* 1.
3 Particles of Matter
1.3.1 The Kinetic Particle Theory
packed very closely/loosely packed closely/loosely Far apart and in a
together and in an orderly together but not in an disorderly/random
arrangement orderly arrangement arrangement
cannot be compressed cannot be compressed can be compressed
held together by strong held together by strong not held together by strong
forces of attraction forces of attraction forces of attraction
vibrate in a fixed position able to move throughout the free to move in any
but cannot move throughout liquid direction
the solid
least (kinetic) energy more (kinetic) energy than most (kinetic)energy
solid
1.4 Changes of State
** 1.4.1 Melting
1. Melting is the process in which a solid changes into a liquid at a fixed temperature
2. Heat energy is absorbed in the process of melting.
1. The temperature at which melting takes place is called the melting point.
2. During melting, the particles of the solid gain heat energy to overcome the strong
forces of attraction between them so that they can move away from their orderly
arrangement to the disorderly arrangement of the liquid state. Therefore, the
melting point is fixed for each solid.
3. Melting point can be used to identify a substance and to test its purity.
For e.g., ice (solid water) has a melting point of 0oC, so a solid that melts at 0oC
is probably water.
4. Figure 1.1 shows how the temperature of a substance changes with time during
the process of melting, when it is steadily heated.
temperature
Mixture of solid
D
and liquid
Liquid
(melting point) 69°C B C
ice point A to point B: solid stearic acid
A point B to point C: mixture of solid and liquid
stearic acid (stearic acid melting)
point C to point D: liquid stearic acid
time from start
Figure 1.1: The melting of stearic acid
1.4.2 Freezing
1. Freezing is a process in which a liquid changes into a solid at a fixed
temperature
2. Heat energy is given out in freezing.
3. The temperature at which a liquid freezes is called the freezing point
4. The freezing point is constant during the freezing process. This is so as
heat energy is given out to the surroundings when the particles of the
liquid slow down to take up the orderly arrangement of the solid state.
5. For all pure substances, the freezing point is the same as the melting point.
6. Figure 1.2 shows the temperature of a substance changes with time during
freezing, when a molten substance is allowed to cool naturally.
Temperature
W liquid
Solid and liquid
(freezing point) 69°C
X Y
solid
Time from start
Figure 1.2 The freezing of stearic acid
**1.4.3 Boiling
1. Boiling is a process in which a liquid changes into a gas at a fixed temperature
2. Heat energy is absorbed in boiling.
3. The temperature at which a liquid boils is called the boiling point.
4. During boiling, the particles take in heat energy to break all forces of
attraction that are holding them together, so that, the particles are able to move
freely and be far apart.
[Note : This is why the gas produced from a boiling liquid completely fills a
room.]
5. The boiling point is also constant during the boiling process.
6. A pure substance has a fixed boiling point only at fixed pressure.
Hence, boiling point can be used to identify a substance and to test its purity.
[Note : The boiling point changes with pressure. If the pressure is decreased,
the boiling point decreases.]
7. Figure 1.3 shows how the temperature of a substance changes with time during
boiling, when it is steadily heated.
Temperature
boiling starts at
point A
74°C
A B
liquid
liquid is boiling between
points A and B
Time from start
Figure 1.3 The boiling of trichloroethane
1.4.4 Evaporation
1. Evaporation is a slow process in which a liquid changes into a gas without
boiling
2. Here, the liquid becomes a vapour.
3. Evaporation occurs below the boiling point of the liquid.
4. Evaporation is different from boiling as it takes place at the surface of the
liquids.
1.4.5 Condensation
1. Condensation is a process in which a gas changes into a liquid.
2. Heat energy is given out in the condensation.
1.4.6 Sublimation
1. Sublimation is a process in which a solid changes into a gas without passing
through the liquid state.
2. A substance sublimes as it does not exist in the liquid state at ordinary
pressure.
3. Examples of such substances : solid carbon dioxide (dry ice), ammonium salts
(ammonium chloride) and iodine, mothballs (naphthalene)
1.4.7 Summary :
Solid
freezing
melting sublimation
boiling/evaporation
Liquid Gas
condensation
