Chapter 1
Introduction
CIE 626
CIE -626
Structural Control
Structural Control
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Chapter 1 - Introduction
CONTENT
1. Fundamental Concepts
2. Brief History of Supplemental Damping
and Base Isolation Systems
3. Categories of Supplemental Damping and
Seismic Isolation Systems
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
Major References
• Chapter 1
– Sections 1.1 to 1.3
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
1. Fundamental Concepts
• Basic performance objective of “conventional”
seismic design: life safety
• Life safety performance objective not
sufficient for important structures
• To increase seismic performance level at
reasonable cost: supplemental damping and
seismic isolation
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
O.K.
Not
O.K.
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
1. Fundamental Concepts
• Supplemental Damping Systems:
– Special devices – “mechanical dampers”
– Mechanical energy dissipation through heat by
movements of the structural elements
– Protect main structural elements
– If all seismic energy dissipated mechanically: no damage
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
1. Fundamental Concepts
• Seismic Isolation Systems:
– Installation of “isolators” beneath supporting points of the
structure
– Buildings: isolators located between superstructure and foundation
– Bridges: isolators located between deck and piers
– Isolators have much lower lateral stiffness than superstructure
– Isolators limit transfer of seismic energy to superstructure
– If no seismic energy transmitted to superstructure: no damage
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1. Fundamental Concepts
• Components of Seismic Isolation Systems:
– Isolator
• Lateral stiffness much less than superstructure
• Increase effective period of vibration
• Sliding surface, rubber pad, etc.
– Supplemental damping mechanism
• Dissipate residual seismic input energy
• Limits displacements of isolator
• Reduces force transmitted to superstructure
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
1. Fundamental Concepts
• Components of Seismic Isolation Systems:
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1. Fundamental Concepts
• E-Defense Experiments: 5 story steel moment frame
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1. Fundamental Concepts
• Illustrative Example
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Point A: original portal frame, T = 1.0 sec
Point B: portal frame with added viscous damper, ζ = 20%, T = 1.0 sec
Point C: portal frame with added hysteretic damper, ζ = 20%, T = 0.55 sec
Point D: portal with added bracing system, ζ = 5%, T = 0.55 sec
Point E: base isolated portal frame, ζ = 5%, T = 2.0 sec
ζ=
Point F: base isolated portal frame,CIE 62620%, T = Control
- Structural 2.0 sec
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
1. Fundamental Concepts
It is a combination of period shift and added energy
dissipation that must be considered jointly in order to fully
understand the effectiveness of added supplemental
damping devices and/or base isolation systems on the
seismic response of a structure.
Note: Behavior and analysis more complex if structure undergoes
inelastic deformations
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
2. Brief History of Supplemental Damping and
Seismic Isolation Systems
• Seismic Isolation Systems
– 1885: John Milne: built a base isolated house in Japan
– 1909: J.A. Calantarients (MD) filed a patent in England
for lubricated “free joints” on a layer of fine material
– 1969: first rubber isolation of 3-story reinforced concrete
elementary school building in Skopje, Yugoslavia
– 1970 – present: wide spread worldwide applications
(elastomeric bearings, high damping rubber bearings,
lead-rubber bearings, metallic bearings, lead-extrusion
bearings and friction pendulum bearings)
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
2. Brief History of Supplemental Damping and
Seismic Isolation Systems
• Seismic Isolation Systems
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Lead-Rubber Bearings
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• Laminated elastomeric bearings in a bridge
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• San Bernardino Hospital, California, 1993
400 laminated elastomeric bearings and
186 Taylor viscous dampers with
displacement capacity of 600 mm.
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Friction Pendulum
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New International Terminal
San Francisco International Airport
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Caltrans Toll Bridges Retrofit Project
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Application of Seismic Isolation – U.S.
• ~300 isolated buildings
• Specialized applications, limited to
essential buildings and historic
retrofits in high seismic zones
• Designed for higher performance
standards
• 5-10% increased construction cost
impediment to ordinary structures
SF City Hall
Stanford hospital
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Application of Seismic Isolation – U.S.
Berry Street Project in San Francisco
• 2-story isolated vertical addition to existing 3-story building
• Objective: maximize additional space but minimize disruption
• 1200 mm LRB and 600 mm elastomeric sliders to accommodate
large displacements under light vertical loads
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Application of Seismic Isolation - Japan
• ~5000 isolated buildings in Japan
• Applications spurred by 1995 Kobe EQ
• Earthquake awareness based on
historical seismicity
• Commercial and residential use
• High rises (50 stories), small homes
• Public demand and market for seismic
protection
Application of seismic isolation in
Japan (clark et al. 2000)
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Application of Seismic Isolation – China
• ~600 isolated buildings
• Applications slowly started in 1993
and increase in 1997
• Introduced into code in 2001,
recently revised in 2010
• Potential for significant increase in
use following 2008 Wenchuan
Earthquake
• Highest isolated structure is 20 stories
Seismic Isolation of building
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
SOURCE: Pan et al. 2012
Performance in Earthquakes
• USC University Hospital in Los Angeles during 1994 Northridge EQ
• 8-story steel superstructure supported by 149 elastomeric
isolators
• Reduced accelerations by 66% at the base and 40% at the roof.
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(USGS, http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/fs068-03/fs068-03.pdf)
Performance in Earthquakes
• Building in Ojiya during the 2004 Niigata, Japan EQ
• Lateral acceleration is reduced by 25%
• Vertical acceleration increased by 150% (how to isolate vertically?)
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SOURCE: L. Masanori, BRI
Performance in Earthquakes
• In general, observations during past earthquakes have demonstrated
successful applications of seismic isolation and energy dissipation systems
• Significant reductions in response have been observed
• During the 2011 Tohoku Japan earthquake, many buildings with
protective systems experienced strong shaking
• Buildings with seismic isolation did not experience nonstructural
damage
• It has also been reported that occupants sometimes have been
unaware earthquake was occurring
CIE 626 - Structural Control SOURCE: L. Masanori, BRI
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Example of Loss Estimation Studies
• Comparison of expected repair cost for fixed based and seismically
isolated structure with 4 different systems
• Loss Ratio = Repair/Replacement cost
Fixed based steel
moment resisting
frame
Steel moment
frame on various
isolation systems
(From V. Terzic et al., PEER 2012)
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
2. Brief History of Supplemental Damping and
Seismic Isolation Systems
• Supplemental Damping Systems
– Development more recent than base isolation systems
– 1956: Pioneering work by G. Housner on energy in earthquake engineering
– 1969-1972: Development of early metallic dampers in New Zealand and
Japan
– 1981: First application of hysteretic dampers on South Rangitikei viaduct in
New Zealand
– 1980-83: Development of friction dampers in Canada
– 1987: First application of friction dampers at the Concordia University
Library in Montreal, Canada
– 1990-1995: Development of fluid type viscous dampers at the University at
Buffalo
– 1995: First application of fluid dampers in Pacific Bell North Area
Operations Center in Sacramento, California
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• South Rangitikei River Railroad
Bridge, New Zealand, built in 1981
• Piers: 70 m tall, six spans pre-stressed
concrete hollow-box girder, overall
span: 315 m
• Rocking of piers combined with energy
dissipation devices (torsional dampers)
• Gravity provides self-centering force
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Wells Fargo Bank Building San Francisco
• Two-story non-ductile concrete
frame
• Constructed in 1967
• Damaged during the 1989 Loma
Prieta Earthquake
• Voluntary upgrade with chevron
braces and ADAS devices
• Conventional retrofit rejected
because of foundation work
• Seven ADAS devices, each with a
yield force of 150 kips
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Boeing Plant, Seattle, Washington
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Reservoir, Sacramento, California
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Diagonal bracing with
viscous fluid dampers
in San Francisco
Civic Center.
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Woodland Hotel, California
• Four-story reinforced
concrete/shear wall
building
• Constructed in 1927
• 16 Taylor Dampers
• Capacity of each damper =
100 kips
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3. Categories of Supplemental Damping
and Seismic Isolation Systems
SID Course
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
Questions/Discussions
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