Ccompiled by: Ramesh Prajapati
Leibniz's Calculator
Baron Gottfried Wilhem Von Leibniz developed method of computation
called calculus.
In 1671, Leibniz modified pascaline machine into stepped reckoner
It can automatically perform addition, multiplication, subtraction, division
and could find square roots too.
It used stepped cylinder each with nine teeth of varying lengths instead of
wheels.
Jacquard loom
Joseph Marie Jacquard was a French textile manufacturer who invented a
mechanism for automated weaving cloths at Lyon in 1802 AD
It controls weaving looms to product cloths with complex patterns
It was controlled with punched cards. i.e. principle of presence and absence
of holes.
First machine which used punched cards that stored information.
Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
Charles Babbage invented difference engine at Cambridge University in
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1822 AD.
Theoretically, it can solve differential equations, logarithmic table,
polynomial and trigonometric functions etc.
It was intended to be steam powered, fully automatic and commanded by a
fixed instructions
The size was as big as room.
He continued working on it for 10 years but could not be successful due to
lack of funds
Later he constructed general purpose, fully programmable automatic
mechanical counting machine: Analytical Engine in 1833
Analytical Engine was a prototype for modern computers
That's why Charles Babbage is known as Father of Modern Computer
It was capable of calculating upto 20 decimal at about 60 additions per
minute.
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Analytical Engine has 4 major units
i. Store:
Mechanical memory unit including counting wheels and punched
cards, similar to modern computer's memory
ii. Mill:
An arithmetic unit capable of performing four basic operations -
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Similar to ALU of
modern computer
iii. Control Unit:
It had gears and shafts by which data and results were transferred.
iv. Cards:
Two types of punched cards were used for input and outputs. They are
input and output cards.
Input cards:
Operation cards: selects one of the arithmetic operation addition
(+), subtraction (-), multiplication (X) and division (/).
Variable cards: selects operands or variables to be operated.
Output Cards: Used for outputs of operation.
Lady Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace
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She was the daughter of English poet Lord Byron.
Great follower and assistant of Charles Babbage who understood design of
analytical machine.
She used to create instruction routine or write programs for Babbage.
She is considered as the first computer programmer.
US defense department named their programming language Ada in her
honor in 1979 AD.
Boolean algebra
George Boole developed formal logic.
He developed logical algebra using simple set of symbols.
The interpretation of Boolean algebra in terms of truth values also known
as propositional calculus forms the basis of the digital processing in modern
computer.
Tabulating machine
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Herman Hollerith applied Jacquard loom's concept in computing and
invented automatic punch card tabulating machine in 1886 AD.
He was a census statistician in US Bureau of statistics.
The previous census took nearly seven years to complete whereas
Tabulating machine completed the task within 6 weeks.
Punch cards were used to store data.
He is the founder of International Business Machine (IBM) which is the
largest computer manufacturer company in the world.
John Von Neumann
Von Neumann was mathematician who gave the idea of stored program
computer architecture.
According to his concept, data and program code is stored internally in the
main memory of the computer.
So he is called "father of stored program"
Communication
Processor Program + Data
Channel
Fig: Basic of Von Neumann Computer Architecture
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Electro-Mechanical Era
The calculating machines were developed by using mechanical and
electronic components
Mark I Computer
Dr. Howard Aiken designed a general purpose fully automatic mechanical
computer at Harvard University in 1994 AD.
It was called IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (IBM ASCC)
and was named Mark I later.
It used binary numbers for its operations
Later Mark II was built.
Features of Mark II
o It used 18000 vacuum tubes as main memory
o It was 50 ft. long, 8 ft. height and 3 ft. wide. i.e. huge in size
o Punched cards and card readers were used for input/output
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o It consumes huge amount of heat and produces lot of heat which
needed cooling system
o It was capable of performing 5 basic operations: addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and table reference.
o Results were printed at the rate of one result per 5 seconds in punched
cards.
Atnasoff Berry Computer (ABC Computer)
Dr. John Atnasoff and his assistant Cifford Berry designed an electronic
machine to solve mathematical problems which was called Atnasoff Berry
Computer.
Boolean algebra was applied for designing the circuits.
18000 valves were used for performing internal logic operations and
capacitors were used for internal data storage.
Electronic Era
The computers were developed using electronic components like vacuum
tubes, transistors, IC chips, VLSI etc.
The computers are smaller, faster and more reliable.
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ENIAC
John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert constructed ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Calculator) and Dr. John Von Neumann was the
consultant
It was very large weighing computer about 30 tons and contains about
17468 vacuum tubes, 70000 resistors, 5000 soldered joins. It consumed 160
KW.
It consumed huge power and generated huge amount of heat. So water
cooling system was used.
It was the first and last compute which used decimal number system instead
of binary.
It was mainly developed for ballistic missiles trajectory problems.
It didn't have memory unit and didn't used stored programming concept
which means programming had to be done manually.
Input were given by punched cards and the output is received either on
punched cards or on an electric type writer.
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EDVAC
Dr. John Von Neumann developed EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer).
He proposed stored programming concept in EDVAC
It was used for Ballistic Research Laboratory of the US Army.
It used Random Access Main memory consisting of cathode ray tube.
It used binary number system
EDSAC
Professor Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge University developed EDSAC
(Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)
It used vacuum tubes and used stored programming concept.
Though it started later than EDVAC, it was completed before EDVAC. So
it became first stored programmed electronic computer.
UNIVAC
J.P. Eckert and J Mauchly developed UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
Computer)
It was the first general purpose and commercial computer because the
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previous computers were used for defense and census.
The programs and data were fed through magnetic tape.
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Generations of Computer
The term generation indicates the stages of evolutions or development of
computer based on the type of technology used in the computer
construction.
Classification is mainly based on basic device or technology used.
Computer belonging to one particular technological class is said to belong
to a particular computer generation
Each new generation has made following changes.
o Increased speed
o Increased storage capacity
o Increased reliability
o Reduced size of a computer
o Reduced cost of a computer
1. First Generation
First generation computers operated on the principle of thermionic
emission.
Thermionic valves are also known as vacuum tubes
A vacuum tube is made up of glass bulb and contains filaments inside it.
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The filament when heated generate electrons flow which eventually help
in the amplification and de-amplification electronic signals.
Stored programming concept was used.
features:
o Vacuum tubes were used as main circuitry for processing.
o Operating speed was in terms of milliseconds
o Machine language was used to program
o Magnetic drums were used as primary memory and punched cards,
magnetic tapes were used as secondary storage.
o Punched cards and printing devices were used as input/output.
o Very large in size, high cost, slow processing, low accuracy
o Very high power consumption and huge amount of heat is
produced.
o Used only for Scientific and research purpose. Not for general
purpose.
o Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC, IBM-650 etc.
2. Second Generation
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Second generation computers used semiconductor devices like
transistors.
Transistors were invented by Shockley, Brattain and Bardeen in 1947
and won Nobel Prize.
Transistor is a semiconductor device that is used to increase the power of
the incoming signals by preserving original shape of signal.
It has 3 connections: emitter (E), base (B) and collector (C)
Transistor was far superior than vacuum tubes that made computer
smaller, faster, cheaper, more reliable.
Features:
o Transistors were used as main technology. 1 transistor was
equivalent to 1000 vacuum tubes.
o Operating speed was in terms of micro seconds
o Assembly and machine independent languages such as COBOL
(Common Business Oriented Language) and FORTRAN (Formula
Translation) were used.
o Magnetic core memory and drums were used as memory.
o Low power consumption resulting no heat generations.
o Smaller in size. i.e. computers became portable.
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o Much faster and reliable
o Examples: IBM 1620, HONEY WELL 400 series, LEO MARK III
etc.
