DRW01
Lettering and Sketching
with Geometrical
Construction and
Orthographic Design
JU LIU S P ERIE I. MA G CAWA S, MIT
[email protected][email protected] OVERVIEW
Hand lettering is the process of artfully drawing letters, and by the help of this
module it will guide you to the proper way of writing letters that is very essential in
technical courses. This module is consists of learning proper way of lettering and
sketching using drawing tools and freehand sketching. It also introduce the drawing
materials that is used in engineering drawing, lay-outing, sketching, etc.
OBJECTIVES
1. Apply and use different drawing tools
2. Create freehand sketches using the correct sketching techniques
3. Sketch parallel, perpendicular and evenly spaced lines
4. Use techniques to keep you sketch proportionate
5. Learning the basic strokes of upper case and lower case characters
6. Use standard sizes for drawing sheets
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MODULE 1
Lettering and
Sketching
Drawing Tools
Single-Stroke Upper Case Letters & Numerals
Single-Stroke Lower Case Letters & Numerals
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Many drawing tools are used for drawing, drafting and design. Drawing tools may be
used for measurement and layout of drawing. They include pens, pencils, rulers,
compasses, protractors and other drawing utilities.
A T-square is a tool used in technical drawing, primarily
as a guide for drawing straight horizontal lines on a
drafting table. It can also be used in conjunction with a set
square to draw vertical and angled lines. Its name is
derived from its resemblance to the letter ‘T’.
Triangles/Set squares are used to draw lines with an
angle between them. In most of the structures, 30, 45, 60
and 90-degree lines are most common. So, set squares
make the work easier for this type of drawings.
Generally, set squares are of two types. One is 45 degree
set square and another one is called as 30 – 60 degree set
square. Both are required in the drawing.
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When the drawing sheet is placed on the board it may not
be in fixed position. To fix the drawing sheet to the board
paper holders are used.
Generally used paper holders are thumb pins, spring clips,
stick tapes etc. Care should be taken while removing the
clips or tapes otherwise the sheet may tore.
A sandpaper block is a small wooden paddle with strips
of sandpaper stapled to one side. It is used to sharpen pencils,
charcoal or pastels, or to clean drawing tools, and can be an
essential item for an experienced or developing artist.
Pencil is used to draw on the paper. Any type of pencil is
not suitable for drawing. There are some limitations, the
drawing appearance should be very neat and
understandable.
Every line of the drawing should indicate its importance.
It depends upon the hardness of pencil.
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Different Classifications and Types of Pencils
As a relatively old tool for writing, pencil developed in time and different types of pencils
were invented for different uses.
•Graphite pencils - standard everyday pencils with a core of clay and graphite of clay and
graphite and a casing of wood. They have many levels of darkness, which are achieved
with different ratios of graphite and clay, and variety of uses.
•Solid graphite pencils - (or woodless pencils) similar to standard graphite pencils but
without wood casing. They are used for drawing, allow for covering of large areas and also
have many levels of darkness.
Charcoal pencils - pencils shaped like sticks and made of charcoal and used in art. They are
black (and darker that graphite pencils) but there are also sepia toned and white.
Carbon pencils - pencils made of a mixture of clay and lamp black (a black pigment). Their
darkness changes with mixing with charcoal or graphite. They are still darker than pencils
but smoother than charcoal pencils.
Colored pencils, or pencil crayons - pencils with wax-based cores that have pigments
mixed in them with additives, and binding agents. Core is wooden as with standard
graphite pencils. They are used in fine art but also by children because they are easy to use
and don’t leave mess.
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Grease pencils - pencil made of wax core and, most often, with paper casing. Some rarer
grease pencils have wooden casing. They can write on almost every surface and it rarely
scratches the surface it is used on.
Watercolor pencils - a subtype of colored pencils. They are made of a material whose mark
can be dissolved in water. They are used with standard watercolors to leave sharp lines
between colors and to make gradients when dissolved with water.
Carpenter's pencils - pencils made of strong graphite and in an oval body. They are
designed to be durable, not to break easily and not to roll off the desk.
Copying pencils , or indelible pencils - pencils whose core has dye that can write as a
normal pencil. But, when water is added to the mark that is left on the paper it dissolves
and can be copied to the other paper by pressing. They were popular in 19th century.
Erasable color pencils - like their name says: color pencils that can be erased (unlike wax-
based colored pencils). They are used for sketching and in animation.
Non-reproducing , or “non-photo blue pencils” - pencil that cannot be copied by
photocopying machines. Today it is used for drawing the sketches that will later be scanned
and when turned to grayscale - blue from the pencil will disappear.
Stenographer's pencil - very reliable pencil with lead that is break proof.
Golf pencil - short standard pencil that is used for marking the score in golf.
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Mechanical pencils - pencils which use mechanism to push lead through a hole at the end.
They use special leads that have precise diameter for the pencil they use, and can be of
different darkness like standard graphite pencils can. They are used for writing and
technical drawing.
Pop a Point Pencils - pencils that have many short pencil tips housed in a cartridge-style
plastic holder. They are not sharpened but when one piece is dull it is removed from the
front and pushed in the rear of the pencil, pushing all the pieces and the new, sharp one
appears at the front.
Plastic pencils - invented by Harold Grossman in late 1960s. They are made by co-
extrusion of plasticized graphite mix and wood-composite core made of ABS plastic, wood
flour, and aluminum stearate. They are flexible and can be bended without breaking.
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Compass is used to draw an arc or circle with known dimensions on
engineering drawing. It is generally made of steel and consists two legs.
One leg contains needle at the bottom and other leg contains a ring in
which a pencil is placed. The needle tip is placed at the respected point and
pencil tip is adjusted to the height at least 1mm just above the tip of the
needle. The gap is nothing but the paper thickness.
Eraser is used to remove the lines or spots which drawn by mistake
or with wrong measurements. The eraser used should be of good
quality and soft. It should not damage the paper while erasing.
An eraser shield is a thin sheet of stainless steel or plastic with slots
and holes of different shapes. They are designed to allow erasers to
be used through them to erase lines and text without removing lines
close by which do not need to be (or should not be) erased.
Templates are nothing but plastic or wooden boards which
contains spaces of several shapes or letters. Non-dimensional
shapes or variety font letters are drawn by using templates which
makes drawing easier and perfect.
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This produces smooth, seamless color—and zero pencil strokes.
Your individual layers of color are so thin and transparent that
you can achieve delicate gradations in color and value that are
nearly impossible in any other way.
A pencil sharpener (also referred to as pencil pointer or in
Ireland as a parer or topper) is a tool for sharpening a pencil's
writing point by shaving away its worn surface.
Drawing sheet is a white paper on which an object is drawn
which is available in various sizes. The sheet used for
engineering should be of good quality. It should be white in
color with uniform thickness with must resist the easy torn of
paper. The surface of sheet must be smooth.
Mini drafter is an instrument which can be used
for multiple functions in drawing. It contains two
arms which is adjustable to required angle and at
the end of the lower arm a scale set is attached.
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Drawing board is generally made of soft wood and it is
in rectangular shape. It is used to support drawing sheet,
so, the size of board is made according the size of the
drawing sheet.
Protractor is used to draw and measure the angles of
lines in the drawing. It is transparent and made of
plastic. It is in the shape of semi-circle, and the edge
of semi-circle part consists reading with one-degree
accuracy.
French curves are made of plastic and they are in
irregular shapes. Sometimes the drawing requires
irregular curves or shapes or arcs which cannot be
drawn using compass. In that case French curves are
suitable.
Watch video for the introduction on drawing equipment and set-up:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TiK-wLCTOas
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Free Hand Sketching is used to transfer the idea of an engineer’s abstract world to
the real world in 2D and 3D. It is used for daily communication in the engineering world
as drawing is the international language of engineering. Free hand drawing is also used
to quickly present an idea in a graphical form to non-technical peoples.
Free Hand Sketching is such a drawing which is drawn without measuring instruments.
This drawing is drawn with the help of pencil and eraser only. Such drawing is drawn
before every type of actual drawing because it takes less time. After doing such
drawing, it is pondered over, and necessary alterations are made in it if needed. Then
the actual drawing is prepared.
Free-Hand Sketching Instrumentss
1. Soft Lead Pencil.
2. Eraser.
3. Sharpener.
4. Drawing Sheet.
5. Graph Sheet.
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Importance of Free Hand Sketching.
Free hand drawing has much importance in practical works because a draftsman has to
check the drawings of every object from the engineer.
At the checking of complete drawing, much time is wasted on the alterations, if needed.
Since less time is needed for free hand drawing, therefore, initially such drawing should
be depended upon.
Principles of Free Hand Sketching.
Following principles should be followed for free hand sketching:
1. The object should be seen thoroughly and pondered over its objectives and concepts.
2. More detailed aspect is considered for selection of a view.
3. Space is specified on a drawing sheet according to the sizes of views.
4. Firstly, the dim lines are drawn so that extra lines may be erased easily.
5. Scale and ruler are not used in drawing, although, ratio and proportion of different
parts of an object are considered.
6. Firstly, horizontal lines are drawn then vertical lines are drawn, and arcs and circles
are drawn lastly.
7. After completing the diagram, a clear scale is written in some suitable manner.
Watch the video below to understand Free-Hand Sketching more Clearly.
https://youtu.be/f__2xisowfg
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Sketching of Lines in Free Hand Drawing.
1. Sketching of Straight Lines.
The line is the most important part of free hand drawing as sketching is done by
different lines.
Straight lines can be divided into different lines such as oblique, horizontal, and
vertical lines.
Drawing straight lines for the first time is a difficult task. Mostly result in curved and
arcs.
This happens due to the forearm when remaining in the fixed position.
So, when drawing the straight lines, moving your forearm is important. Basically,
when drawing horizontal straight lines.
The distance between your hand and pencil tip should be 40 mm minimum, and your
hand should rest on the edge of the paper.
Straight lines are drawn with the thumb and index fingers.
The most important part of sketching straight lines is that your movement should be in
a controlled manner.
You can also draw oblique lines by just changing the position of your arm.
The easiest way to draw long straight lines is by sketching short lines and then
connecting it with one another.
By doing this, there will be little to no chances of errors.
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A. Sketching of Vertical Lines.
A vertical line is drawn from the top to the bottom of the drawing sheet.
It takes a lot of practice to draw vertical lines.
However, you can draw vertical lines using the edge of a paper as a guide and your
hand as a scale. (as shown in below figure).
Sketching of Horizontal Lines.
When sketching horizontal lines, your hand and forearm should turn at the elbow, and
the edge of your hand should slide horizontally on the paper.
When drawing a horizontal line, you should first try drawing a line in the air to see
how the line goes.
Then apply a little pressure on the pencil tip and draw a horizontal line lightly.
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Sketching of Oblique Lines.
The oblique lines are drawn from the one corner of the page to the other diagonally.
Usually, the right-handed people draw sloping or oblique lines from the bottom left
to the top right of the paper.
However, the sketching can be made much easier by just rotating the paper into a
position where you are going to draw an oblique line.
B. Sketching of Rectangles.
A rectangle is a common shape in technical drawings. To draw rectangles via free
hand sketching different techniques are used.
They can be drawn in several ways, but the easiest way to draw a rectangle is by
drawing vertical or horizontal lines and rotating the paper at 90 degrees angle.
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Sketching of Curved Lines.
Curved lines in the drawing can be arcs, circles, etc.
To draw a circle, first of all, you should draw a center line and mark it with radii.
Shape the radii points into a box, inside in which you can draw a circle.
First of all, sketch the top-left part of the circle (rotate the pencil in an anti-
clockwise direction) then draw the bottom-right part of the circle (rotate the pencil
in a clockwise direction).
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Activity:
Using the graphing paper type on this module, create a freehand sketch of the following
letters on the template
Note: Using rulers is not allowed.
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Challenge Activity: Use the first direction to execute this pattern
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REFERENCES
The Constructor.(n.d.). Instruments Used in Engineering Drawing -its Uses and
Importance. Retrieve August 10, 2020, from
https://theconstructor.org/construction/instruments-engineering-drawing/20067/
Technical drawing instruments. (n.d.). Staedtler. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from
https://www.staedtler.com/intl/en/products/technical-drawing-instruments/
History of Pencil. (n.d.). Drawing Tools. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from
http://www.historyofpencils.com/drawing-tools/
Engineering Drawing. 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2020, From
https://www.slideshare.net/PriodeepChowdhury/lesson-1-intro-to-drawing
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