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PETE 628
Lesson 6

Build Curve Design

Petroleum Engineering Department
Texas A&M University

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Outline
  Dogleg severity
  Single radius build curve -
- No tangent section
  Complex tangent build curve -
- Unequal build rates)
  The Ideal build curve
  Tangent section inclination...

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Outline - cont d
  Casing and drilling fluid programs
  Positive displacement mud motors
(PDM s)
  Bit side forces - change in trajectory

READ: to page 46 in the TEXTBOOK

HW #3 - Max. Tool Length - due 02-10-04

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Dogleg
Angle

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Dogleg Angle
  Total
(3D) change in hole angle
between two survey points in a
borehole:

−1 2⎛ Δ I ⎞ 2 ⎛ Δ A ⎞
β = 2 sin sin ⎜ ⎟ + sin ⎜ ⎟ sinI1 sinI2
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

β  = dogleg angle
Ref. API Bulletin D20
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Dogleg Angle... 1

  Example: 2

Point 1 Point 2 Change

o o o
I1 = 20 I2 = 30 ΔI = 10
o o o
A1 = 70 A2 = 130 ΔA = 60

MD1 = 10,200 MD2 = 10,350 ΔMD = 150

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Calculation of DL Angle

−1 ⎛ Δ I ⎞
2 2 ⎛ Δ A ⎞
β = 2 sin sin ⎜ ⎟ + sin ⎜ ⎟ sinI1 sinI2
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

−1 2⎛ 10 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 60 ⎞
β = 2 sin sin ⎜ ⎟ + sin ⎜ ⎟ sin 20 sin 30
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

−1
β = 2 sin (0.2244) = 25.93 deg

β = dogleg angle
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Dogleg Severity, δ

  Dogleg severity,



δ = β (100/ΔMD) = 25.93 (100/150)

= 17.29 deg/100 ft

( The dogleg severity is the dogleg angle

over a measured depth of 100 ft )

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Dogleg Severity - cont d

  In
general, ⎛ 100 ⎞
δ = β ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ΔMD ⎠
the dogleg severity,

⎛ 200 ⎞ 2 ⎛ Δ I ⎞ 2 ⎛ Δ A ⎞
δ = ⎜ ⎟ a sin sin ⎜ ⎟ + sin ⎜ ⎟ sinI1 sinI2
⎝ ΔMD ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

⎧⎪ −1 2 ⎛ Δ I ⎞ 2 ⎛ Δ A ⎞
⎫⎪
⎨ β = 2 sin sin ⎜ ⎟ + sin ⎜ ⎟ sin I1 sin I2 ⎬
⎪⎩ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎪⎭
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Single Radius Build Curve

  Problem: Where should the KOP

be located if the TVD at EOC is 10,000
ft, and there is no tangent section ?

BUR = 15 deg./100 ft
o
Hole angle at start of build = 5
o
Hole angle at end of build = 92
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Single Radius Build Curve, cont d

R
I1

I2

ΔT I1 R

I2

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Single Radius Build Curve - cont d

  R = 18,000/(π BUR) = 382 ft (BUR = 15)

  ΔT = R (sin I2 - sin I1)

  TKOP = Tb - ΔT
= 10,000 - 382 (sin 92 - sin 5)

TKOP = 9,652 ft
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Complex Tangent Build Curve
  Problem: Determine the depth of
the kickoff point for a complex tangent
build curve if:

  Depth of target = 9,200 ft

  First BUR = 15 deg/100 ft
  Second BUR = 12 deg/100 ft
  Tangent angle = 45 deg.
  Length of tangent = 120 ft
  I1 = 0 deg; I2 = 90 deg
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Complex Tangent Build Curve,
cont d

R1
KOP

R2
Ltan

45

EOC

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Complex Tangent Build Curve,
cont d

R1
o
0

R2
Ltan

90o
EOC

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Complex Build Curve - Solution

  R1 = 18,000/(π BUR1) = 18,000/15 π = 382 ft

  R2 = 18,000/(π BUR2) = 18,000/12 π = 477 ft
  First build section,
ΔTB1 = R1 (sin I2 - sin I1)
= 382 (sin 45 - sin 0 ) = 270 ft
  Tangent section,
ΔTtan = L cos I = 120 cos 45 = 85 ft

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Complex Curve - Solution -
cont d
  Second build section,
ΔTB2 = R2 (sin I2 - sin I1)
= 477 (sin 90 - sin 45) = 140 ft

  TKOP = TVD - ΔTB1 - ΔTtan - ΔTB2

= 9,200 - 270 - 85 - 140

TKOP = 8,705 ft

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Complex Tangent Build Curve,
cont d

8,705
R1 = 382
o
0
270 R2= 477
Ltan
85

90o
EOC
140
Depth of target = 9,200 ft 18
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The Ideal Build Curve

R1

R2

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The Ideal Build Curve - cont d

  First build section

  Design for maximum build rate based on
probable range
  Determine ACTUAL build rate

  Second build Section

  Reduce build rate as needed to hit target
by changing tool face angle

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Tool Face Angle (γ)

γ=0
  Example:
o
  20 build motor

  When tool face angle

is zero,
  Angle build rate
= 20 deg./100 ft
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Tool Face Angle - cont d

γ = -30 γ = 30
  Whentool face
angle = + 30 deg.

  Angle
build rate
= 20 cos 30
= 17.3 deg/100 ft

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Optimum Tangent Angle

BUR Max BUR Min (Tb - Tt )

Itan = sin-1 [sin If - ]
K1 (BUR Max - BUR Min )

where K1 = 18,000/π
for BUR in deg/100 ft

REF: TEXT p.26

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Opt. Tangent Angle - cont d

  Itan = inclination of tangent, deg.

  If = final well inclination, deg.
  BURMax = maximum expected BUR
  BURMin = minimum expected BUR
  Tb = base of target
  Tt = top of target

  NOTE: K1 = 1,719 if BUR deg./30 m

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Target TVD at EOC

Ttgt = Tt + K1 1 - 1 sin If - sin Itan

BURExp BURMax

where,
  Ttgt = target TVD at EOC
  BURExp = expected or planned BUR

REF: TEXT p.26

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Tangent Section - Example
  Assumptions:
If = 86 deg.
BURMax = 12 deg./100 ft
BURMin = 10 deg./100 ft
BURExp = 11 deg./100 ft
K1 = 18,000/ π = 5,729.58
Base of target at TVD, Tb = 10,020 ft
Top of target at TVD, Tt = 10,000 ft
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Optimum Tangent Angle

BUR Max BUR Min (Tb - Tt )
Itan = sin-1 [sin If - ]
K1 (BUR Max - BUR Min )

12 * 10 (10,020 - 10,000)
Itan = sin [sin 86 -
-1
]
5,730 (12 - 10)

Inclination of tangent section,

Itan = 52.01 deg.

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Target TVD at EOC

Ttgt = Tt + K1 1 - 1 sin If - sin Itan
BURExp BURMax

Ttgt = 10,000 +5,730 1 - 1 sin 86 - sin 52.01

11 12

Ttgt = 10,009.09 ft
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Basic horizontal well

casing programs

  No intermediate casing
  Intermediate casing to KOP
  Intermediate casing to EOC

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No Intermediate Casing

245 mm Bakken Shale

SALTS
North Dakota

14o/30 m TVD - 3,250 m

90o
Lateral - 762 m
140 mm
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Intermediate Casing to KOP

245 mm Swan Hills

Sloughing Shale Alberta
Lost Circulation
Differential Sticking
o Jean Marie
18 /30 m
178 mm
N.E. B.C.
114 mm
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Intermediate Casing to EOC

273 Alberta
mm
- Deep Basin
Sloughing Shales

20o/30 m
TVD - 2,780 m
90o
Lateral - 275 m
114 mm
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Casing and Drilling Fluid
Program

9 5/8 Bakken Oil Well

Flowing
Use weighted
Salt Zones
invert oil mud
(oil is continuous phase)

14o/100 ft
5 1/2 Casing cemented
up from EOC
Pf = 0.62 psi/ft 33
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Casing and Drilling Fluid
Program
10 3/4
Cadomin Gas Well
Sloughing Shales Use weighted invert
Overpressured gas
mud to csg. point.

20o/100 ft

7 5/8 KCl-Water-Polymer
mud in horizontal
0.35 psi/ft 4 1/2
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Csg. and drilling fluid program -
cont d
  Bakken oil well - N. Dakota
  Lateralhole = 3,000 ft
  Production casing cemented up from EOC
through a stage collar

  Cadomin gas well - Alberta

  No cemented liner
  Two stage cement job on intermediate
casing

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Marker Beds

  Some marker beds will be continuous to

a control well, and some will be
discontinuous.
  The continuous marker may change
depth relative to the target.
  Markers with isopachs constant to the
zone are the most desirable ...

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marker beds.
Horizontal
Horizontal Vertical
Well
Well Control Well

SHALE MARKER
(continuous)

COAL - (discontinuous)

TARGET
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Marker bed dip angle
is unequal to target dip angle

Horizontal t1 = t2 Vertical
Horizontal
Well
Well Itarget = Imarker Control Well
SHALE MARKER

t2
t1

TARGET
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Faults in uphole marker beds

Horizontal
Horizontal Vertical
Well
Well Control Well
C C

A A
tAM tAM ≠ tAV tAV

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Discontinuous reservoirs
LATERAL
VARIATION

VERTICAL
VARIATION

FAULTS

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Target Zone is at Expected TVD

BUR = 5o/100 ft
BUR =
20o/100 ft

TARGET ZONE

EOC AT 90o
TOP OF TARGET ZONE (from samples)
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Target Zone at Lower TVD
due to Formation Dip

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Cross Section of Mud Motors
showing different Lobe Patterns

STATOR

ROTOR
High Speed - Low Torque Motors
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Cross Section of Mud Motors
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showing different Lobe Patterns

HIGH TORQUE - LOW SPEED MOTORS

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DUMP

STATOR
VALVE Conventional
single-lobe
UNIVERSIAL ROTOR downhole
JOINT
SHAFT Mud Motor
THRUST
and
RADIAL
BEARINGS
DRIVE SHAFT
BIT
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Medium Radius
Angle Build Assembly
NON-MAGNETIC DRILL COLLAR
MOTOR
CONNEC.-ROD HOUSING
3.2
BENT BEARING ASSEMBLY
SUB 6.3

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BENT
Combined
SUB Effect of
θ1 = 1.5o
Bent Sub
and Bent
Motor
BENT
MOTOR θ2 = 2.5o
θ = θ1 + θ2 = 4.0o

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Bending Stresses at Kickoff

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Bending stresses at equilibrium

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Lateral forces on bit
from kickoff to equilibrium
FORCE ON BIT
1,000 s of lbf

FEET DRILLED (MD) 50

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Kickoff in a soft
homogeneous formation

R1
High Initial
Dogleg
BUR >> BUREXP
BUREXP & REXP

Bottomhole Assembly will reduce Curvature

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Kickoff in a soft formation
underlying a hard formation

High Dogleg
Very Hard and Contact Point
Siltstone

Very Soft Sloughing

Coal

Bottomhole Assembly will NOT wipe out Dogleg 52

ATM
Bit shank
wear in
Shank
abrasive
formation
Slow Bit
Shank Wear
Recipro.

Bit Cone Bit Contact Force

Gauge Abrasive, Hard
Cutting Formation
Structure

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Dogleg Angle Equations

−1 ⎛ Δ I ⎞
2 2 ⎛ Δ A ⎞
β = 2 sin sin ⎜ ⎟ + sin ⎜ ⎟ sinI1 sinI2
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

β = cos−1[(cos(I2 − I1 ) − sin I1 sinI2 (1 − cos( A 2 − A1 ))]

β = cos−1[cos(A 2 − A1 )sin I1 sinI2 + cosI1 cosI2 ]

−1 ⎛ I2 − I1 ⎞
2 2 ⎛ A 2 − A 1 ⎞ 2 ⎛ I1 + I2 ⎞
β = 2 sin sin ⎜ ⎟ + sin ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
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