Soluciones de filtrado para la mejora de la eficiencia energética

Filtering solutions
for improving energy efficiency

Technology for energy efficiency

Filtering solutions for improving energy efficiency

What are
harmonics? Order

Fund.
Frequency

50
Sequence

Non linear loads, such as: rectifiers, inverters, speed variators, furnaces, 2 100
etc. that absorb periodic non-sine wave currents from the network.
3 150
Said currents are composed of a fundamental frequency component
rated at 50 or 60 Hz, plus a series of overlapping currents, with 4 200

frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental frequency. This is

5 250
how we define HARMONICS. The result is a deformation of the current
(and, as a consequence, voltage) that has a series of associated 6 300

secondary effects. 7 350

Order and behaviour of harmonics

ààDescomposition of the distorted wave shape

+ + =

Fundamental Wave Harmonic wave Harmonic wave Distorted wave

50 Hz 5th order 7th order
250 Hz 350 Hz

Effects of harmonicss
The main effects of the voltage and current har-
monics in a power system can be cited as:
Parallel
`` The possibility of amplification of some
harmonics as a result of serial and parallel
resonance Effects of
resonance. harmonics
`` Performance reduction in generation,
transport and energy usage systems.
Low power
`` The aging of the grid insulation factor
components and as a consequence,
energy reduction.
Overload
 Filtering solutions for improving energy efficiency

Information required for

studying harmonics
Installation information
1 Diagram 2 General information
The diagram has to show: • Single wire diagram of installation
• Points where measurements have • Indication of measuring points
been taken using the portable AR5, AR6 • Type of industrial process
power analyzer
Number of power transformers
• Load distribution
Sn (Transformer power) KV·A
Transformer ratio V
MAIN PCC
UCC ( Short-circuit voltage) %
Measurement on the Transformer
general LV

Point A
General LV board

Measurement in
harmonic generators

Point B
Harmonic
M generators

LINEAL LOADS HARMONIC GENERATORS CAPACITOR BANK

Mediciones
3 Main board 4 Loads
• Active and reactive power measurement • Measurements at power converter loads terminals
• Harmonic measurement

Nbr. of harmonics 1 3 5 7 11 13 Σ THD Nº de armónicos 1 3 5 7 11 13 Σ THD

U k   / U1 (%) U k   / U1 (%)

Ik   / I1 (%) Ik   / I1 (%)

Ineutral (A) Ineutral (A)

• If there is a capacitor bank

• Measurements at other load
With bank connected Without bank connected generating terminals
THD (U) % THD (U) % • Description of type of load:
THD (I) % THD (I) % xx Discharge lighting
Q (capacitor) kvar xx Welding machinery
P (installation) kW xx Computers
xx Others

Nº de armónicos 1 3 5 7 11 13 Σ THD
U k   / U1 (%)
Ik   / I1 (%)
Ineutral (A)
Filtering solutions for improving energy efficiency

Origin Faults
Sypply side:
àà Current harmonics (Low frequency)
xxExcessive losses in lines and
transformers
xxWave form distortion
xxEarth-leakage tripping
àà EMI (High frequency)
xxEarth-leakage tripping
àà Interference caused by converters, xxInterference to electronic equipment
motor drives, UPS, etc.
àà Individual protection is recommended
Load side:
àà Excessive ripple at the switching
frequency
xxInterference to electronic equipment
àà Excessive du/dt
xxDamage to insulation in motors

àà Harmonic resonance:
àà Non linear loads distributed in
xxOverload of PF correction equipment
the system
xxOverload and vibration in the
àà Converters, induction ovens, transformer
UPS, discharge lamps, etc. xxDistortion of the voltage wave
àà Overall protection of the system is àà Current harmonics:
recommended xxExcessive losses
xxDistortion of the voltage wave
xxEarth-leakage relays tripping

àà Single-phase, non linear loads àà High third harmonic:

between phase and neutral xxWaveform distortion
xxEarth-leakage relays tripping
àà Electronic equipment, discharge
lighting, etc. àà Overload of neutral in systems of 4 wire
àà Protection by area is recommended ( 3 phases + neutral )
 Filtering solutions for improving energy efficiency

Solutions

àà LR reactors
àà LCL and LCL-th filters

àà EMI filters
àà Inmunized earth-leakage protecion

àà Sinus filters
àà du/dt filters

àà AFQ Active filters

àà FR, FRE rejection filters:

xx7% if 5th, 7th harmonics are
dominant
xx14% if 3 rd harmonic is dominant

àà Absorption regulated filters:

xxFAR-Q, FARE-Q (5th and 7th
harmonics)
xxFAR-H (5th, 7th, 11th, 13th...)

àà AFQ, ACTIVE filters with or without

phase balance

àà FB3 and FB3T filters

àà TSA isolation transformer with
harmonics filtering

àà AFQ Active filters

Filtering solutions for improving energy efficiency

Active filters
(Global compensation: reactive,
harmonics, imbalance)
AFQ multifunction parallel active filters are the most comple-
te solution to solve those quality problems caused, in either
industrial or commercial facilities, not only by harmonics but
also for current unbalance, and, even, reactive power con-
sumption (mostly leading PF).

The available functions in all models are following ones:

• Reduction of harmonics currents up to the 50th order

(2500 Hz). User-selection of harmonic frequencies to be
filtered for a higher efficacy.
• Correction of the unbalanced current consumption in each
phase of the electric power system.
• Reactive power compensation. Either lagging currents
(inductive) or leading currents (capacitive).

These filters offer a configurable function priority for an opti-

mal use of the filter capabilities according to the installation
needs.

AFQ filters are equipped with a friendly-use touch display,

which allows carrying all the required programming actions
out. Display of the source and load sides at the filter coupling
point to the mains, for comparison and effectiveness evalua-
tion purposes.

In case of higher filtering requirements, up to a maximum of 8

filters may be connected in parallel (all units must be of same
rating).

The operating principle of active filters for harmonic reduction

is based on monitoring the existing harmonic current generated àà AFQ Waveforms
by the loads, and injecting then an opposite compensation
current in order to cancel each harmonic frequency.
 Filtering solutions for improving energy efficiency

1. Harmonics cancellation 2. Phase unbalance correction 3. Power Factor correction

Harmonics currents reduction up Phase current correction for op- Power Factor correction for lag-
to the 50th order (2500 Hz). Se- timizing unbalance phenomenom ging current systems (inductive)
lectable harmonics frequency for in the electric power system. or leading currents (capacitive).
optimizing filtering spectrum ef-
ficiency.

Without AFQ With AFQ

What do we get?
Harmonic level without AFQ Harmonic level with AFQ

Harmonics Harmonics

Intuitive touch screen

Harmonics graph Harmonics selection Before & After total THD

Filtering solutions for improving energy efficiency

Filters for power converters

(individual filtering)
Static converters generate different type of disturbances, both
on the system side and on the load side. CIRCUTOR has filters
to avoid problems caused by these converters and allow insta-
llations where they are installed to comply with the
EN-61000-3-12, IEEE-519 standards and the 2004/108/CE,
92/31/EEC and 93/68/EEC Compatibility Directives.

L DC
S1 S 3 S1 Shielded cable

L1 2L1
du / dt or
2L2 EMI L or LCL
L 2 sinus M 3
2L3 filter filter
L 3 filter
S2 S 4 S2

Other
loads

àà Filtering diagram for three-phase power

transducers

LR filters: Reactors

• LR filter reactors allow current harmonics to be

reduced in any converter from levels of 40% or
50% to values around 20%. They reduce the
short circuit current and increase the safety of the
converter’s semi-conductors.

àà Without reactor: THD=45% àà With reactor: THD=20%

 Filtering solutions for improving energy efficiency

LCL and LCL-th filters

• LCL Filters are individual filters for converters reducing the

level of harmonics produced by converters in the system.
Inserting LCL Filters allows an installation with converters
to comply with the EN-61000-4-3 and IEEE-519 standards.
LCL-th’s add a disconnection capacity to the filter’s parallel
branch in the event that the filter operates with no load. Ideal
for lifts.

àà Without filter: THD ( I ) = 35% ÷ 50%

àà With filter: THD ( I ) < 5%

EMI filters SINUS and du/dt filters

• EMI filters are used to • SINUS and du/dt filters
remove high frequency are used between the
disturbances (150kHz- converter and motor
30MHz) and to comply in inverters with PWM
with the 2004/108/CE, output to improve the
92/31/EEC and 93/68/ waveform and to avoid
EEC European Directives overvoltages.
on Electromagnetic
compatibility.

àà EMI filter insertion losses in common mode àà Without filter SINUS àà With filter SINUS
and differential mode
Filtering solutions for improving energy efficiency

Power Factor correction in

installations with harmonic
disturbances
Industrial systems usually require power factor correction.
In the event that the system supplies non linear loads
which generate harmonics, the design of PF equipment
has to take this into account and will have to combine a
correction of cos j with harmonic filtering. CIRCUTOR has
equipment to prevent harmonics overload and to reduce
harmonics effects on the system, in particular preventing
the phenomenon of resonance, which may give rise to
serious faults in the installation.

FR and FRE filters

• FR and FRE filters are power factor correction
equipment with built in filters to prevent
resonance and overloads in capacitors and
transformers due to harmonics. This equipment
reduces THD (V) in the system between 1 and
3 percentage points, depending on impedance
of the system. In particular, the FRE series uses
a “real time” static correction system and is
specially designed for installations where there
are fast load fluctuations.

àà Without power factor correction THD(V)=5%

àà PF correction without filter: resonance THD (V)=12% àà PF correction with filter THD (V)=3.5%
 Filtering solutions for improving energy efficiency

FAR-Q, FARE-Q hybrid filters

• FAR-Q and FARE-Q filters are power factor
correction equipment with built in filters absorbing the
5th and 7th harmonic. This considerably decreases
THD (I) in the system. The FAR-Q and FARE-Q’s
absorb 5.3 A of the 5th harmonic + 2.65 A of 7th for
each 10 kvar. This decreases THD (V) in the system
between 3 and 6 percentage points, depending on the
system’s impedance. In particular, the FARE-Q uses
a “real time” static correction system and is specially
designed for installations where there are fast load
fluctuations.

20
10
0
-10
-20
Z (dB/Ohm)

-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
100 1000
frecuencia (Hz)

àà Filter impedance àà Without PF correction THD (V)=12%

àà PF correction without filter: Without resonance àà PF correction with filter THD (V)=3.5%
THD (V)=15%

FAR-H filters

• FAR-H filters are harmonic filtering

equipment, based on individual filtering.
They may be set with branches for the 5th,
7th, 11th, 13th and HF. They are regulated
depending on load current THD ( I ).

40
30
20
10
0
Z (dB/Ohm)

-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
100 1000
frequency (Hz)

àà Frequency response of a 5th, 7th and 11th

harmonic filter
Filtering solutions for improving energy efficiency

Blocking filters filtering

the 3rd harmonic
Current F1: 108 (A) Irms: 116 (A) I1: 108 (A)
Single-phase loads such as computers, battery chargers, THD: 35.43% THD: 35.43%
single phase UPS, discharge lamps, etc., generate a large of 208 2 1.26% 9 0.11%
3 37.74% 10 0.11%
amount of third harmonics. When these loads are connected 4 0.69% 11 0.24%
between phase and neutral, they generate strong currents in 5 2.84% 12 0.08%
0
the neutral conductor at the frequency of: 3rd harmonic and its 6 0.23% 13 0.02%
7 0.85% 14 0.16%
multiples. CIRCUTOR has several solutions for this problem.
8 0.18% 15 0.21%
-211

àà Typical wave form in non linear single-phase loads

FB3 and FB3T filters

• FB3 filters are harmonic blocking filters, where receivers can

be directely plugged. Their main function is to reduce the
3rd harmonic, but they also significantly reduce the 5th and
7th harmonic and others present in domestic and business
installations.
• FB3T filters are harmonic blocking filters for 3rd harmonic and
multiples. The filter must be placed in series with neutral and
also provides a significant reduction of the 5th, 7th harmonics
and others present in industrial installations.

àà Harmonic spectrum without filter àà Harmonic spectrum with filter

àà Diagram of
FB3 application
 Filtering solutions for improving energy efficiency

àà Diagram of FB3T
application

Isolation transformer with filter: TSA

• The TSA is an isolation transformer combined

with a high frequency absorption filter.

• Elimination of the return possibility of the 3 rd

harmonic by the neutral conductor.
Features:
`` Elimination of 3rd harmonic
`` Galvanic isolation of single-phase loads
(earth separation)
`` Balancing loads

àà TSA application
diagram
50 Hz and harmonic Harmonics
with n=/k.3 with n=/k.3
Filtering solutions for improving energy efficiency

QNA 500
Modular power quality analyzer BASE
Base module. Connected
modules switch
Always know the status of your electrical
network at the harmonics and disturbances
level and the quality of its supply + QNA 500
Power quality analyzers

We help you to reduce costs of breakdowns + 8iO

Load and alarm control
and faults and increase your productivity.
QNA 500 is designed to supervise the electric
installation and problems relating to electric power
quality so as to control production processes and
manage incidents.

Main features
Installation supervision
àà
Monitoring the level of harmonics and PF
àà
Preventive and predictive maintenance
àà
Alarms:
àà
xxSending e-mails
xxWarnings through relays (for example: Light
signals)
Disturbances/transients log
àà
Remote monitoring from mobile devices
àà
On-line connection with mobile devices (android,
àà
iO, Blackberry ® OS)
More than 500 electrical parameters
àà

Transients capture
àà 512 simultaneous samples/cycle per channel
àà Voltage and current disturbances log
àà Configurable capture conditions, (pre-post trigger)
àà Detection of power surges that can affect the
installation

Capture of waveforms in voltage and current

Over 500 parameters
(screenshot)
àà Voltage and current measurement
àà Detection of transients (voltage and current) (>39 μs)
àà Active and reactive power
àà Maximum demand àà Analysis of resets in machines and fast network
àà Energy (4 quadrants) switching
àà THD and harmonics àà 512 simultaneous samples/cycle per channel
àà Interharmonics àà Log of 60 continuous cycles per event
àà Flicker
àà Analysis in accordance with CBEMA / ITIC curve.
àà Imbalance
Detects if electronic equipments have been affected.
àà Events and transients
 Filtering solutions for improving energy efficiency

AR6
Three-phase power and quality analyzers

Detailed and in-depth analysis of any point of

the electrical network
ààPortable power analyzer for three-phase and single-phase
electrical networks with simultaneous measurement of
leakage current, power quality and recording of transients.
ààAR6 is the best tool for visualizing and analyzing the
network’s problems regardless of whether it is a single-
phase or three-phase network.
ààIt allows recordings of the most common electrical
parameters and also those specifically related to supply
quality such as overvoltages, swell, sags and transients.
ààThanks to the graphical display of harmonics, phasors
and waveforms, the user can detect anomalies in the Harmonics graphs
installation simply by connecting the device. àà The harmonics screen displays the amplitude value
ààMeasurement of the main electrical parameters. information of each harmonic.
ààTrue root mean square measure (TRMS). àà The user can scroll to select the desired harmonic to
display in the below table the most important values
of this harmonic.

Waveform
àà With the waveform visualization, it is possible to detect
any waveform defect.
àà It is also possible to pause the image and zoom-in on
the oscilloscope image any time in order to get a better
definition of the image.

Photo
àà The device captures the waveform of 9 channels
measured together with the instantaneous values of the
most important electric variables so that each photo
allows a detailed analysis of the installation..
àà The photo capture can be programmed with trigger
(electrical parameters comparison) or can be taken
manually.

Transients capture Application

àà It is possible to activate and configure the detection àà With the AR6 you can perform a full study of the
and registration of quality events such as over-voltages, electrical installation. It is possible to perform an
swells, dips and transients. analysis of consumption, load curves, voltage
àà The events are show in a table with the most important disturbances in the installation and to display
parameters of the event. The user can select any event waveshapes, study harmonics or measure flicker,
and visualize the waveform and values of the event. as well as other options.
 Soluciones de filtrado para la mejora
de la eficiencia energética
Filtering solutions
for improving energy efficiency

Designed by: Image and Communications Department - CIRCUTOR, SA

+ information: [email protected]

www.circutor.com

CIRCUTOR, SA - Vial Sant Jordi, s/n

08232 Viladecavalls (Barcelona) Spain
Tel. (+34) 93 745 29 00 - Fax: (+34) 93 745 29 14
[email protected]

Code: C2S083-02 CIRCUTOR, SA reserves the right to modify the information contained in this catalogue.