Short answer type questions: (3 marks
1. ‘Investment in human resource yields a return just like an investment in
physical capital’ Explain
Ans . 'Human as Resource' is a way of referring to a country’s working people in terms of their
existing productive skills and abilities..
Investment in human resource means providing education, training and medical care that
would give fruits in the coming future of the human. This can be seen directly in the form of
higher incomes earned because of higher productivity of the more educated or the better trained
persons, as well as the higher productivity of healthier people.
. Not only do the more educated and the healthier people gain through higher incomes, society also
gains in other indirect ways because the advantages of a more educated or a healthier population
spreads to those also who themselves were not directly educated or given health care.
This human can also improve technology and resource and thus higher yields
For eg. India’s Green Revolution is a dramatic example of how the input of greater knowledge in the
form of improved production technologies can rapidly increase the productivity of scarce land
resources. India’s IT revolution is a striking instance of how the importance of human capital has
come to acquire a higher position than that of material, plant and machinery
How Japan, a small Nation, has become rich and developed? Explain
Japan emerged as a developed country inspite of its poor natural resource because :
Japan isa small nation As they did not have any other natural resource they
invested in the development of human resource.
They import the natural resource needed in their country. They have invested
heavily on people, especially in the field of education and health. Human
resource acquired skills and knowledge and made efficient use of other resources like
land and physical capital.
Efficiency and the technology evolved by people have made these countries
rich and developed. Hence Japan is countries are developed/rich.
2. Distinguish between market and non-market activities
copy this one from studyrankers and wxample from learninstra…….. total 4 points
. https://www.learninsta.com/extra-questions-for-class-9-social-science-
economics-chapter-2/
https://www.studyrankersonline.com/27352/what-are-differences-between-
market-and-non-market-activities
Market activity – farmenr producing crops and selling it in market.
Non market activity---- mother doing domestic house work
3. What is a ‘vicious cycle’?
Uneducated parents often fail to realise the importance of education. They are seen
reluctant to spend heavily on the education of their children.
These parents are themselves uneducated andare not conscious of education and
hygiene. So, they are not expected to properly look after their children’s health and
hygiene needs.
Their children are also not expected to receive higher education and yield a high
return in the future.
As these parents are found deficient in looking after their children’s health, hygienic
condition form a vicious cycle. Their children also remain in a similarly disadvantaged
state.DRAW DIAGRAM
4. What does ‘virtuous cycle’ created by educated parents mean?
Educated parents invest more heavily in their children's education because:0
• They realise the value of education and understands that education is
important for the development of children.
• They usually plan their children’s education more efficiently as they are
experienced and understand the process of development.
•
Educated parents also take care of their hygiene and children’s nutritional
level too.
They make sure that their children get all the vitamins and minerals and
balanced diet in adequate amount.
In this way, a ‘Virtuous cycle’ is created by educated parents by providing
better access to education and health facility.
5. Improvement in the health status of the population n has been the priority of a
country. Give reason
Healthy citizens are the basic factors of production.Heatlth of a citizen is the most
important aspect forth edevelopment of a country. The health of a person helps
him to realise his potential, and the ability to fight illness.
, improvement in the health stus of the population is considered priority of the
country for the following reasons :
1) An unhealthy worker or person becomes a liability for the country.Indeed, health
is indispensable basis for realizing one’s well being . Good health increases the
efficiency of the people of the country
2) 2..If the citizens of a particular country are healthy, they could put more
effort into the development and progress of a country.The economic
conditions of a country will grow at a much faster rate if its citizens are
healthy and are willing to put their effort into it.
3. Our national policy, too, aimed at improving the accessibility of health care, family welfare
and nutritional service with special focus o on underprivileged segment of population
Hence
6. What is disguised unemployment? Explain with the help of an example
Disguised unemployment : Disguised unemployment refers to a kind of
employment where more people are engaged in a work /activity than required.
It is also known as hidden unemployment because we can’t see the people
employed here are more than required. The situation of disguised unemployment
basically arises when more and more people start working at the place where there
is less need of more workers.
For eg.
a) in the rural areas in case of agricultural activity where all the members
of a family of a farmer are working in a farm where only 3 members are
required but 6 members are working in that field which means the other
3 person working in that farm are unemployed which will be
categorized under disguised unemployment. It these three people out
of six are withdrawn, total production will remain unaffected.
b) In urban areas where there are thousands of casualworkers in the
service sector who search for daily employment whre they spend
thewhole day but get very little.
7. What is seasonal unemployment? What can be the factors responsible for
seasonal unemployment?
Seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during some
months of the year. It is widespread phenomena.
(i) People dependent upon agriculture usually face such a kind of problem.
There are certain busy seasons when sowing, harvesting, weeding and
threshing is done.
(ii) But when the plants are growing, there is not much work. During this
period, they remain unemployed and are said to be seasonally unemployed.
3) Factors responsible for seasonal employment :
Lack of small-scale and cottage industries in rural areas hence promotion of
the same needs to be done.
Lack of multiple cropping. .
Lack of commercialisation of agriculture.
8. What are the two types of Unemployment which prevail in the rural areas and
urban areas?
Unemployment is said to exist when people who are willing to work at the going wages
cannot find jobs.
- TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT -
Unemployment is divided into 3 types
i.e i ) Seasonal Unemployment
ii ) Disguised unemployment
iii ) Educated Unemployment
~ Seasonal Unemployment
) Seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during some
months of the year
) - ) Mostly found in Rural areas.
People depended on agriculture suck as farmers usually suffer from
this type of unemployment.
) Months of harvesting and sowing are busy months and they are
engaged in some kind of work during this time but for the rest of the
months farmers are left with no other work and are temporary
unemployed.
~ Disguised unemployment - ) it is the type of unemployment in
which one is appeared to be employed but in reality are
unemployed.
) It is mostly found in rural areas.
) It usually happens in families which are engaged in agricultural
activities . They work require only 4 people but the people engaged
are 7 i.e 3 are extra. these 3 people also work on the same plot but
the contribution made by them doesn't increase the yield.
~ Educated Unemployment - ) Mostly found in Urban areas.
) Many people with matriculation , graduation and post - graduation
degrees are not able to find job for them.
) It leads to wastage of manpower and precious human resource.
) People who are an asset on the country turn into liability .
) People are not able to earn money. Thus, they aren't able to rear
their family which forces them to take wrong decisions.
Long answers: (5 marks)
1. Explain the initiative taken by the government to improve elementary
education in India.
education contributestowards the growth of society also. It enhances the national income,
cultural richness and increases the efficiency of governance
Many initiatives have been taken by the government to improve the overall litercacy
inindia.
1)There is a provision made for providing universal access, retention and quality in
elementary education with a special emphasis on girls.
2)There is also an establishment of pace setting schools like Navodaya Vidyalaya in
each district.
3. Vocational streams have been developed to equip large number of high school students with
occupations related to knowledge and skills.
4. The plan outlay on education has increased from Rs 151 crore in the first plan to Rs 43,825
crore in the tenth plan.
5.“Sarva Siksha Abhiyan is a significant step towards providing elementary education to all
children in the age group of six to fourteen years by 2010 .... It is a time bound initiative of the
central Government, in partnership with the states, the local Government and the community
for achieving the goal of universalisation of elementary education.”
6. Along with it, bridge courses and back-to-school camps have been initiated to increase the
enrollment in elementary education.
7. Mid-day meal scheme has been implemented to encourage attendance and retention of
children and improve their nutritional
2. What are the various activities undertaken in Primary secondary and tertiary
sectors
VariousActivities can be classified under the following three sectors on the basis of the
nature of their products or materials used:
Primary Activity :
Primary activity includes those occupations which are closely related to man’s
natural environment or extraction of natural resources.
Activities concerned with gathering or making available materials provided by nature is
considered as a primary activity.
Gathering, hunting, fishing, lumbering, animal rearing(animal husbandry,
farming(agriculture), quarrying and mining are some of the important examples
of primary activity.these activities are found in developed and developing
countries.
♦ Secondary Activity : The occupations which produce finished goods by using
or processing the products of primary activities as raw materials are included in
the secondary activity.
Such activities transform raw materials or primary products into commodities more useful
to man. Goods are produced using manual labour and machinery. eg Manufacturing of
cloth from cotton, sugar from sugarcane, and steel from iron-ore are important
examples of secondary activity.
These are seen in developed countries
♦ Tertiary Activity : Tertiary activity consists of all service occupations.
This sector includes those activities which are a must for running modern industries or
support the activities by increasing the efficiency of the primary and secondary activites
For example banking, transport, trade,
3. Why are women employed in low paid work? Explain
Due to historical and cultural reasons there is a division of labour between men and women in the
family.
1. Women are not paid for their service delivered in the family. Their work is not accounted in
the national income which is a sum total of goods and services produced in a country.
2. Thus women are paid for their work when they enter the labour market. Their earning like
that of their male counterpart is determined on the basis of education and skill.
3. Education helps individual to make better use of the economic opportunities available
before him. Education and skill are the major determinants of the earning of any individual
in the market. A majority of the women have meagre education and low skill formation. This
is due to gender prejudices
4. Doe to stereotyping and gender discrimination, Women are paid low compared to men.
Most women work where job security is not there. Various activities relating to legal
protection is meagre. Employment in this sector is characterised by irregular and low
income. In this sector there is an absence of basic facilities like maternity leave, childcare
and other social security systems.
5. Also Since most of the women are uneducated, they are unaware of their rights
and about minimum wages.
6. However, women with high education and skill formation are paid at par with the men.
Among the organised sector, teaching and medicine attract them the most. Some women
have entered the administrative and other services including those, which need high levels
of scientific and technological service.
4. Why is educated unemployment a peculiar problem of India?
In the case of urban areas, educated unemployment has become a common
phenomenon.
1. Many urban youth with matriculation, graduation and post graduation degrees
are not able to find jobs.
2. (ii) A study showed that unemployment of graduates and post graduates has
increased faster than among matriculates.
3. (iii) A paradoxical manpower situation is witnessed as surplus of manpower
in certain categories coexists with shortage of manpower in others.
4. (iv) There is unemployment among technically qualified persons on one
hand, while there is dearth of technical skills required for economic growth.
5. Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource. Educated people who
are an asset to the country’s economy become a liability .
6. Educated unemployment a Peculiar problem in urban areas of India
because the growth in the industrial and service sector is very low.
These two sectors have failed to provide employment .
5. Also , most of the population in india is engaged in agriculture whose
actually are not well educated . So there is dearth of population
employed in industrial sector leading to educated employment
6. Unemployment has a detrimental impact on the overall growth of an economy.
Explain
Unemployment is said to exist when people who are
willing to work at the going wages cannot find jobs. Main
effects of unemployment on the overall growth of an
economy are follows :
(i)Waastage of resources : Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource.
People who are an asset for the economy turn into a liability. There is a feeling of
hopelessness and despair among the youth.
Ii ) Social Waste: People do not have enough money to support their family. Inability
of educated people who are willing to work to find gainful employment implies a great
social waste.
(ii) economic overload -Unemployment tends to increase economic overload. The
dependence of unemployed on the working population increase.
(v)Quality of life: The quality of life of an individual as well as of society gets
adversely affected which eventually leads to decline in health status and rising
withdrawal from the school system. ) The unemployed youth may turn to anti-social
activities like cheating, thefts, murders, terrorism etc.
i. . Increase in unemployment is an indicator of a depressed economy. It also wastes the
resource, which could have been gainfully employed. If people cannot be used as a resource they
naturally appear as a liability to the economy. In case of India, statistically, the unemployment
rate is low. A large number of people represented with low income and productivity are counted
as employed. They appear to work throughout the year but in terms of their potential and
income, it is not adequate for them.
Hence, unemployment has detrimental impact on the overall growth of an economy
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