WEEK 1

Introduction to the
Construction System
 LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of week 1 lectures, student will be
able to :
Identify the various groups in construction
industry, i.e., vertical construction and horizontal
construction. (CO1)
 Construction in Building & Civil
Engineering
 construction is a process that consists of the building or
assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity,
large scale construction is a feat of multitasking. Normally the job
is managed by the project manager and supervised by the
construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or
project architect.

 For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is

essential. Those involved with the design and execution of the
infrastructure in question must consider the environmental
impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, site
safety, availability of materials, logistics, inconvenience to the
public caused by construction delays, preparing tender
documents,
 1. BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
a. Conventional or Traditional method

CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY
b. Modern or Industrialized methods
 Interlocking brick
 Timber composite

LVL OSB Plywood Densified

board

Prefabricated I-joists with laminated veneer lumber flanges and

structural panel webs. (A) a hardboard web (B) oriented strandboard
and (C) plywood webs.
  Polymer composite in
the construction of the
bridge

Fiber reinforced polymer

bridge
Polymer deck panel
 steel/RP plates, rods or bolts are bonded into
timber with high strength adhesives to
produce concealed timber connections.

Bonded-in rod
 2. Equipment & Instrument
 Function, types, capabilities and selection
 INTRODUCTION
Discipline in Construction Industry
 Technical aspect
 Knowledge of business
 Management

Should in-line with technology developments

such as:-
 Equipments
 Materials
 Construction methods
 Construction Industry Group

Divided into :-
1.Building (Vertical Construction)
– Buildings and heavy construction
 Construction Industry Group

2. Civil Engineering (Horizontal

construction)
– Highways
– Airports
– Railroads
– Bridges
– Canals
– Dams
– Other major public works
• Different construction technique, technologies and equipments
 bridge Glulam beams

Southern France Navajo bridge

Donghai bridge
 Types of construction projects
In general, there are three types of
construction:

Building construction
Heavy/civil construction
Industrial construction

Each type of construction project requires a

unique team to plan, design, construct,
and maintain the project.
Construction people

Owners

Consultant

Contractor
 BUILDING TEAM
 Building Owner
 Architect
 Clerk of works
 Quantity surveyor
 Consulting engineers
 Main Contractor
 Site agent
 BUILDING TEAM
 Estimator
 Buyer
 Accountant
 Administrator
 Assistance contract manager
 Nominated sub contractor
 Domestic sub contractor
 Operatives
 Owner
Owner is the people that have exclusive
rights and control over property. Owner
can be:-

Government (biggest owner in Malaysia)

Private sector
Corporate sector
Individual
Developer
Malaysian Government
Federal Government

State Government

District office Town council

Peoples/Villages
Agencies in Ministry Of Works
 Consultant
• A consultant is a professional who provides
advice in a particular area of expertise.
• A consultant is usually an expert or a
professional in a specific field and has a wide
knowledge of the subject matter.
• A consultant usually works for a consultancy firm
or is self-employed, and engages with multiple and
changing clients.
• The biggest construction consultant in Malaysia is
JKR
JKR core business
•Consulting services
•Project management services
•Maintenance management services
 JKR sectors
• Infrastructure
Airport & Port Unit
Road Unit
Slope Unit
• Building
General building unit
Healthy works unit
Education unit
Security unit
• Specialized Engineering
Mechanical unit
Electrical unit
Contract and QS
Specialized unit
Environmental unit
Architect unit
 Contactor
• Contractor may refer to:
Organization or individual that contracts
with another organization or individual (the
owner) for the construction of a building,
road or other facility.
Contractor can be:
Main contractor
Sub contractor
License contractor
Class of Contractor in Malaysia
Class Project limit (RM)

A More than RM 10,000,000

B RM 5,000,001 to RM 10,000,000

C RM 2,000,001 to RM 5,000,000

D RM 500,001 to RM 2,000,000

E RM 200,001 to RM 500,000

F to RM 200,000
 Heading

Heading I Civil Engineering Works

Heading II Building Works

Mechanical, Sanitary and Water Engineering

Heading III
Works

Heading IV Other Specialist Civil Engineering Works

Quarrying Metal and Earth Supply, Cartage and

Heading V
Transport

Heading VI Forest and Land Development

Heading VIII Telecommunication Works

 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
In general (differs from small to big project):-

 Recognizing the need for the project

 Determining the technical and financial feasibility
 Preparing detail plans, specifications and cost
estimation
 Obtaining approval from regulatory agencies such as
zoning regulations, building codes and
environmental. Needs, idea, conceptual design,
financial and legal considerations.
 Details design, budgeting and contract document.
 Tendering, project offer and construction works
 WEEK 1

Stages for construction

1. Building
2. Road,
3. Highway, Bridges
4. Airports, Offshore/Marine structure
 WEEK 1

Stages for construction

1. Building
2. Retaining walls, Drainage
3. Road, Highway, Bridges
4. Airports, Offshore/Marine structure
BUILDING
 WEEK 2
At the end of week 1 lectures, student will be able to :
- Identify setting out works involve in building
construction, i.e., site clearing, setting out and
establish the building datum level. (CO1)
- identify the accommodations, storage and security
requirements during the building construction
stage. (CO1)
- describe the detail building stages involved during
the building construction process. (CO1)
 BUILDING
1. Site works and setting out
2. Accommodation, storage
and security
3. Detail building stages
 1. SITE WORKS AND SETTING
OUT
• Contractors responsibility after being
given possession and site layout plan and
detail drawings necessary
• Commencing tasks:-
a. Clearing the site
b. Setting out the building
c. Establishing a datum level
 LEVELING
The land surveyor will
determine the original ground
level for the land and mark a
survey peg for drain, pipes,
cables and main sewerage
treatment plant (MSTP), also
the road complying with the
Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Land surveyor
(JPS). determine the
OGL
 Clearing the Site
• May involve:-
– Demolition of existing buildings (by
experienced contractor)
– Grubbing out bushes and tress (by manual
or mechanical means, or by specialist for
the large tress)
– Removal of soil to reduce levels following
to Building Regulation C1 (sterilize the top
300 mm to contain plant life and decaying
vegetation)
Topography of the site and
some common material on
site
Removal of tree trunks
Grubbing of trees, shrubs and roots
Site clearing work carried out
Excavator heaping up top soil
Earthwork operation
 A) SITE BOUNDARY
The surveyor must to determine the site boundary of the
construction area to avoid trespass to the another
construction area.

The boundary had determine

 Sloping Sites
Three methods in reducing levels:-
1. Cut and Fill - usual method, the amount of
cut will equal the amount of fill
2. Cut – Advantages of having undisturbed
soil over the site, but having disadvantages
of cost of removing the spoil from the site
3. Fill – Not to be recommended, deep
foundation would be needed, the risk of
settlement and the amount of fill should be
limited to 600 mm
Sloping sites
Accommodation,
Storage and
Security
 Accommodation
• Regulations 1996 (Health, safety and welfare)
• Requirements defers due to numbers of site
workers and duration of contract
• Staff accommodations usually:-
– Sectional timber huts
– Mobile caravan or cabins
• Facilities provided:-
– First aid, stretcher ambulance, first aid room, shelter
and clothing, meals room, washing facilities and
sanitary facilities
 Storage
• Type of storage depend on:-
– Durability
– Vulnerability to damage
– Vulnerability to theft
Examples..
 Cement and plaster (in bag form) – dry store free from
moist air
 Aggregates and sand – clean firm base, separate
different materials and grade, watch on moisture content
 Bricks and blocks – stacked in stable piles, covered
adequately
 Security and Protection-fencing
 To defines limit of site and acts as a
deterrent to trespasser or thief
 To provide a physical barrier or visual
barrier
 Should start at the beginning of
construction
 Type depend on degree of security, cost,
neighborhood and duration of contract
 At least 1.8m high
 Minimum number of access and with
lockable barrier
 Typical fencing details
Cleft chestnut pale fencing
 Security and Protection-fencing-
Hoardings
• Close boarded fences of barriers erected
adjacent to a highway or public footpath
• Prevent unauthorized persons obtaining
access to site and protect public from dust and
noise
• Necessary to obtain written permission from
the local authority to erect a hoarding
(Highways Act 1980)
 Hoardings
• Two forms:-
– Vertical hoardings
• a series of closed boarded panels securely fixed to resist
wind load and accidental impact load
• Can be free standing or fixed by stays by the external walls
of an existing building
– Fan hoardings
• To protect persons from falling objects
• Place at a level above the normal traffic height and ensure
any falling debris is directed back towards the building or
scaffold
 BUILDING STAGES
Order of construction
Excavation and timbering
Foundations
Concrete floors
Reinforced concrete frames
Roofs
Brickwork
Internal fixtures and fittings
Insulation
Plumbing and wiring
Painting and decorating