a rescue plan
should be produced to recover operatives in
the event of a fall, trapping etc.
General guidance
• MEWP’s should not be used other than by
suitably trained and competent operatives, The clamping components should be
who can produce evidence of their positioned and rigidly secured at the
competence and training recommended spacings before inserting
the guardrail posts in the correct position.
• when working within a boom type MEWP,
The mesh panels should then be installed
the operative should wear a full body
following the manufacturer’s instructions,
harness together with a fall restraint
ensuring that the guardrail height meets
lanyard, of such a length that the user
regulatory requirements.
cannot climb up or out of the basket
whilst attached to the anchorage point.
Alternatively, comply with the
manufacturers requirements.

43
Crane Slinging Edge Protection Systems Greater care is needed in the control of the
Slinging and positioning of the steel beam, MEWP, as the long tube components
complete with the edge protection should be extend the basket width substantially and
carried out with consideration given to the present impact hazards over a large area.
possible rotation and imbalance of the load. Consideration should be given to accessing
steelwork for fixings, as some of the bolt
Measures should be taken to ensure the
fixings may be in difficult positions to
edge protection itself is secured to the steel
ensure adequately torqued fittings.
frame components during lifting.
Over-reaching and climbing out of the
Securing the load to the primary lifting
platform must be avoided and consideration
device by means of secondary chains and
should be given to the prevailing weather
ties is suggested, as is following existing
conditions, which may affect the stability
best practice with regard to positive
of the platform and equipment.
connection lifting.

Tubular Guardrail Solutions on steelwork Mesh Barrier Type Solutions

If tubular guardrails are to be installed Lifting and handling mesh barrier panels
by traversing the steelwork, there are within a MEWP can present concerns due
particular issues, as this can be a to the weight and size of the panels.
particularly hazardous operation. Early consideration should be given to
We recommend the procedures outlines in barrier component weights prior to
the NASC document SG27:09- Temporary selection of a MEWP.
Edge Protection on Open Steelwork. Site specific prior approval must be
sought to lift and handle mesh barrier
Installing tubular guardrails from mobile panels, and methods of safely, temporarily
elevating work platforms securing or restraining the barrier panels
should be considered.
Great care and site specific prior approval
must be sought to lift and handle very long
tubes (up to 6.4m) from a boom type Net Barrier System Installing
MEWP basket.
Pre-assembly or part pre-assembly of the
Handling materials such as this must be the
components will reduce work at height and
subject of a specific risk assessment that
ease the use of a MEWP.
ensures that they can be safely lifted
without risk of dislodgement or of The net barrier is installed longitudinally
overloading the platform. under tension and normally fitted into the fall
arrest netting system within the building,
There must be a means of ensuring that the
having previously installed the corner
tubes remain secure throughout the
elements, and the intermediate supports.
operation. Suitable measures to prevent the
tubes rolling during manoeuvring of the This requires a larger and more rapidly
MEWP should be adopted, such as feeding changing exclusion zone to be established
the tube through the basket guardrails. below the work area, and also renders the
However, the basket guardrails may not be installation even more sensitive to
suitable for vertical loading without ground conditions.
additional measures. Temporary clips or Suitably trained and competent installers
open fittings can be used at the standards, should always be used, who should strictly
to partially support the tubes, whilst sliding follow the system manufacturers guidance.
into position and connecting. In most cases they will also need to be
Lighter materials than steel should be FASET (Fall Arrest Safety Equipment
considered, such as aluminium, to ease Training) qualified safety net riggers
manual handling issues. Maintaining a clear FASET best practice should be followed
area below the operations is of increasing at all times.
importance as the risk of falling materials
increases with the component size.

44
11 Installation Guidance (Cont)

11.5 Free Standing Systems 11.6 Mobile Anchor and

Installation Fixed Anchor Systems
Free standing systems are typically used in Where it is not possible to confidently
flat roof applications, or where the prevent a fall, it is a requirement of the WAH
inclination is no greater than 10 degrees, Regulations to mitigate the consequences of
and there is reluctance to drill into the fabric a fall, and this will require the use of a
of the roof. These systems can also be used harness- based system attached to a
to protect voids, lift shafts and stairwells suitable anchor point. In the absence of
where it may be more difficult to support suitable support from the building structure,
from elements of the building structure. a mobile anchor can offer such support.
Where roofing membranes are being laid,
facilities may exist for adapting systems to Whatever method is used, the BS 8437:
achieve clear unobstructed areas. 2005 (+A1 2012) Code of Practice for
selection, use and maintenance of personal
Installation Guidance: fall protection systems should be referred to.
Free Standing Systems This document covers restraint systems,
rigid horizontal / vertical anchor lines, work
When working at the edge,- the operative
positioning systems and other fall arrest
must wear a suitable safety harness which
equipment. The specification and hazards of
has been inspected and in turn should be
such systems are covered in detail. It should
anchored to a suitable point in the structure
also be read in conjunction with BS 7883:
in accordance with the safe use of the
2005 Code of practice for the design,
restraining system.
selection, installation, use and maintenance
of anchor devices conforming to BS EN 795
The amount of material required should be
estimated and a plan produced for the
BS 8437: 2005+A1: 2012 Code of Practice
position of the guardrail, together with any
for selection, use and maintenance of
ballast positions and point loads on the roof
personal fall protection systems and
should be considered before transporting
equipment for use in the workplace
the material onto it.
BS 7883:2005 Code of practice for the
design, selection, installation, use and
At least two people will be required to build
maintenance of anchor devices conforming
this type of system
to BS EN 795
Once on the roof surface, the material
Mobile Anchors
should be laid out in approximately the
right position, away from the edge. Such systems will generally comprise of a
The components should be connected central framework with the facility of
together and moved to the distance from attaching dedicated weights sufficient to
the edge specified by the supplier. Once in resist the impact and weight of a person
place, the toeboards should be attached. whilst falling. The framework will feature a
load-tested attachment point for an inertia /
fixed length / restraint fall arrest safety
block. The line should be restricted in length
for most applications to avoid the danger of
any pendulum effect. The safety block
should only be used if it has been approved
for this purpose by the supplier, and it
should be provided with suitable protection
or sheathing devices to prevent the risk of
severing or critical damage on roof edges in
the event of a fall.

45
• the mobile anchor should have been 11.7 Tubular Guardrail
tested to EN795
• it is important that all mobile anchor
Solutions
systems are installed and used no closer Installation Guidance: Tubular Guardrails
than 2 metres from the leading edge in Detailed guidance for the erection, alteration
order to have sufficient clearance to and dismantling of tubular scaffolding,
operate in the event of a fall. including guardrails, can be found in the
• check that the surface is capable of NASC technical guidance document TG20,
bearing the deadweight of the anchor and but for proprietary tubular methods, seek
that the friction resistance is suitable. the suppliers guidance information.
• do not use in icy or wet conditions.
The following suggestions should be read in
• assembled and used in accordance with conjunction with that guidance.
manufacturer’s instructions
• many systems are designed to accept • when working at an edge the operative
only one person- check the capability must wear a suitable safety harness and
• counterweights should be moved with lanyard, which has been inspected and in
regard to Manual Handling requirements turn should be anchored to a suitable point
• employ internal lifts or mechanical in the structure in accordance with the
handling where possible. safe use of the restraining system.
• the harness line should be of a maximum • tubular guardrail solutions should only be
length of 5 metres designed and installed by competent and
suitably experienced persons
• attach counterweights to central framework
and check that all items are secure. • steel tubes should be cut square and
clean, free from bends, distortion, splits
• clip karabiner hook to central eyebolt. or corrosion.

Performance Tubular Scaffolding

Systems tested to BSEN 795 Class B or E, • all fixings should be made to an
and should have the capability of resisting a appropriate structure capable of sustaining
dead force of 100kg dropping vertically the forces required. The NASC
through 2.5 metres. This should result in a recommends the use of Class B right
mass weight in the region of 250 to 350kg angle / double couplers and connections
for most systems. between the needles and the steelwork is
made using Girder Clamps fitted to both
Components flanges of the steelwork.
Central Anchor Frame • all tubes should be connected with
Counterweights load-bearing couplers and scaffold fittings
Safety line and harness. should be tested to BS EN 74 (Couplers,
spigot pins and baseplates for use in
falsework and scaffolds. Part 1)
• sleeve Couplers should be used for
horizontal tubing
• maximum spacing for supporting posts to
be set to achieve the performance
requirements for the relevant Class of
protection within BS EN 13374
• toeboards provided should be capable of
sustaining the horizontal forces specified
in BS EN 13374.

46
11 Installation Guidance (Cont)

Dismantling of Edge Movement of Edge Protection Equipment

Protection System • when manually handling tubes, operatives
are to be aware of other operatives
Sequence of Work working around the site and equally when
• ensure adequate knowledge of the manoeuvring MEWP’s with tubes loaded
system has been gained prior to any they are also to be aware of any
dismantling operations and implement operatives that may move into the
controls appropriate with the Work At erection / dismantling area and will stop
Height legislation work immediately until the area is cleared
• edge protection systems must not be • ensure edge protection components are
removed prior to installation of permanent neatly and safely stored in readiness for
means of protection, and without the site removal
explicit permission of the main contractor
• prior to any manual handling activity, Dismantling of bolted edge protection
consideration should be given to on steel framed buildings
identifying each component weight Consideration should be given at an early
• early consideration should be given to planning stage to the issue of removal at the
the possible restricted access for plant advanced stage of construction.
and machinery necessary for the Components can otherwise become less
dismantling operation accessible. If components do become
• ground conditions should be made safe locked into less accessible positions it may
and suitable for any machinery to operate become necessary to use access platforms,
where practicable, to eliminate the
• the dismantling procedures and
undesirable risks of working at height.
sequence should be in line with the
supplier’s recommendations
• the intention should be stated e.g.
the purpose will be to dismantle the
temporary guardrail at the eaves position
and guardrail at the gable position of
the steel framed structure
• the grid line start point is to be determined
on site prior to dismantling

47
12 Safety Requirements

Listed below are the major pieces of Health Industry Guidance

and Safety legislation that apply to the use of BS5975 Code of Practice for temporary
edge protection systems: works procedures and the permissible
• The Work at Height Regulations 2005 stress design of falsework
• The Health and Safety at Work Etc Act
1974 (HASWA) Includes procedures for the management
and control of temporary works procedures
• The Management of Health and Safety at
on sites
Work Regulations (MHSWR)
• The Lifting Operations and Lifting
Equipment Regulations (LOLER)
• The Provision and Use of Work Equipment
Regulations (PUWER)
• The Manual Handling Operations Regulations
• The Construction (Design and Management)
Regulations (CDM) 2007 and revisions
• Construction Health and Safety at Work
Regulations (modified by WAH regulations

48
13 Hierarchy of Hazard Management

All edge protection activities, in common with most other construction

activities, should only be undertaken when using a safe system of work.
A safe system of work is a formal procedure that results from a systematic
examination of a task to identify all of the hazards and assess the consequent
risks. It is a means of ensuring that wherever possible hazards are eliminated
or otherwise minimised by the application of appropriate control measures.

It has been estimated that at least a quarter Excessive gaps

of all accidents at work involve failures in
systems of work. Therefore it is essential
that the entire process of edge protection
erection and dismantling, including all
peripheral activities such as storage and
material handling, is covered by a
comprehensive safe system of work.

Hazard Identification
In the development of safe systems of work, Inadequate Support
the decision process should aim to identify all
hazards associated with the planned activity
and, if they cannot be eliminated, identify
ways in which they can be effectively
controlled to an acceptable level of risk.

Significant hazards relating to edge

protection include:
• falls from height
• lifting & lowering of loads
• manual handling
• trapping
• inadequate working space
• structural instability
• inadequate access to height
• plant and machinery

49
Edge Protection too Low Too close to the Edge

Inadequate support
One of the most common hazards
encountered whilst installing edge protection
on formwork decks is that of working at
height, with recent research suggesting that
falls from height alone accounting for over
45% of all site fatalities. In accordance with
the Work at Height Regulations, wherever
reasonably practicable, work at height
should be avoided.

Risk assessments should be commenced at

planning / design stage and be refined
throughout the scheme and detailed design
process. It is at concept stage that designers
can be most effective in eliminating or
reducing hazards. This is because as the
design progresses, hazards get locked into
Wrong Orientation the design and become harder to design out.
Hazards which cannot be avoided must be
controlled. The HSE promotes a structured
approach to risk control which it refers to as
a ‘hierarchical system’. The aim is to
promote control measures on the basis of
‘most effective first’. It is based on the clear
principles that:
• prevention is better than protection
• collective Passive protection (protecting all
personnel and not requiring actions by the
individual) is better than active personal
protection (requiring individual action)
• as a last resort, care must be taken to
mitigate the consequences of any accident

50
13 Hierarchy of Hazard Management (Cont)

Hierarchy of Control Measures 7) develop a coherent overall prevention

policy
This is expanded in the Management of
8) give collective protective measures
Health and Safety at Work Regulations
priority over individual protective
1999 as follows:
measures
1) avoid risks
9) give appropriate instructions to employees.
2) evaluate the risks that cannot be avoided
3) combat the risks at source
This is presented within the following matrix
4) adapt the work to the individual showing four levels of control measure /
5) adapt to technological progress equipment associated with work at height.
6) replace the dangerous by the non or At every level, collective measures should
less dangerous be considered ahead of personal ones.

Collective Protection Personal Protection

Type of work equipment
Measures Measures

Guard-rails; scaffolding;
mobile towers; multi-user
MEWPs; Edge protection
Work equipment that
prevents a fall Work restraint systems

Most effective
Single user MEWPs
Fall factor 0

Nets at high level

Soft landing systems
(close under work surface)
Work equipment that
minimises height and
consequences of fall Personal fall protection
equipment
Least effective

Fall factor 1
Fall factor 2

Soft landing systems

Nets at low level
Work equipment that (<6m below surface)
minimises consequences of
fall Life jackets
Inflating air suits
Injury reduction systems

Work equipment that does

Hop-ups; platforms Ladders; step-ladders
neither

Fig 1.0 Hierarchy of control measures

Note - In all cases collective protection measures have priority over
personal protection measures

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Regulations Summary The main general duties are contained in
sections 2 -7 of the Act. Section 15 provides
the Secretary of State with extensive powers
The Work at Height Regulations to make delegated legislation which contain
These Regulations have been made to more specific responsibilities such as
prevent deaths and injuries caused The Management of Health and Safety at
by falls from work at height. Work Regulations.
They consolidate and replace all earlier
regulations about working at height. The Management of Health and Safety
The overriding principle is that everything at Work Regulations (MHSWR)
reasonably practicable should be done The Regulations place broad general duties
to prevent anyone from being injured by on employers and employees in all non
falling from height. domestic work activities. They aim to
improve health and safety management
The Regulations require duty holders to and make more explicit what is required
ensure that: of employers under the HSWA.
The Regulations, which aim to encourage
• all work at height is properly planned and a systematic and organised approach to
organised health and safety, overlap with several other
• those involved in work at height are regulations such as the CDM Regulations.
trained and competent
• any person involved in Work at Height, The broad requirements of the MHSWR on
including organisation, planning, employers are:
purchasing, shall be competent
• to undertake an assessment of the
• the risks from work at height are assessed risks to Health and Safety of their
and appropriate work equipment is employees and to other persons
selected and used affected by their undertaking
• the risks from fragile surfaces are properly • to make appropriate arrangements
controlled for implementing any preventive or
• equipment for work at height is properly protective measures identified in the
inspected and maintained. risk assessment
• to undertake health surveillance as
Duty holders include employers, the self appropriate regarding the risks to
employed and anyone who controls the way employee’s Health and Safety
work at height is undertaken. identified in the assessment
• to appoint one or more competent
The Health and Safety of Work Act 1974 persons to assist in undertaking the
(HSWA) above measures
This Act is the major piece of health and • to provide relevant information to
safety legislation in Great Britain. It applies to their employees.
every type of work situation. The act sets out
general duties for the health and safety of
those involved in work, including employers,
employees, the self employed, suppliers of
work equipment and those who control work
premises. Section 6 covers the requirement
to provide adequate information.

52
13 Hierarchy of Hazard Management (Cont)

The Lifting Operations and Lifting The Provision and Use of Work
Equipment Regulations (LOLER) Equipment Regulations (PUWER)
The Regulations aim to reduce risks to Under these Regulations work equipment,
people’s health and safety from lifting which includes machinery, appliances,
equipment provided for use at work. apparatus, tools, component assemblies
and in some cases, complete plant, must:
The Regulations require that lifting • be suitable for its intended task and area
equipment provided for use at work is: of operation
• strong and stable enough for the • be well maintained
particular use and marked to indicate • conform to certain EC requirements
safe working loads
When work equipment poses a specific risk,
• positioned and installed to minimise any risks only designated, trained persons may use or
• used safely, i.e. the work is planned, maintain it. Employees must receive
organised and performed by adequate information, instruction and
competent people training on how to safely use the
• subject to ongoing thorough examination equipment. They must also understand the
and where appropriate, inspection by risks and necessary control measures
competent people associated with their work.

Lifting equipment includes any equipment

used at work for lifting and lowering loads
including lifting accessories.

53
The Manual Handing Operations The Construction (Design and
Regulations Management) Regulations (CDM)
The regulations, aimed at reducing the risk The construction industry covers a wide
of injury from manual handling, establish a range of activities, hazards, materials,
hierarchy of measures to be followed: techniques employment patterns and
• avoid hazardous manual handling contractual arrangements. The Regulations
operations so far as is reasonably are based on the premise that good
practicable. This may be done by management of construction progress from
redesigning the task to avoid moving concept through to completion is essential if
the load or by automating or health and safety standards are to improve.
mechanising the process
The Regulations require the systematic
• make a suitable and sufficient assessment
health and safety management of projects.
of any hazardous manual handling
Hazards must be identified and eliminated
operations that cannot be avoided
where possible, and the remaining risks
• reduce the risk of injury from those reduced and controlled. This approach
operations so far as is reasonably reduces risks during construction work and
practicable. Where possible, mechanical throughout the life cycle of a structure
assistance should be provided, for (including eventual demolition).
example, a trolley or hoist. Where this is
not reasonably practicable then changes to In summary the Regulations require:
the task, the load and the working
• a realistic project programme with
environment should be explored
adequate time allowed for planning,
preparation and the work itself
The assessment referred to above should • early appointment of key people
consider:
• competent duty holders with sufficient
• the load to be manually lifted resources to meet their legal duties
• the task i.e. twisting bending etc. • provision of health and safety information
• the environment where the activity is from the start of the design phase,
being carried out through construction and maintenance to
Employers must provide employees with eventual demolition, so that everyone can
information about the nature of the load to discharge their duties effectively
be lifted and employees should make full • co-operation between duty holders
use of any work equipment provided by • effort and resources proportionate to the risk
the employer. and complexity of the project to be applied
to managing Health and Safety issues

54
Edge Protection Federation

www.epf-uk.org

Issue no. 2