SOUTH PACIFIC BOARD FOR EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT

PACIFIC SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE

Marker Code CHEMISTRY Candidate Code

2001
QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

Time Allowed: 3 Hours

THIS PAPER HAS A TOTAL OF 160 MARKS

The following table contains a brief description of, and mark allocation for each Section.

SECTION CONTENT TOTAL MARKS

A 30 Multiple-choice questions 30

B 7 Questions – questions are not of equal value 130

INSTRUCTIONS

1. DO ALL QUESTIONS.

2. Write your code number on the top right hand corner of this booklet and at the top of the
fold out flap on the last page.

3. In SECTION B, you are to write the answers to the questions in the spaces provided in
the booklet. This booklet must be handed in to the supervisor before you leave the
examination room.

4. You should budget your time carefully.

NOTE: The symbol M is used for molar mass.

For example M(Na) = 23 g mol-1 and M(CO 2) = 44 g mol-1.

A copy of the Periodic Table Of The Elements is supplied for your use. The table gives the
Symbol, the Name, Atomic Number, and the Relative Atomic Mass of the elements. The
Groups (vertical) are numbered I, II, III, IV, etc.

TOTAL MARKS
160
 2

SECTION A
This Section is made up of 30 multiple -choice questions each worth 1 mark.

Answer this Section on the special Answer Sheet found inside the back page of this booklet.

For each question, write the letter of the correct, or best choice, in the box provided.

Example
If you consider B is the correct answer, write it like this B

To change your answer from B to C,

Cross out B and write the new answer by the box. B C

Answer ALL questions. Do not spend too long on any one question.

QUESTION 1 Lithium and Sodium have similar physical and chemical properties.
This is best explained by the fact that both elements

A. are metals.
B. have the same outer shell electron configuration.
C. have low relative atomic mass.
D. form positive ions.

QUESTION 2 In chemistry, the mole is used as a meas ure of the amount of a substance.
Which of the following is used in defining the mole?

A. volume of particles
B. size of particles
C. number of particles
D. concentration of particles

QUESTION 3 Water is a polar solvent.

Which of the following substances does not dissolve in water?

A. sodium chloride, NaCl

B. ethanol, C2H5OH
C. potassium sulfate, K2SO 4
D. crude oil, a mixture of mainly alkanes

QUESTION 4 Which one of the following lists gives an increasing order in oxidation state of sulfur?

A. S : H2S : SO2 : SO 3
B. S : H2SO4 : SO2 : H2SO3
C. H2S : S : SO2 : SO3
D. H2S : SO2 : S : H2SO3
 3
QUESTION 5 The molar mass, M, of copper nitrate, Cu(NO 3)2, is
[Given: M(Cu) = 63.5 g mol-1, M(O) = 16 g mol-1, M(N) = 14 g mol -1]

A. 93.5 g mol-1
B. 139.5 g mol -1
C. 187.5 g mol-1
D. 251 g mol-1

QUESTION 6 An element has an atomic number of 13. The element will be located on the periodic
table in

A. Group III, period 3.

B. Group II, period 5.
C. Group III, period 4.
D. the first transition series.

QUESTION 7 The diagram shows a simplified representation of a commercial electrolysis cell.

The cell contains a concentrated brine solution of sodium chloride (NaCl).

When this cell is used in industry, the products are

A chlorine and oxygen.

B. chlorine and hydrogen.
C. chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide.
D. sodium hydroxide and hydrogen.

QUESTION 8 A gaseous compound of nitrogen and oxygen is shown by experiment to have a

relative molecular mass in the range of 80 to 100 g mol-1 and to contain 30.4%
nitrogen by mass.
[Given: M(N) = 14 g mol-1, M(O) = 16 g mol-1]
The number of atoms of oxygen per molecule of the compound is

A. 1.
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
 4

QUESTION 9 An atom of rubidium 85

37 Rb is ionised to yield the Rb + ion.
In this ion there are

A. 85 neutrons.
B. 37 protons.
C. 37 electrons.
D. 85 protons.

QUESTION 10 If a catalyst is added to a reversible reaction at equilibrium, it alters the rate of

A. the forward reaction only.

B. the backward reaction only.
C. both the forward and backward reaction.
D. the forward reaction more than the backward reaction.

QUESTION 11 Silver chloride is virtually insoluble in water, yet significant amounts dissolve in
concentrated ammonia solution. This is because

A. the reaction of NH4+ ions with Cl- ions forms soluble NH4Cl.
B. of the removal of Ag + ions from solutions as [Ag(OH) 2]- complex ions.
C. the reaction of Ag+ ions with OH- ions forms soluble AgOH.
D. of the removal of Ag + ions from solution as [Ag(NH3)2]+ complex ions.

QUESTION 12 The percentage by mass of hydrogen in ammonium dichromate, (NH4)2Cr 2O7 is

[Given M(N) = 14 g mol-1, M(Cr) = 52 g mol-1, M(O) = 16 g mol-1, M(H) = 1 g mol -1]

A. 3.41%.
B. 3.17%.
C. 1.58%.
D. 1.71%.

QUESTION 13 If a group III element X combines with a group VII element Y, what would be the
most likely formula of the product?

A. XY3
B. X2Y
C. X2Y3
D. X3Y

QUESTION 14 Which of the following oxides will dissolve in water to produce a solution with a pH
less than seven?

A. CaO
B. CO2
C. MgO
D. Al2O3
 5

QUESTION 15 The process of flocculation is best described as

A. the removal of solid material from water by settling.

B. the removal of suspended solids by addition of alum.
C. the removal of dissolved solids by distillation.
D. the removal of solid material by filtration.

QUESTION 16 The equation below represents the reaction between sodium carbonate and water.
Which reactant is acting as an acid?
Na2CO3 + H2O 2Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) + HCO 3-(aq)

A. water
B. sodium
C. sodium carbonate
D. carbonate

Use the sketch of the periodic table below to answer questions 17 and 18.
B

QUESTION 17 The shaded area on the diagram above represents

A. non-metallic elements.
B. metallic elements.
C. liquids.
D. gases.

QUESTION 18 Which of the following trends down and across the periodic table would be best
represented by the arrows A and B respectively?

A. ionisation energy increases, electronegativity increases

B. ionisation energy increases, electronegativity decreases
C. ionisation energy decreases, electronegativity increases
D. ionisation energy decreases, electronegativity decreases.

QUESTION 19 Sodium chloride is one of the most common ionically bonded compounds.
Which of the following lists best describes its properties?

A. high melting point, malleable, solid, conducts electricity

B. low melting point, soluble, solid, does not conduct electricity
C. low melting point, insoluble, brittle
D. high melting point, brittle, solid, does not conduct electricity.
 6

QUESTION 20 During many reactions involving acidified hydrogen peroxide, the hydrogen peroxide
is reduced to water as shown in the half equation below:
_____H2O 2(aq) + _____H+(aq) + _____e- _____H2O(l)
Which combination of numbers, in order from left to right, is required to balance the
ion electron half equation?

A. 1, 2, 2, 2,
B. 1, 1, 2, 2,
C. 1, 2, 2, 1,
D. 2, 1, 1, 2,

QUESTION 21 The equation below represents an oxidation-reduction reaction which occurs within
the dry cell.

Zn(s) + 2NH4+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + 2NH3(g) + H2(g)

The species which are the oxidant (oxidising agent) and reductant (reducing agent)
respectively are

A. NH4+(aq) and Zn(s)

B. Zn(s) and H2(g)
C. Zn(s) and NH3(g)
D. H2(g) and Zn(s)

The following information should be used to answer questions 22 and 23.

Carbon monoxide and chlorine react according to the equation:

CO(g) + Cl2(l) COCl2(g)

The forward reaction is exother mic.

QUESTION 22 A mixture of CO, Cl2 and COCl2 at equilibrium at 1000 oC is cooled to 500 oC at
constant volume. When the new equilibrium is reached, the

A. concentration of CO will have decreased.

B. concentration of COCl2 will have decreased.
C. concentration of Cl2(l) will remain unchanged.
D. rate of reaction will have remained unchanged.

QUESTION 23 The volume of an equilibrium mixture of CO, Cl2 and COCl2 is halved, by increasing
the pressure at constant temperature. At the new equilibrium, the

A. concentration of CO will have increased.

B. concentration of COCl2 will have increased.
C. concentration of Cl2(l) will remain unchanged.
D. rate of reaction must have remained unchanged.
 7

QUESTION 24 Butadiene is a reactive chemical used extensively in the production of synthetic

rubber.
H H

C C H
H C C

Butadiene
H H

It is often described as an ‘unsaturated’ hydrocarbon because

A. butadiene molecules are unstable and react easily.

B. each butadiene molecule has two fewer hydrogen atoms than each butane
molecule.
C. each carbon atom has only three shared pairs of electrons instead of four.
D. each molecule of butadiene contains at least one double bond.

Use the diagrams to answer questions 25 and 26.

I. H II. H
H H
O H H
H H
H C C
H C C H
C C H
C O C
H H H
H H H H
H

III. IV.
H O H
H H H

C C H C C H
H O C
C C H C
H H
H H H H
H

QUESTION 25 Which compound above is an ester?

A. I
B. II
C. III
D. IV

QUESTION 26 Which compound is an alkane?

A. I
B. II
C. III
D. IV
 8

QUESTION 27 Ethene reacts with water to produce ethanol according to the equation

C2H4(q) + H2O (l) C2H5OH(aq)

This reaction is best described as

A. a condensation reaction.
B. a substitution reaction.
C. an acid-base reaction.
D. an addition reaction.

QUESTION 28 Ethene may be obtained in the laboratory by

A. separating out the lighter components by fractional distillation of crude oil.

B. separating out the heavier components by fractional distillation of crude oil.
C. steam cracking of crude oil followed by distillation.
D. catalytic reforming of crude oil followed by distillation.

QUESTION 29 The following equation shows the hydrogenation of vegetable oils during margarine
production.

triolein tristearin

The purpose of this process is to

A. make the oil safer for human consumption.

B. remove impurities from the oil.
C. raise the melting point of the oil making it a soft solid.
D. lower the boiling point of the oil making it a soft solid.

QUESTION 30 The compound shown below is a

OH

CH3 CH CH CH3

CH3

A. carboxylic acid.
B. primary alcohol.
C. secondary alcohol.
D. tertiary alcohol.
 9

SECTION B
(130 marks)

Write your answers to the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

QUESTION 31 (Total – 12 marks)

. The table below shows the electron configuration of the atoms chlorine (Cl), neon (Ne), and
sodium (Na).

Atom Electron arrangement

Cl 2, 8, 7
Ne 2, 8
Na 2, 8, 1

1. Chlorine exists as discrete molecules each containing two atoms of chlorine.

Draw a Lewis diagram to show the distribution of electrons in a chlorine molecule.

(2 marks)
2. Name the

(a) shape of the chlorine molecule (1 mark)

(b) type of bonding within the chlorine molecule. (1 mark)

3. (a) Is the chlorine molecule polar or non-polar?

(1 mark)
(b) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above.

(1 mark)

4. Using your knowledge of intramolecular and intermolecular forces, explain why the chlorine
molecule is stable but has a very low boiling point.

(2 marks)
 10

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and water (H 2O) have similar molecular structures but very different boiling
points. Hydrogen sulfide has a higher molar mass than water, yet at room temperature, water is a
liquid while hydrogen sulfide is a gas. Some scientists have suggested that this is due to water
having hydrogen bonding while hydrogen sulfide does not have hydrogen bonding.

5. Draw a well-labelled diagram to show hydrogen bonding in water.

(2 marks)

6. Explain why hydrogen bonding makes a difference in the boiling points of H2O and H2S.

(2 marks)
 11

QUESTION 32 (Total marks – 25)

1. Oxalic acid is a toxic substance used by laundries to remove rust stains. Its composition is
26.7% carbon, 2.2% hydrogen and 71.1% oxygen by mass. Its molar mass is 90 g mol-1.
[Given: M(C) = 12 g mol-1, M(O) = 16 g mol-1 and M(H) = 1 g mol-1]

(a) Determine the empirical formula of oxalic acid.

(3 marks)
(b) Determine its molecular formula.

(2 marks)

2. Calcium phosphate has the formula Ca3(PO4)2. Calculate the percentage of calcium in
calcium phosphate.
[Given: M(Ca) = 40.1 g mol-1, M(P) = 31 g mol-1, M(O) = 16 g mol-1]

(4 marks)

3. A student prepares a standard solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) to use in a

titration against a solution of hydrochloric acid of unknown concentration. The student has a
250mL volumetric flask and requires a solution of 0.1 molL -1 of sodium hydrogen carbonate.
[M (NaHCO3) = 84 g mol-1]

(a) Express 0.1 molL-1 of sodium hydrogen carbonate in g L-1.

(1 mark)

(b) What mass of sodium hydrogen carbonate would the student add to the 250mL
volumetric flask to make a solution of concentration 0.1 mol L-1?

(2 marks)
 12

4. An acid-base titration was performed to determine the concentration of dilute hydrochloric

acid in a solution of unknown concentration. The 0.1 molL -1 standard solution of sodium
hydrogen carbonate prepared in (1) above and the indicator methyl orange were used. For
each of the 25.0 mL aliquots of sodium hydrogen carbonate, the titre values recorded are
shown in the table below.

Titre number 1 2 3 4 5
Titre (mL) 15.8 15.1 15.0 15.1 15.1

(a) What colour change would the student see at the end point?

(1 mark)
(b) Name the apparatus used to measure the aliquots of sodium hydrogen carbonate?

(1 mark)
(c) Describe how the apparatus used to measure the aliquots could be cleaned.

(2 marks)
(d) Describe how the burette would be washed during the experiment?

(2 marks)
The equation which represents the reaction is given below:
HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) H2O(l) + NaCl(aq) + CO 2(g)

(e) What do the following subscripts represent?

(i) (aq)

(ii) (l)

(iii) (g)
(3 marks)
(f) Calculate the concentration of the dilute acid solution. Round your answer to 3 decimal places.

(4 marks)
 13

QUESTION 33 (Total marks – 15)

The table below shows some features of some of the elements of the third period of the periodic table.

Element Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine

Appearance silvery silvery metal silvery metal silvery grey solid yellow green gas
metal solid solid
Electronic
configuration 2, 8, 1 2, 8, 3 2, 8, 4 2, 8, 5 2, 8, 7

Oxide MgO SiO2 P4O10 SO3 Cl2O 7

Bonding and Ionic Ionic lattice Continuous Covalent Covalent

structure of oxide lattice covalent molecular molecular
Nature of oxide basic basic acidic acidic acidic

Chloride MgCl2 Al2Cl6 SiCl4 SCl2 Cl2

Boiling point of
chloride (oC) 1465 1418 423 57 74 59 -35

State at 20oC solid solid solid liquid liquid liquid gas

1. Complete the above table by filling in the 10 empty boxes.

(5 marks)

2. Explain why the boiling points of the chlorides on the right of aluminium are dramatically
less than those chlorides to the left of aluminium.

(2 marks)

3. Complete and balance the equation representing the reaction of sulfur trioxide with water.

SO 3(g) + H2O(l)
(1mark)

4. Complete and balance the equation representing the reaction of magnesium oxide with
water.

MgO(s) + H2O(l)
(1 mark)
 14

5. Describe a simple chemical test to distinguish between solutions containing aluminium ions
and iron (III) ions.
Test

Result with Al3+ ions

Result with Fe3+ ions

(3 marks)

6. Cobalt chloride paper can be used to test for the presence of water.
What is the colour change of dry cobalt chloride paper in the presence of water?

(1 mark)

7. Name one product and one observation for the following reaction.
A drop of silver nitrate solution is added to a solution of sodium chloride.

Name of a product

Observation

(2 marks)
 15

QUESTION 34 (Total marks – 21)

The diagram below represents the energy profile for the reaction

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

Energy content
(kJ/mol)
606

N 2(g) + 3H2(g)
0

-92 NH3(g)

Progress of reaction

Use the information on the graph to answer the following questions.

1. What is the enthalpy, ∆H, of this reaction?

(1 mark)
2. What is the activation energy of the reaction?

(1 mark)
3. Is this reaction exothermic or endothermic?

(1 mark)

4. If a catalyst was added to the reaction, this graph would change. On the same set of
axes, sketch a new profile to show this change.

(2 marks)
 16

5. Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain how the following changes would affect the
position of equilibrium in the reaction given on page 15.

(a) Increasing the temperature

(2 marks)
(b) Decreasing the pressure

(2 marks)

(c) Decreasing the concentration of ammonia gas

(2 marks)

6. Given the following information:

2Hg(l) + Cl2(g) Hg2Cl2(s) ∆H = -265 kJ mol-1

Hg(l) + Cl2(g) HgCl2(s) ∆H = -224 kJ mol-1

By rearranging and combining the equations above, calculate the enthalpy change for the
reaction below:

Hg2Cl2(s) + Cl2(g) 2HgCl2(s) ∆H = ?

(3 marks)
 17

7. The two equations below represent two different acids reacting with water. Both reactions
are exothermic.

CH3COOH(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + CH2COO-(aq) I

Ethanoic acid

HCl(g) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) II

Hydrochloric acid

(a) In which reaction would the resulting solutions have the highest pH?

(1 mark)
(b) Which is the strongest acid used in the reactions above?

(1 mark)
(c) What will the pH of the hydrochloric acid solution be if the concentration
of the hydronium ion (H3O+) is 1 x 10-3 mol L-1?

(1 mark)
(d) If the pH of the ethanoic acid solution is 5, what will be the pOH?

(1 mark)

8 A plumber uses ethanoic acid solution to dissolve calcium carbonate that has built up in
water pipes in a solar water heater. He finds that it takes a long time for the carbonate to
react with the acid. Describe three actions the plumber could do to speed up the process.

Action1:

Action 2:

Action 3:

(3 marks)
 18

QUESTION 35 (Total 17 marks)

Electrolysis of a molten salt is a method of extracting active metals from their halides.
The diagram below represents part of the apparatus used in the electrolysis of molten salt NaCl in
which two carbon electrodes, A and B, connected to a power supply are placed within molten
sodium chloride in a crucible.
+ -

NaCl (molten)
A B

1. Identify the electrodes as either the cathode or anode.

(a) Electrode A

(b) Electrode B
(2 marks)
2. Write a balanced half-equation that represents the reaction at the cathode.

(2 mark)
3. Write a balanced half-equation that represents the reaction at the anode

(2 marks)
4. Add the two half-equations to complete an equation that represents the entire process.

(2 mark)
5. Name the gaseous product in this reaction.

(1 marks)

6. Name the molten product of the reaction.

(1 mark)

7. Explain why the salt needs to be molten in this process.

(2 marks)
 19

The equation below shows the change that occurs in the crystals of potassium dichromate in a
breathalyser test used by police.

Cr 2O72-(aq) Cr 3+(aq)

8. Calculate the oxidation state of chromium in the dichromate ion, Cr 2O 72-.

(1 mark)
9. What is the oxidation state of chromium in the chromic ion, Cr3+ ?

(1 mark)
10. Describe the colour changes seen.

(1 mark)
11. Write a balanced half equation to represent the reduction reaction.

(2 marks)
 20

QUESTION 36 (Total marks 21)

Citral is a constituent of oil lemon grass. It has the following structural formula.

CH3
O
CH3 C CHCH2CH2C CHC
H
CH3

1. (a) Name the circled functional group.

(1 mark)
(b) Describe a test you would carry out to show this functional group is present in the
compound.
Give the observation that confirms the presence of the functional group.
Test:

Observation:

_________________________________________________________________
(3 marks)
2. (a) Circle and name the other functional group present in the molecule.

(2 marks)
(b) Describe a test you would carry out to show the presence of this functional group.
Give the observation that confirms the presence of the functional group.
Test:

Observation:

_________________________________________________________________
(3 marks)

3. (a) Draw the structural formula of a structural isomer of pentane.

(1 mark)
(b) Name the compound you have drawn.

(1 mark)
 21
4. (a) The molecular formula of 2-methyl-2-butanol is C 5H12O. Draw its structural
formula.

(1 mark)

(b) Is 2-methyl-2-butanol a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol?

(1 mark)
(c) Fully describe a test that could be used to distinguish between a primary and tertiary
alcohol.

(3 marks)
5. Esters are compounds that form the fragrances and flavours of fruits and flowers. 3-methyl-
2-butanol can be used in the preparation of 3-methyl butyl ethanoate. Which carboxylic acid
would be used in the reaction?

(1 mark)
6. Esters are made in the laboratory by refluxing a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the
presence of a catalyst. The diagram below represents some of the apparatus used for this
procedure. Write the names of the apparatus in the boxes.

(2 marks)

7. Why is reflux necessary?

(2 marks)
 22

QUESTION 37 (Total marks 19)

Linseed oil is a major component of the oil mixture that is used to produce margarine. One of the
major fatty acids in linseed oil is linolenic acid. Its structure is shown below.

1. Draw the structural formula of the molecule of oil formed exclusively from linolenic acid
and glycerol.

(2 marks)

2. Write the molecular formula for linolenic acid.

(1 mark)
3. Name the reagent and describe the reaction conditions required to convert oil such as linseed
oil into margarine?

(3 marks)
4. What is the name of this process?

(1 mark)
 23
5. Margarine is a substitute for butter. Compare the triglycerides in margarine with those in
butter in terms of:

(a) chain length

(1 mark)
(b) degree of unsaturation

(1 mark)

6. Glucose is a chemical that exists in two forms: cyclic and linear. The cyclic form is
shown below.

(a) Draw the structure of the linear form in the space given above..

(1 mark)

(b) Name and circle the functional group found in the linear form but not in the cyclic
form.
Name
(2 marks)
(c) When glucose molecules are linked to form large molecules, they can be written in
shorthand form, where G represents Glucose.
-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-G-

Is the linear version of the polysaccharide shown soluble or insoluble?

(1 mark)

7. Polyvinyl chloride, PVC, is a polymer manufactured from ethane.

(a) Give two examples of the use of PVC.

(i)
(ii)
(2 marks)
 24

(b). Outline the manufacture of PVC by completing the following questions.

(i) HCl(g) + 1 O2(g) + C2H4 ________ + H2O

2
catalyst
(1 mark)
(ii) n[C2H3Cl] ________
initiator
(1 mark)

(c ) Describe two environmental problems caused by PVC.

(2 marks)
 25
Candidate Code

ANSWER SHEET

Remember you are to write the letter of the correct answer only.

1. 16.
SECTION B
2. 17. (Markers Only)
3. 18.

4. 19.
Q 31 12
5. 20.

6. 21. Q 32 25

7. 22.
Q 33 15
8. 23.

9. 24.
Q 34 21
10. 25.

11. 26. Q 35 17
12. 27.

13. 28. Q 36 21

14. 29.
Q 37 19
15. 30.

SECTION A SECTION B TOTAL

30 130 160