Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 54 – 64

3rd International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2016, 8-12
September 2016, Kitakyushu, Japan

Daylight Factor Estimation Based on Data Sampling Using

Distance Weighting
Yose Rizala,b* , Imam Robandia , Eko Mulyanto Yuniarnoa
a
Department of Electrical Engineering Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
b
Dept. Of Achitecture Universitas Lancang Kuning, Pekanbaru,28265, Indonesia

Abstract

Many of the architectural design which incorporates natural light through the window design based on assumptions and empirical
review that is not measurable. The entry of natural light into the space affects the level of energy efficiency to the use of artificial
lighting. The large number of lumens from the light source that will fall on the surface of the room on every square feet (sq ft)
would affect the value of illumination in the room. This study was conducted to determine the size of the lighting distribution of
sunlight in the room. The method used is the direct measurement in the study area, collecting measurement data and map the
numbers into a formula the density distribution of incoming light by using a mathematical equation to further simulate the density
distribution of daylight that enters the room apartments and distribute the value of illumination with daylight factor. Simulation
of light distribution daytime (daylight) used a simple method, which can result shows the distribution of light from the highest
intensity to the lowest intensity. The results showed that the value of the existing distribution are useful to conduct a study
follow-up study on the distribution of light in the room. Illumination distribution is expected to be useful for the design of spatial
structure for architects.
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CPESE 2016.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CPESE 2016
Keywords: natural lighting, illumination distribution, daylight factor.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +062- 0819-766-4680

E-mail address: [email protected]

1876-6102 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CPESE 2016
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.153
 Yose Rizal et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 54 – 64 55

1. Introduction

Natural lighting or daylighting is a source of light for the full spectrum of human vision adaptation.
Consideration of the daylighting of a building can increase productivity in space. Something important, daylight
provides tremendous psychological benefits to the residents of the building, it should be of prime concern because it
can reduce the burden of artificial lighting requirements [1].
The extent and distribution of natural light in a room depends on three factors: Geometry of space, placement
and orientation of windows and other openings and the characteristics of the internal surface. Design in form factor
to accommodate daylight illumination requirements for activities in space and aims aesthetics of lighting design [2].
Natural light or daylight is a natural lighting coming from the whole ball bright sky, cloudy, wherein the heavens
role as disseminator (diffuser) for the sunlight reaching it. Measurement values can be expressed with natural
lighting Daylight Factor (DF). The amount of light can be measured by: [3]

x Using the value of luminance (flux, illumination), that is by assuming the light from the outdoors and
calculates illuminance existing interior
x Using the relative magnitudes (daylight factor), that is by calculating the ratio of illuminance on the measuring
point in space to the outdoor illuminance. DF value is fixed so if the bright light outside the room, then in the
light as well, and vice versa, if the outside dim the inside too dim.

DF value, as the reference natural lighting condition, grouped by function space is as follows :
x Activity residence DF value by 1% to 2%,
x Activity office building DF value of 2% to 4%

Nomenclature

DF Daylight Factor
Ei E (Ilumination) Indoor
EO E (Ilumination) Outdoor
SC Sky Component
ERC Externally Reflected Component
IRC Internally Reflected Component

2. Daylight Factor

2.1. Natural lighting

Natural lighting is the lighting that comes from nature, which naturally exist in nature. For example: sunlight,
moonlight, stars. Areas of natural lighting during the day is a comparison of the level of lighting at a point of a
particular field in a space on a flat field illumination level in the open field, which is a measure of the performance
of the skylight room.
56 Yose Rizal et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 54 – 64

The three components of daylight

Externally Reflected Component

Sky Component
Ceiling
Internally
Reflected
Component
Building
WP
Floor
Ground

Fig. 1 Three components Daylight Factor

2.2. Factor Natural Lighting

Is a comparison of the level of lighting at a point of a particular field in a space on a flat field illumination level
in an open field which is a measure of the performance of the room skylight. Factor natural lighting during the day
consists of three components include: [4]

x Sky Component (SC), the lighting components directly from the sky light
x Externally Reflected Component (ERC), which is a component of lighting coming from the reflection of
objects that are in the vicinity of the building concerned
x Internally Reflected Component (IRC), which is a component of lighting coming from the reflection surfaces
in the room

Daylight Factor is defined as :

‫ܫܧ‬ (1)
‫ ܨܦ‬ൌ ൬ ൰ ൈ ͳͲͲΨ
‫ܱܧ‬

Where,

Ei = caused daylight illumination at a point in the plane of work in this room

Eo = simultaneous outdoor illuminance on the horizontal plane of cleavage unobstructed overcast skies

2.3. Natural Lighting Systems in Buildings

In general, natural light is distributed into the room through openings in addition to (side lighting), opening at the
top (top lighting), or a combination of both. Building types, heights, building and planning mass ratio, and the
presence of other buildings around an electoral considerations lighting strategy. The lighting system side (side
lighting) is a natural lighting system most widely used in buildings. In addition to entering light, also provide
flexibility to view, orientation, connectivity outside and inside, and the air vents. The position of the window in the
wall can be divided into three: high, medium, low, whose application is based on the needs of the distribution of
light and wall systems.To find out how much light coming into the room as a reference qualified or not, and how to
measure it can use luxmeter tool in every corner of the room in a test. [5]
Extreme conditions will occur on June 21 when the north pole is closest to the direction of the sun and on 21
December where the north pole is at its farthest from the sun. On September 21 and March 21 the sun was right
 Yose Rizal et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 54 – 64 57

above the equator. So that the most effective time to conduct test measurements sunlight is three hours prior to 12:00
am, 12:00 am, and after at 12.00 am. [5,6]

3. Methodology

3.1. Data acquisition

This study evaluates the lighting distribution process through the data retrieval with the aid of a luxmeter on the
object of study. The data can be analyzed to see the distribution of illumination in the room. His method is to make
estimates is to create a mathematical equation "DF Estimation Based Sampling Data using weightings Distance".

1) Lux meter digital HS 6612 Dekko

Lux meter dekko 6612 HS digital is one tool type gauges the intensity of light or lighting levels used in this study.
The lighting requirements of each room is sometimes different. All depends and adapted to the working activities.
To measure the light levels needed an instrument that could work automatically capable of measuring light intensity
and adjusts the light required.

Fig. 2 lux meter dekko

6612HS
This tool can present a digital format uses the measurement results. Different types of light entering the luxmeter
either natural light or artificial light will have a different response from the sensor. Various colors are measured will
produce different color temperatures and different wavelengths, the value generated by luxmeter of the numbers
called illumination. Measurements on units of study conducted at 08.00 am, 12.00 am and 15.00 pm to take
advantage of natural light where sun shines bright light conditions.

2) Object Study

Data retrieval studies that are in one of the rooms, studios, apartment buildings Puncak Kertajaya Surabaya,
located on the 8th floor, orientation longest building on the north and south. The room was on the field in a tower
with a view to the south. Height of the rooms from floor is 21 meters from the ground floor (Where height is 3 m per
floor, on the floor of the apartment no 4 was removed, then the position of the object of study is actually located on
the 7th floor position).
Characteristic studio type rooms on the study object has an area of 18 m², ceiling height of 3 m, has two windows
with clear glass on the south field with an orientation toward the inside of the inner court of the building mass
(tower). The rooms have white color made standard on the ceilings, floors and walls. In this studio-type unit has one
bathroom and a small kitchen that is located between the entrance. This unit also has a small balcony the size of 1:25
m x 0.85 m. The size of the two windows on the type, measuring 0.60 m x 1:50 m (window position 0.5 m from the
floor) on the side wall of the balcony section and measuring 0.75 m x 0.80 m (window position 1m from the floor)
on the side wall next to it. (as shown in Fig. 5).
58 Yose Rizal et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 54 – 64

Fig. 4. Typical studio room

J1 J2

Fig. 3 Typical mass of the building and

room position (red arrow)
Fig. 5. The position of the window

3) The division Gred and Value Studies Point Sample

To facilitate decision-sampling point in the room, determined by per 1 m² coordinates and the coordinates of each
point within 1m. Giving the name of the measurement point will make it easier to determine the test point by using
the symbol T1 - T13. Recording the value of strong light (lux) luxmeter premises was conducted in March. Because
in the months of March, June, September, December, this is the maximum of sunlight is shining, and done after the
simulation will see results that any part that gets maximum light and which part is not getting light to the maximum.
Large Lux in each coordinates will differ from one another because of the incoming light will be very different
because of the future then the light will be brighter, if more and more into the light that may be on the wane. It is
also influenced by the exposure time and the weather. Lighting distribution on the study is also influenced by the
position and typical windows. For more details can be seen in the image below:

3.2. Sampling Method

To make an estimation of the distribution of light in the room to do some stage; Sampling Points Daylight
At this stage, the measurement of the power of light by means of luxmeter in the grids that have been planned, ie
per 1 m² of field space. Measurements carried out at 8:00, 12:00 am and 15:00 pm with bright sun conditions. At
this stage there are several things that affect the measurement that is, if suddenly the brightness of daylight
conditions cloudy thereby affecting the power level of light.
There are 13 large measurement point of the bedroom space 18 m². Furthermore, in the image data processing
plan, 13 of the grid, divided into a grid with a grid size of 0.25 m², it aims to make an estimate of the density
distribution of daylight coming into the room. At T2 measurements may of 1600 lux value as the value of outdoor
illumination (Eo).
 Yose Rizal et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 54 – 64 59

8:00 am 12:00 am 15:00 pm

Fig. 6. Point measurement sample

3.3. Estimation Daylight

1) Estimates Daylight distribution

At this stage is to process the measurement data by plotting the distance between one point of the sample with
dots estimates have been reduced.

T2
T1
d.1 d.2

(X,Y)
d.3 d.4

T4
T3

Fig. 7. The principle of the point estimate of the distance

to the point of sample illumination

2) Formulate a mathematical equation

At this stage makes mathematical equation to find the weight distribution points within a light lunch on the object
of study by the method Quadratic Equation-Based Distribution Distance intensity of tubes.
60 Yose Rizal et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 54 – 64

ͳ
σସ௜ୀଵ ݈݅ Ǥ
ࡵൌ ݀݅;
ͳ (2)
σସ௜ୀଵ
݀݅;
where,

ʹ ʹ
݀݅ ൌ  ටሺܺԢͳ െ ܺሻ ൅ ሺܻԢͳ െ ܻሻ ሺ3)

3) The stage of entering data into a mathematical equation

Through mathematical equations above, the data entered at each sample point coordinates. Then can the figures
based on the coordinates that exist in Floor Plan in the apartment. There is one Trends of the value of the
distribution of natural lighting in the estimate are: "the closer the point estimates point to a sample, the illumination
value closer to the value of sample points". (as shown in Fig. 8,9,10, the value of the sample points are marked with
hatching)

Fig. 8. Assuming a value of illumination at 8:00 am Fig. 9. Assuming a value of illumination at 8:00 am
 Yose Rizal et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 54 – 64 61

Fig. 10. Assuming a value of illumination at 15:00 pm

4. Discussion and Result

4.1. Entering the data into the formula value Eo Daylight Factor.

In measuring the value of outdoor illuminance of 1600 lux there is a value which later as DF ratio of the value of
Eo. Using the formula Daylight Factor (DF) can then estimate the distribution of the value of DF in the bedroom
apartments. (as shown in Fig. 11a, 12a,13a)

4.2. Final stage

The last stage is the estimated distribution Daylight Factor (DF) based on data estimated illuminance distribution
by estimating the distance from one point to another at predetermined coordinates. The density of point estimate
provides color grading on those coordinates.

1) 8:00 AM

In the picture can be seen DF distribution characterized by the transition of young yellow-orange color on the
color indicates the value of DF interval of 5% - 7%. (as shown in Fig. 11b)
This area is located in the window that directly relate to the outside wall. On the transition of old orange color -
red has a value of illumination interval of 3.2% -4.8%. If we look at this area is looking smaller than the yellow area,
this is due to the windows contained in this area is not directly adjacent to the outer wall, and limited by the balcony.
While in the transition area colored dark red - dark purple has a value of 0% -46% DF lux. In this area much smaller
than the previous area, covering approximately 45% -50% of total living space area. This area is within 2-3 meters
of openings field wall. DF value in this zone there is a small percentage of below 1%. This value indicates that this
area does not meet the requirements of DF values for residential activities in which conditions, with a values to DF
by 1% -2%.
62 Yose Rizal et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 54 – 64

a b

Fig. 11. (a) assumptions distribution of DF value at 8.00 am ; (b) assumptions distribution of DF zone at 8:00 am

2) 12:00 AM

The windows are located on the south side is not exposed to direct natural lighting during the day. If you look at
the estimated distribution of solar lighting, DF value in areas that are yellow - orange has a value interval of 7.5% -
9.5%. This area is located in the center of the room directly opposite the window field that borders the outside wall.
DF distribution indicated by dark orange color - red value at intervals of 7.4% -5.2% . (as shown in Fig. 12b). This
area tends there are around windows and surround the first area. While in the transition area colored dark red - dark
purple has a value of illumination of 5.1% -1.3%. This area is located about 3-4 meters from the window. If viewed
from the DF has the interval 1.3% - 7.4% have a standard requirement for the function DF occupancy.

3) 15:00 PM

Measurement at 15:00 pm today shows the distribution of natural lighting tends to be a great value. In the first
area indicated by a yellow-orange color transitions young to have a value of 72% -41%. Great value DF is caused by
externally reflected component (ERC), which is a component of lighting coming from the reflection of objects that
are in the vicinity of the building concerned. This influence is produced by the reflection of the wall of the building
mass south tower (reflection illumination afternoon) to the object of study (the north tower of the building). On the
transition of old orange color - red has a value of DF interval 22% -4.5%. (as shown in Fig. 13b).The second area is
located 4-4.5 meters from the window, precisely in the area of the kitchen. While in the transition area colored dark
red - dark purple have DF values from 1.5 to 4.4%. This area tends to be closer to the entrance, located 5-5.5 meters
from the window. DF value on the conditions at 15:00 pm has met the standard of value DF for residential functions.
 Yose Rizal et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 54 – 64 63

a b

Fig. 12. (a) assumptions Distribution DF value at 12.00 am; (b) assumptions distribution of DF zone at 12:00 am

a b

Fig. 13. (a) assumptions distribution of DF value at 15.00 pm ; (b) assumptions distribution of DF zone at 15:00 pm
64 Yose Rizal et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 54 – 64

5. Conclusion

Based on the final results can be seen DF estimation "based on the intensity distribution of the square of
distance" is by using an equation based on data within the study in the field. If we look at the distribution end
estimates reflect changes color gradations of light and dark. The yellow color shows the bright light and dark tends
to shift toward the inside. Distribution with a simple program is a preliminary study to show a pattern that occurs in
lighting.
Estimated DF on the research can be seen in the distribution based on the value of illuminance outdoors
compared to the value illuminance in the room based on the sampling points are taken by using luxmeter. The result
can be seen at 8:00 am, DF value was lowest for the kitchen space. At the occupants will feel discomfort to perform
activities in these areas.
From this simple research is expected to be the initial studies to be forwarded by using advanced methods. So it
can help designers such as architects to design so that the lighting in the room, especially high-rise buildings such as
apartments can distribute lighting tends to average by making the layout of the building.

Acknowledgements

The research was funded by Beasiswa Pendidikan Pascasarjana Dalam Negeri (BPP-DN) semester gasal 2015/2016
in RISTEKDIKTI Indonesia.

References

[1] Lechner, Norbert, Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Design Methods for Architects. USA: John Willey & Sons. Chapter 6, 9 & 13 ; 2009
[2] Kroelinger, Michael D. Daylight in Bildings.. Implications Vol 03 Issue 3; 2005. p. 2-5.
[3] Szokolay,S. The building envelope. In A. Krishan, N.Baker, S.Yannas and S.Szokolay (Ed.), Climate Responsive Architecture 1st ed. New
Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd; 2001.p. 97-109
[4] Anne Iversen, Nicolas Roy, Mette Hvass, Michael Jørgensen, Jens Christoffersen,Werner. Daylight calculations in practice.SBi 2013:26,
Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, Copenhagen SV; 2013 .p. 11-20.
[5] IEA (International Eergy Agency). Daylight in Bildings; A Source Book on Daylighting Systems and Components. The Lawrence Berkeley
National Library: California ; 2000.p. 2.6 – 2.15
[6] Benya, James dan Karlen, Mark. Alih Bahasa, Diaa Rumagit, Cet.1. Dasar-Dasar Desain Pencahayaan. Jakarta: Erlangga; 2008.