1.
Drilling
2. Tripping
3. Wireline Logging
4. Casing & cementing.
5. Drilling
vedios\Oil Drilling Animation - YouTube.flv
1-Surface hole.
The relatively large diameter well bore that is located immediately below the
surface.
Surface holes are usually drilled more rapidly as the formations are generally
soft.
2-Intermediate hole.
A smaller diameter intermediate hole is then drilled. The casing is run into the
well bore and cemented.
This brings the intermediate hole under complete control and allows drilling to
continue
3-Production hole.
Smaller in diameter, the production hole is then drilled to the target formation.
Tests are then conducted to determine if hydrocarbon presence is sufficient to
justify the expense of running and cementing production casing into the hole.
If found to be “dry,” the hole is plugged and abandoned.
A string is said to be stuck when no free movements possible either in terms
of reciprocation or rotation.
Differential stuck
Mechanical stuck
•
•
Over balance.
1.Inadequate Hole Cleaning.
Porous and permeable
2.Under gauge hole.
formations.
3.Key seating. Drill pipe left stationary.
4.Cement related problems.
5.Shales.
vedios\stuck types.flv
A kick is an influx of formation fluid into the wellbore
that can be controlled at surface.
The causes of kick:
The formation pressure must exceed the hydrostatic pressure. Fluids will
always flow in the direction of decreasing or least pressure.
The formation must be permeable in order for the formation fluids to flow.
Detecting Kick:
Increased mud flow from annulus, followed by…..
An increase in mud pit levels.
Gas or Water Cut mud causing a reduction in the mud weight.
Dealing with a kick:
Watching the pits levels at all times
Watching the flow out
In case of suspected flow,
1- stop drilling 2- stop the mud pumps 3- make a
flow check.
Shut the well, close the annulus
Close bop
What happens when we close the well
1. It will stop the flow of mud to the surface
2. It will stop the influx
• The pipe would have to come out of
the hole to:
1. Change a worn bit.
2. Insert casing.
3. If any part of the bottom hole
assembly had to be changed.
There are three types of trips:
Condition trip: where all the pipe are
come out of the hole until the bit
reach to the surface.
Wiper trip: where the pipes are pulled
out from the hole until the bit reaches
the depth of the last casing.
Short trip: where the pipes are pulled
out from the hole to cover a certain
section (1000 – 1500 ft). It didn’t reach
to the last casing.
A “fish” is a piece of equipment, a tool, a part or all of the
drill string that is lost or stuck in the hole.
Small pieces, such as a bit cone, or any other relatively small
non drillable items, are called junk or “fish” in the hole.
These must be removed or fished out so that drilling
operations can continue.
• Types:
1. Triple compo (composite): (GR,
SP, Caliper), (Resistivity) ,
(Neutron & Density).
2. Formation fluid sampling &
formation pressure
measurement.
3. Dimensional measurements of
the wellbore. (Dipmeter).
4. Wireline-conveyed sidewall
coring tools.
• Casing is steel pipe placed in an oil or gas well at the end of
every drilled phase, and then cemented in place prior to
drilling the lower smaller hole section.
• FUNCTIONS OF CASING:
1. Prevents the hole from caving or collapsing.
2. Prevents loss of drilling fluids into weak formations.
3. Prevents communication between formations.
4. Provides means of extracting hydrocarbons if the well is
productive.
5. To effect a method of control and safety as depth increases.
6. Provides a means of support for the well head equipment.
Types of casing strings:
Conductor Pipe
Surface Casing
Intermediate Casing
Liner String
• After the casing string is run, the next
task is cementing the case in the
place.Cementing is performed by
circulating a cement slurry through the
inside of the casing and out into the
annulus through the casing shoe at the
bottom of the casing string.
Since The pay zone is sealed-off by the production string and
cement, perforation must be made in order for the oil or gas to
flow into the wellbore.
Perforations are simply holes that are made through the casing and
cement and extend some distance into the formation.
It is made up on the drill string
(the drill stem) and set at the
depth required.
It is a measurement of pressure
behavior at the drill stem and is
a valuable way to obtain
important sampling information
on the formation fluid and to
establish the probability of
commercial production.
Acidizing: It is pumping a quantity of acid down the well. Acid
travels down the tubing, enters the perforations and contacts
the formation. These provide a way for the formation's oil or
gas to enter the well through the perforations.
Fracturing: It is used to increase permeability of the formation
to a practical level. It is performed by pumping a specially
blended fluid down the well and into the formation under great
pressure. Pumping continues until the formation literally cracks
open.
• It is the process of making a well
ready for production (or
injection).
• It involves preparing the
bottom of the hole to the
required specifications, running
in the production tubing and its
associated down hole tools as
well as perforating and
stimulating as required.
Well completion components:
• Wellhead:
It is a pressure containing equipment at the surface
of the well where casing strings are suspended and
the Christmas tree (oil well) is connected.
• Christmas Tree:
Assembly of valves that controls flow from the
well to the process plant and allows access for
chemical squeezes and well interventions.
• Production tubing:
Production tubing is the main conduit for
transporting hydrocarbons from the reservoir to
surface (or injection material the other way).
• Tubing hanger:
This is the component, which sits on top of the
wellhead and serves as the main support for the
production tubing.
Prepared by: Munir El- Mahdy.
[email protected]
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