Chapter Two

Viscous Flow
• This chapter deals with real fluids, i.e. the effect of viscosity will be taken into
account. Viscosity is the fluid property that causes shear stress.
• The assumption of incompressible flow (=const) one dimension (w=0,v=0, u0),
laminar flow and steady flow will be held.

Entrance Length (LE)

The portion of duct through which, the axial velocity is not constant, but it is
developing. After this length the flow is called fully developed.

For pipe flow:

LE
= 0.065 Re for laminar flow
D

LE 1
= 4.4 Re 6 for turbulent flow
D

Re<2300 Laminar flow

Re>2300 Turbulent flow
Re: 2000 ̶ 4000 Transition flow
V D
Re =

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Laminar flow between Parallel plates
Assumption:
- Steady flow
- Upper plate moving with velocity U
- Lower plate fixed
- Downward flow

 l  y sin 

h
sin  = −
l

l
h


p 
p y − ( p +  l ) y −  l + ( +  y ) l +  l  y sin  = 0
l y
h
Substituting for sin  = − yields:
l
p  h
−  l y +  y  l −  l  y =0
l y l

 p  y  l
 y  l =  l  y +  y  h
y l

 p h 
= + = (p +  h)
y l l l
 d 
u is a function of y only =
y dy
( p +  h ) does not change with y (no acceleration) then :

 d
(p +  h) = (p +  h)
l dl

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 du d d 2u
 = = 2
dy dy dy

d 2u d
 = (p +  h)
dy 2 dl

by integrating w.r.t y
du d
 = y ( p +  h ) +C1
dy dl

integrating again w.r.t y

y2 d
u = ( p +  h ) +C1y +C 2
2 dl

y2 d C C
u = (p +  h) + 1 y + 2
2 dl  

at y=0 u=0 C2 = 0
at y=a u=U
a2 d C
U = (p +  h) + 1 a
2 dl 
U a d
C 1 = − (p +  h)
a 2 dl

y2 d Uy ay d
u= (p +  h) + − (p +  h)
2 dl a 2 dl

Uy 1 d
u= + ( p +  h )( y 2 − ay )
a 2 dl

a Ua 1 d
Q =  udy = − ( p +  h )a 3
0 2 12 dl

20
Ex: For the moving plate shown in Figure below, if =850 kg/m3 , = 0.08 kg/m.s.
Determine the velocity distribution, the discharge and the shear stress exerted on the
upper plate.

21
Laminar flow in circular pipe

Assumptions:

1. Downward flow

2. Fully developed flow

Applying the motion equation in the l-direction with acceleration equal to zero and
sin=- dh/dl
𝑑𝑝 𝑑
2𝜋𝑟𝛿𝑟 𝑝 − (2𝜋𝑟𝛿𝑟 𝑝 + 2𝜋𝑟𝛿𝑟 𝛿𝑙) + 2𝜋𝑟𝛿𝑙 𝜏 − (2𝜋𝑟𝛿𝑙 𝜏 + (2𝜋𝑟𝛿𝑙 𝜏)𝛿𝑟)
𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑟
+ 𝛾 2𝜋𝑟𝛿𝑟𝛿𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0
𝑑ℎ
Put 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = − and simplifying yields to:
𝑑𝑙

𝑑𝑝 𝑑 𝑑ℎ
(−2𝜋𝑟𝛿𝑟 𝛿𝑙) − ( (2𝜋𝑟𝛿𝑙 𝜏)𝛿𝑟) − 𝛾 2𝜋𝑟𝛿𝑟𝛿𝑙 =0
𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑙
Dividing the above equation by the element volume, 2𝜋𝑟𝛿𝑟𝛿𝑙 gives:

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 𝑑𝑝 1 𝑑 𝑑ℎ
− − (𝜏𝑟) − 𝛾 =0
𝑑𝑙 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑙

𝑑 1 𝑑
( (𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ) + (𝜏𝑟) = 0) ∗ 𝑟𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑙 𝑟 𝑑𝑟

𝑑
While (𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ) is not a function of r
𝑑𝑙

𝑑
𝑟𝑑𝑟 (𝑃 + 𝛾ℎ) + 𝑑 (𝜏𝑟) = 0
𝑑𝑙

Integrating w.r.t r :
𝑟2 𝑑
(𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ) + 𝑟 = 𝐶1
2 𝑑𝑙

At r=0 C1=0
𝑟 𝑑
𝜏=− (𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ)
2 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝜏 = −𝜇 since = −𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑟 𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑟
 (− 2 𝑑𝑙
(𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ) = −𝜇
𝑑𝑦
)∗
𝜇

𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑
𝑑𝑢 = (𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ)
2𝜇 𝑑𝑙

𝑟2 𝑑
𝑢 = (𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ) + 𝐶2
4𝜇 𝑑𝑙

At r=a , u=0

𝑎2 𝑑
0= (𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ) + 𝐶2
4𝜇 𝑑𝑙

𝑎2 𝑑
𝐶2 = − (𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ)
4𝜇 𝑑𝑙

𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑
𝑢=( ) (𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ)
4𝜇 𝑑𝑙

To find the position of max velocity:

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𝑑𝑢 2𝑟 − 0 𝑑
=0→ 0=( ) (𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ) → 𝑟 = 0
𝑑𝑟 4𝜇 𝑑𝑙

𝑎2 𝑑
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 =− (𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ)
4𝜇 𝑑𝑙
𝑎
𝑄 = ∫ 𝑢2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
0
𝑎 (𝑟 3
− 𝑟𝑎2 ) 𝑑 2𝜋 𝑑 𝑟 4 𝑟 2 𝑎2
= 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑟 (𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ) = (𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ) ( − ) ↑𝑎0
0 4𝜇 𝑑𝑙 4𝜇 𝑑𝑙 4 2
4
𝜋 𝑑 𝑎
= (𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ) (− )
2𝜇 𝑑𝑙 4

𝜋 𝑎4 𝑑
𝑄=− (𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ)
8𝜇 𝑑𝑙

If a=D/2

𝜋 𝐷4 𝑑
𝑄=− (𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ)
128𝜇 𝑑𝑙
𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑝 ∆𝑝
For horizontal tube 𝜃 = 0, = 0, − =
𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑙 𝐿

∆𝑝𝜋 𝐷4
𝑄= Hagen-Poiseuille equation
128𝜇 𝐿

Solve the above equation for ∆𝑝:

128𝜇 𝐿𝑄
∆𝑝 = (horizontal only)
𝜋 𝐷4

∆𝑝: 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

∆𝑝 𝛼 𝜇, 𝐿, 𝑄
1
∆𝑝 𝛼
𝐷4
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 where V is the average velocity

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 𝑄 ∆𝑝𝜋 𝐷 4
𝑉= =
𝐴 128𝜇 𝐿 𝜋 𝐷 2
4
∆𝑝𝐷2
𝑉= horizontal
32𝜇 𝐿

Example: A liquid is pumped through a 2-cm diameter pipe at a flow rate of 12 L/min.
Calculate the pressure drop in a 10 cm long horizontal section if the liquid is SAE-10 W
oil at 20 co, ʋ=0.510-3 m2/s and ρ=917 kg/m3.

25
Ex: Determine the direction of flow through the tube in Figure in which  = 8000 N/m3
and  = 0.04 Pa.s. Find the volumetric flowrate and calculate Reynolds number for the
flow. P1 =200 kPa
10 mm

5m

30o
P2=300 kPa

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Friction factor in laminar Flow
1 – Flow between parallel plates
- Assume fixed plates (U=0) a ②
- Assume horizontal plates (=0o)
 dp dh
(p +  h) = +
l dl dl
dp p
=−
dl L

Ua 1 d a 3 p
Q= − ( p +  h )a =
3

2 12 dl 12 L

Q =VA =V (a *1) =Va

where V : average velocity

a 3 p
Va =
12 L

12 LV
p = (1)
a2

The head losses is expressed by the equation:

p LV2
= hf = f (2)
 2a 2 g

Eq (1) 12 V L L V 2
= Eq (2) =f
  ga 2 2a 2 g

48 48
f = =
aV Re

f: friction factor
2- Flow in circular pipe
128 LQ
p = (1)
D4
p
LV 2
hf = =f (2) Darcy-weisbach
 D 2g

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Eq(1)
= Eq(2)

128 LQ L V2
= f
 D4  g D 2g

128 LV D2
4 L V2
= f
 D g
4
D 2g
64
= f
 DV
64
f =
Re
Ex: What are the losses per kilogram per meter for the flow of mercury (=0.0015 Pa.s)
through a 0.6 mm diameter tube at Re=1600? Take =13600?

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